武清地区冬季一次重污染过程垂直分布特征
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摘要
为研究京津冀地区重污染过程大气污染物的垂直分布特征,于2016年12月13日重污染前(11:49—12:18)和12月18日重污染期间(11:00—11:16)在北京市、天津市、河北省交界处的武清地区利用系留气球开展1 000 m以下的大气观测,探究污染物的垂直分布特征及对流边界层、覆盖逆温层和混合层等要素对重污染形成的影响.结果表明:(1)在重污染前,大气层结不稳定,ρ(PM_(2.5))、ρ(NO_x)与ρ(O_3)随高度变化不明显,存在明显的垂直对流运动,有利于大气污染物的扩散;PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)[ρ(PM_(2.5))/ρ(PM_(10))]在800 m以下为0.60～0.80,在800～1 000 m以上大于0.90.(2)重污染期间,近地面大气层分为对流边界层(距地面0～150 m)、覆盖逆温层(150～370 m)、混合层(370～500 m)和自由大气(500 m以上)4个层次.(3)NO_x主要在对流边界层内聚积;高空O_3在向近地面扩散时受强混合层阻挡,在混合层出现一个小峰值;PM_(2.5)不仅在近地面聚积,而且在覆盖逆温层内聚积,ρ(PM_(2.5))在覆盖逆温层内呈双峰(峰值分别出现在150和370 m)分布,其粒径集中在0.5～1.0μm,属于积聚态气溶胶.研究显示,在不利扩散条件下,汽车排放、村镇居民供暖排放的污染物聚积及二次颗粒物的生成是重污染形成的重要因素.
To study the vertical distributions of air pollutants during heavy pollution in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region,tethered balloons were used over the Wuqing Area,which was located at the junction part of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region.The observation campaign was conducted under 1000 m during the pre-heavy-pollution period(11:49-12:18,December 13~(th),2016)and the heavy-pollution period(11:00-11:16,December 18~(th),2016).The purpose of this study was to obtain the vertical distributions of air pollutants and explore the impacts of boundary layer,air temperature inversion and blending layer on the formation of haze pollution episode.The results showed that:(1)During the pre-heavy-pollution period,the atmospheric stratification was unstable and the vertical distribution ofρ(PM_(2.5)),ρ(NO_x)andρ(O_3)was uniform,which indicated obvious vertical convection and favorable diffusion condition.The PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)(ρ(PM_(2.5))/ρ(PM_(10)))values were 0.60-0.80 at an altitude below 800 m while they were larger 0.90 at an altitude of 800-1000 m.(2)During the heavy-pollution period,the atmosphere near the ground was divided into four layers:convective boundary layer(0-150 m above the ground),thermal inversion layer(150-370 m),mixing layer(370-500 m)and free atmosphere(above 500 m).(3)NO_(x )tended to accumulate below the boundary layer.The downward O_3from the high-altitude was hindered by the strong mixing layer,and formed a small O_3peak at 500 m.PM_(2.5),which mainly consisted of accumulative mode aerosols with the size of 0.5-1.0μm,accumulated not only near the ground but also in the inversion layer with a bimodal distribution(peaks at 150 and 370 m).Under unfavorable diffusion conditions,the accumulation of vehicle exhausts,village residents heating emissions and the secondary particles were the key factors for the formation of heavy pollution during this period.
