北京妙峰山林场地表潜在火行为及燃烧性分析
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摘要
【目的】森林燃烧性是森林被引燃的难易程度和着火后的火行为特征,分析可燃物火行为及燃烧性为妙峰山林场地表可燃物管理、火险区划及森林防火提供依据。【方法】利用林场内12种主要森林类型调查数据和二类清查资料,选择地表潜在火行为、火环境、可燃物理化性质及床层结构4大类指标,采用主成分分析和聚类分析法计算104个小班地表可燃物燃烧性并对地表可燃物燃烧性指数CI进行了排序。【结果】(1)无风条件下104个小班中,各优势树种小班地表潜在火行为有以下规律:针叶林普遍较大且地表火强度达到2 000 kW/m以上、蔓延速度3 m/min以上、火焰高度1.5 m以上,灌木林次之地表火强度700～2 000 kW/m、蔓延速度1.5～3 m/min、火焰高度1～1.5 m,阔叶林较小地表火强度700 kW/m以下、蔓延速度1.5 m/min以下、火焰高度1 m以下。(2)主成分分析表明,地表可燃物燃烧性与火行为指数正相关,与海拔因素负相关,与含水率负相关,与有效负荷量和床层高度正相关。(3)聚类分析表明,小班地表可燃物燃烧性指数CI分为5个等级:高燃烧性(Ⅰ)、较高燃烧性(Ⅱ)、可燃烧性(Ⅲ)、较低燃烧性(Ⅳ)、低燃烧性(Ⅴ)。各燃烧性等级的小班优势树种分别为:油松、落叶松、侧柏等针叶林,位于林场东南、西北部;油松、落叶松、侧柏与栓皮栎、五角枫等针阔混交林,主要位于林场西北部;栓皮栎、黄波罗、五角枫等阔叶纯林,集中于林场东南、西北部;山桃、荆条等灌木林及少数栓皮栎林、黄波罗等阔叶混交林,分布在林场东北部;荆条、山杏、鼠李、绣线菊等灌木,主要位于林场西南和中部。【结论】以油松、落叶松等针叶林为主的小班地表潜在火行为普遍较大,极易形成高强度地表火,易发生树冠火;燃烧性受到火环境、火行为和可燃物的影响,特别是可燃物有效负荷量、床层高度、海拔和含水率因子;高燃烧性和较高燃烧性小班多数位于林场北部、西北部,要注重对不同燃烧等级小班分类管理、科学巡护。
[Objective] Forest combustion is the difficulty degree of igniting a forest and the characteristics of fire behavior after a fire. Analysis of combustible fire behavior and combustion can provide a scientific basis for the forest fire prevention management and fire zoning under the forest of Miaofeng Mountain Forest Farm. [Method] Through the investigation of surface combustibles of 12 major forest types in farm,combined with the continuous forest resources, this paper selects four categories of indicators: surface fire behavior, fire environment, flammable physical properties and bed structure to calculate the combustibility of 104 small class surface fuels by principal component analysis and cluster analysis, and the surface combustibles combustion index(CI) and ranking were calculated. [Result](1) In 104 small classes, the potential fire behavior of each dominant tree species in small classes was from large to small: coniferous forests was generally larger and the surface fire intensity reached 2 000 kW/m, the spread speed was above3 m/min, and the flame height was over 1.5 m. The shrub was second, and its surface fire intensity was 700-2 000 kW/m, the spreading speed is 1.5-3 m/min, and the flame height is 1-1.5 m. The broadleaved was the lowest and it had a surface fire intensity of 700 kW/m or less, a propagation speed of 1.5 m/min or less, and a flame height of 1 m or less.(2) Principal component analysis showed that, the fire behavior index was directly proportional to the combustion, and the altitude factor was inversely proportional to the combustion.The water content was inversely proportional to the combustion. The effective load and the bed height were directly proportional to the combustion.(3) Cluster analysis showed that, the small class surface fuel combustion index(CI) was divided into five grades: high combustion(Ⅰ), higher combustion(Ⅱ),combustion(Ⅲ), lower combustion(Ⅳ), low combustion(Ⅴ). Small-shift dominant species of each flammability class, such as Pinus tabuliformis, Larix gmelinii and Platycladus orientalis, distributed in the southeastern and northwestern of the forest farm. Mixed forest of the Pinus tabuliformis, Platycladus orientalis and Quercus variabilis, Acer monoMaxim. mainly located in the northwestern corner of the forest farm. Broadleaved pure forest, such as cork oak, Quercus variabilis, Phellodendron amurense, Acer mono,which were concentrated in the southeastern and northwestern of the forest farm. Mountain peach and shrubs such as Vitex negundo and a few broadleaved mixed forests, such as Quercus variabilis, Juglans mandshurica, which were distributed in the northwestern forest farm. The shrubs such as Vitex negundo, Armeniaca sibiricat, Rhamnus davurica and Spiraea salicifolia, mainly located in the southwestern and central forest farm. [Conclusion] The potential fire behavior of small-scale of Pinus tabuliformis and Larix gmelinii forests is generally large, and it is easy to form high-intensity surface fires, which are prone to canopy fires.Combustibility is affected by fire environment, fire behavior and combustibles, especially combustible payload, bed height, altitude and moisture content factors. Small classes of the higher-combustion and highcombustion are located in the north and northwest of the forest farm. It is necessary to pay attention to the small-class classification management and scientific patrol of different combustion levels.