To study the vertical distributions of air pollutants during heavy pollution in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region,tethered balloons were used over the Wuqing Area,which was located at the junction part of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region.The observation campaign was conducted under 1000 m during the pre-heavy-pollution period(11:49-12:18,December 13~(th),2016)and the heavy-pollution period(11:00-11:16,December 18~(th),2016).The purpose of this study was to obtain the vertical distributions of air pollutants and explore the impacts of boundary layer,air temperature inversion and blending layer on the formation of haze pollution episode.The results showed that:(1)During the pre-heavy-pollution period,the atmospheric stratification was unstable and the vertical distribution ofρ(PM_(2.5)),ρ(NO_x)andρ(O_3)was uniform,which indicated obvious vertical convection and favorable diffusion condition.The PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)(ρ(PM_(2.5))/ρ(PM_(10)))values were 0.60-0.80 at an altitude below 800 m while they were larger 0.90 at an altitude of 800-1000 m.(2)During the heavy-pollution period,the atmosphere near the ground was divided into four layers:convective boundary layer(0-150 m above the ground),thermal inversion layer(150-370 m),mixing layer(370-500 m)and free atmosphere(above 500 m).(3)NO_(x )tended to accumulate below the boundary layer.The downward O_3from the high-altitude was hindered by the strong mixing layer,and formed a small O_3peak at 500 m.PM_(2.5),which mainly consisted of accumulative mode aerosols with the size of 0.5-1.0μm,accumulated not only near the ground but also in the inversion layer with a bimodal distribution(peaks at 150 and 370 m).Under unfavorable diffusion conditions,the accumulation of vehicle exhausts,village residents heating emissions and the secondary particles were the key factors for the formation of heavy pollution during this period.
引文
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[4]HUANG Rujin,ZHANG Yanlin,CARLO B,et al. High secondary aerosol contribution to particulate pollution during haze events in China[J].Nature,2014,514(7521):218-222.
[5]GUO S,HU M,ZAMORA M L,et al.Elucidating severe urban haze formation in China[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2014,111(49):17373.
[6]DOWLING J E,WALD G,et al. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the United States of America[J]. Nutrition Reviews,39(3):135-138.
[7]刘超,花丛,康志明. 2014—2015年上海地区冬夏季大气污染特征及其污染源分析[J].气象,2017,43(7):823-830.LIU Chao,HUA Cong,KANG Zhiming. Characteristics of air pollution and its resources during winter and summer seasons of2014 and 2015 in Shanghai[J]. Meteorological Monthly,2017,43(7):823-830.
[8]GHAN S J,COLLINS D R.Use of in situ data to test a raman lidarbased cloud condensation nuclei remote sensing method[J].Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,2004,21(2):387-394.
[9]CHENG N,LI Y,CHENG B,et al.Comparison of two serious winter and summer air pollution episodes in Beijing[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2017,21(4):917-927.
[10]LEE H C. Vertical distributions of suspended particles and their components as measured on a meteorological observation tower[J].Atmospheric Environment,1987,21(4):917-927.
[11]GENG Fuhai, ZHANG Qiang,TIE Xuexi, et al. Aircraft measurements of O3,NOx,CO,VOCs,and SO2in the Yangtze River Delta Region[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2009,43(3):584-593.
[12]GEORGE M H,JEFFREY R B,JUFITH C C,et al.Remote sensing of particulate pollution from space:have we reached the promised land?[J].Air Repair,2009,59(6):642-644.
[13]杨龙,贺克斌,张强,等.北京秋冬季近地层PM2. 5质量浓度垂直分布特征[J].环境科学研究,2005,18(2):23-28.YANG Long,HE Kebin,ZHANG Qiang,et al. Vertical distributive characters of PM2. 5at the ground layer in autumn and winter in Beijing[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2005,18(2):23-28.
[14]王潇,曹念文,黄婧婷,等.西安市一次霾过程中气溶胶垂直分布特征及气象要素影响[J].环境科学研究,2018,31(9):1519-1526.WANG Xiao,CAO Nianwen,HUANG Jingting,et al. Vertical distribution of aerosol and meteorological elements during a haze episode in Xi'an City[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2018,31(9):1519-1526.
[15]MOORES W H,CAUGHEY S J,READINGS C J,et al.Measurements of boundary layer structure and development over SE England using aircraft and tethered balloon instrumentation[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,2010,105(444):397-421.
[16]CLARKE A D,UEHARA T,PORTER J N.Atmospheric nuclei and related aerosol fields over the Atlantic:clean subsiding air and continental pollution during ASTEX[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,1997,102(D21):25281-25292.
[17]SHERIDAN P J,OGREN J A. Observations of the vertical and regional variability of aerosol optical properties over central and eastern North America[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,1999,104(S14):16793-16805.
[18]ZHANG Ning,ZHOU Xianliang,SHEPSON P B,et al. Aircraft measurement of HONO vertical profiles over a forested region[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2009,36(15):172-173.
[19]LADST?TTER-WEI'ENMAYER A,HELAND J,KORMANN R,et al.Transport and build-up of tropospheric trace gases during the MINOS campaign:comparision of GOME, in situ aircraft measurements and MATCH-MPIC-Data[J].Atmospheric Chemistry&Physics Discussions,2003,3(3):1887-1902.
[20]BATES T S,HUEBERT B J,GRAS J L,et al.International Global Atmospheric Chemistry(IGAC)project's first Aerosol Characterization Experiment(ACE 1):overview[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,1998,103(S13):16297-16318.
[21]?STR?M E,NOONE K J.Vertical profiles of aerosol scattering and absorption measured in situ during the North Atlantic Aerosol Characterization Experiment(ACE-2)[J]. Tellus,2010,52(2):526-545.
[22]REUS M D,KREJCI R,WILLIAMS J,et al.Vertical and horizontal distributions of the aerosol number concentration and size distribution over the northern Indian Ocean[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2001,106(S22):28629-28641.
[23]BARRY J H,TIMOTHY B,PHIILIP B R,et al. An overview of ACE-Asia:strategies for quantifying the relationships between Asian aerosols and their climatic impacts[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2003.doi:10. 1029/2003JD003550.
[24]DAY B M,RAPPENGLüCK B,CLEMENTS C B,et al. Nocturnal boundary layer characteristics and land breeze development in Houston,Texas during Tex AQS II[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2010,44(33):4014-4023.
[25]MA Zhiqiang,ZHANG Xiaoling,XU Jing,et al. Characteristics of ozone vertical profile observed in the boundary layer around Beijing in autumn[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2011,23(8):1316-1324.
[26]岳婷婷,柴发合,张新民,等.天津武清地区夏季臭氧光化学研究[J].环境科学研究,2009,22(1):23-27.YUE Tingting,CHAI Fahe,ZHANG Xinmin,et al. Ozone photochemistry in summer in Wuqing,Tianjin[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2009,22(1):23-27.
[27]张凯,柴发合,陈义珍,等.天津武清能见度特征分析[J].气候与环境研究,2008,13(6):800-806.ZHANG Kai,CHAI Fahe,CHEN Yizhen,et al. Analysis on the characteristics of visibility in Wuqing,Tianjin[J]. Climatic and Environmental Research,2008,13(6):800-806.
[28]HEGG D A,LIVINGSTON J,HOBBS P V,et al. Chemical apportionment of aerosol column optical depth off the mid-Atlantic coast of the United States[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,1997,102(D21):25293-25303.
[29]马志强,王跃思,孙扬,等.北京大气中常规污染物的垂直分布特征[J].环境科学研究,2007,20(5):1-6.MA Zhiqiang,WANG Yuesi,SUN Yang,et al. Characteristics of vertical air pollutants in Beijing[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2007,20(5):1-6.
[30]GREENBERG J P,GUENTHER A,ZIMMERMAN P,et al.Tethered balloon measurements of biogenic VOCs in the atmospheric boundary layer[J]. Atmospheric Environment,1999,33(6):855-867.
[31]VELASCO E,M?RQUEZ C,BUENO E,et al.Vertical distribution of ozone and VOCs in the low boundary layer of Mexico City[J].Atmospheric Chemistry&Physics,2008,8(12):51-59.
[32]张新民,柴发合,岳婷婷,等.天津武清大气挥发性有机物光化学污染特征及来源[J].环境科学研究,2012,25(10):1085-1091.ZHANG Xinmin,CHAI Fahe,YUE Tingting,et al. Photochemical characteristics and sources of volatile organic compounds in Wuqing,Tianjin[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2012,25(10):1085-1091.
[33]咸亮,杨文,白志鹏,等.系留气球垂直观测平台的构建与应用[J].环境保护科学,2016,42(1):116-120.XIAN Liang,YANG Wen,BAI Zhipeng,et al. Construction and application of vertical observation platform based on tethered balloon[J]. Environmental Protection Science,2016,42(1):116-120.
[34]盛裴轩,毛节泰,李建国,等.大气物理学[M]. 3版.北京:北京大学出版社,2003:135-136.
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