[Objective] Forest combustion is the difficulty degree of igniting a forest and the characteristics of fire behavior after a fire. Analysis of combustible fire behavior and combustion can provide a scientific basis for the forest fire prevention management and fire zoning under the forest of Miaofeng Mountain Forest Farm. [Method] Through the investigation of surface combustibles of 12 major forest types in farm,combined with the continuous forest resources, this paper selects four categories of indicators: surface fire behavior, fire environment, flammable physical properties and bed structure to calculate the combustibility of 104 small class surface fuels by principal component analysis and cluster analysis, and the surface combustibles combustion index(CI) and ranking were calculated. [Result](1) In 104 small classes, the potential fire behavior of each dominant tree species in small classes was from large to small: coniferous forests was generally larger and the surface fire intensity reached 2 000 kW/m, the spread speed was above3 m/min, and the flame height was over 1.5 m. The shrub was second, and its surface fire intensity was 700-2 000 kW/m, the spreading speed is 1.5-3 m/min, and the flame height is 1-1.5 m. The broadleaved was the lowest and it had a surface fire intensity of 700 kW/m or less, a propagation speed of 1.5 m/min or less, and a flame height of 1 m or less.(2) Principal component analysis showed that, the fire behavior index was directly proportional to the combustion, and the altitude factor was inversely proportional to the combustion.The water content was inversely proportional to the combustion. The effective load and the bed height were directly proportional to the combustion.(3) Cluster analysis showed that, the small class surface fuel combustion index(CI) was divided into five grades: high combustion(Ⅰ), higher combustion(Ⅱ),combustion(Ⅲ), lower combustion(Ⅳ), low combustion(Ⅴ). Small-shift dominant species of each flammability class, such as Pinus tabuliformis, Larix gmelinii and Platycladus orientalis, distributed in the southeastern and northwestern of the forest farm. Mixed forest of the Pinus tabuliformis, Platycladus orientalis and Quercus variabilis, Acer monoMaxim. mainly located in the northwestern corner of the forest farm. Broadleaved pure forest, such as cork oak, Quercus variabilis, Phellodendron amurense, Acer mono,which were concentrated in the southeastern and northwestern of the forest farm. Mountain peach and shrubs such as Vitex negundo and a few broadleaved mixed forests, such as Quercus variabilis, Juglans mandshurica, which were distributed in the northwestern forest farm. The shrubs such as Vitex negundo, Armeniaca sibiricat, Rhamnus davurica and Spiraea salicifolia, mainly located in the southwestern and central forest farm. [Conclusion] The potential fire behavior of small-scale of Pinus tabuliformis and Larix gmelinii forests is generally large, and it is easy to form high-intensity surface fires, which are prone to canopy fires.Combustibility is affected by fire environment, fire behavior and combustibles, especially combustible payload, bed height, altitude and moisture content factors. Small classes of the higher-combustion and highcombustion are located in the north and northwest of the forest farm. It is necessary to pay attention to the small-class classification management and scientific patrol of different combustion levels.
引文
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[8]杨璐嘉,王成武,唐章英,等.基于GIS的普达措国家森林公园火险区划分析[J].企业技术开发,2015,34(28):25-28.Yang L J,Wang C W,Tang Z Y,et al.Analysis of Pudacuo National Forest Park fire zoning based on GIS[J].Technological Development of Enterprise,2015,34(28):25-28.
[9]黄宝华,张华,孙治军.基于层次分析(AHP)的山东林火风险区划研究[J].火灾科学,2014,23(4):225-232.Huang B H,Zhang H,Sun Z J.Shandong forest fire danger division research based on analytic hierarchy process(AHP)[J].Fire Safety Science,2014,23(4):225-232.
[10]李小川,李兴伟,王振师,等.广东森林火灾的火源特点分析[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2008,28(1):89-92.Li X C,Li X W,Wang Z S,et al.Analysis of fire source characteristics of Guangdong forest fires[J].Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology,2008,28(1):89-92.
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