基于眼动研究的孤独症谱系障碍早期预测
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摘要
孤独症谱系障碍是一组以社交困难为主要特征的神经发育障碍,涵盖孤独症、阿斯伯格综合症及分类不明确的广泛型精神发育障碍。ASD预测研究集中在神经生理学、遗传学及心理学领域。在心理学研究中,眼动技术的运用使得相关测量更为细微、精确,测量过程更严谨,预测关系更可信。现有的眼动预测主要着眼于注视时间、首视点和扫视反应时指标的研究。这些研究揭示注视面部和眼睛时间短、注视眼睛时间随年龄增长递减、注视追随时间短、注视重复物理性刺激时间长、视觉搜索优势及注意解除困难均可以预测ASD。未来研究应强化眼动特征预测作用的追踪性考证,加大与其它发展障碍的预测区分,控制视觉接受能力对眼动行为的影响,建立综合性预测体系。
Autism spectrum disorders(ASD) is a set of neurodevelopmental disorders, which is mainly characterized by social dysfunction. ASD includes autism, Asperger's syndrome and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. ASD prediction researches mainly focus on the fields of neurophysiology, genetics and psychology. In the studies of psychology, the use of eye movement technology makes not only the measurement more accurate and subtle, the process more rigorous, but also the predictive relationship more reliable. Nowadays, the eye movement prediction studies focus on fixation duration, first fixation point and saccadic reaction time. These studies have shown that ASD can be predicted by certain aspects: the short time fixation duration of the face and eyes, the decrease of fixation duration of eyes with age growing, the short gaze following time, the long time fixation duration of the repetitive physical stimulation, the visual search advantage, and the difficulty of the attentional disengagement. The future studies should reinforce the longitudinal study of the predictive function of the eye movement, increasing the predictive distinction between ASD and other development disorders, controlling the effects of visual reception on the eye movement and establishing the comprehensive predictive system.
Autism spectrum disorders(ASD) is a set of neurodevelopmental disorders, which is mainly characterized by social dysfunction. ASD includes autism, Asperger's syndrome and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. ASD prediction researches mainly focus on the fields of neurophysiology, genetics and psychology. In the studies of psychology, the use of eye movement technology makes not only the measurement more accurate and subtle, the process more rigorous, but also the predictive relationship more reliable. Nowadays, the eye movement prediction studies focus on fixation duration, first fixation point and saccadic reaction time. These studies have shown that ASD can be predicted by certain aspects: the short time fixation duration of the face and eyes, the decrease of fixation duration of eyes with age growing, the short gaze following time, the long time fixation duration of the repetitive physical stimulation, the visual search advantage, and the difficulty of the attentional disengagement. The future studies should reinforce the longitudinal study of the predictive function of the eye movement, increasing the predictive distinction between ASD and other development disorders, controlling the effects of visual reception on the eye movement and establishing the comprehensive predictive system.
引文
陈巍,丁峻,陈箐灵.(2008).社会脑研究二十年:回顾与展望.西北师大学报(社会科学版),45(6),84-89.
Abbott,A.E.,Linke,A.,Nair,A.,Jahedi,A.,Alba,L.A.,Keown,C.L.,&Müller,R.A.(2018).Repetitive behaviors in autism are linked to imbalance of corticostriatal connectivity:A functional connectivity MRI study.Social Cognitive&Affective Neuroscience,13(1),32-42.
Adolphs,R.(2009).The social brain:neural basis of social knowledge.Annual review of psychology,60,693-716.
American Psychiatric Association.(2013).Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders(DSM-5?).American Psychiatric Pub.
Barbaro,J.,&Dissanayake,C.(2009).Autism spectrum disorders in infancy and toddlerhood:A review of the evidence on early signs,early identification tools,and early diagnosis.Journal of Developmental&Behavioral Pediatrics,30(5),447-459.
Bedford,R.,Elsabbagh,M.,Gliga,T.,Pickles,A.,Senju,A.,Charman,T.,&Johnson,M.H.(2012).Precursors to social and communication difficulties in infants at-risk for autism:Gaze following and attentional engagement.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,42(10),2208-2218.
Bedford,R.,Pickles,A.,Gliga,T.,Elsabbagh,M.,Charman,T.,&Johnson,M.H.(2014).Additive effects of social and non‐social attention during infancy relate to later autism spectrum disorder.Developmental Science,17(4),612-620.
Blaser,E.,Eglington,L.,&Kaldy,Z.(2012).Toddlers with ASD are better at visual search without trying harder:Apupillometric study.Neurology,15,132-135.
Brothers,L.(2002).The social brain:a project for integrating primate behavior and neurophysiology in a new domain.Concepts in Neuroscience,1,27-51.
Bryson,S.E.,Zwaigenbaum,L.,Brian,J.,Roberts,W.,Szatmari,P.,Rombough,V.,&McDermott,C.(2007).Aprospective case series of high-risk infants who developed autism.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,37(1),12-24.
Chawarska,K.,Macari,S.,&Shic,F.(2013).Decreased spontaneous attention to social scenes in 6-month-old infants later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders.Biological Psychiatry,74(3),195-203.
Cheung,C.H.M.,Bedford,R.,Johnson,M.H.,Charman,T.,&Gliga,T.(2016).Visual search performance in infants associates with later ASD diagnosis.Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience,29,4-10.
Elsabbagh,M.,Fernandes,J.,Webb,S.J.,Dawson,G.,Charman,T.,Johnson,M.H.,&British Autism Study of Infant Siblings Team.(2013).Disengagement of visual attention in infancy is associated with emerging autism in toddlerhood.Biological Psychiatry,74(3),189-194.
Elsabbagh,M.,&Johnson,M.H.(2016).Autism and the social brain:the first-year puzzle.Biol Psychiatry,80(2),94-99.
Elsabbagh,M.,&Johnson,M.H.(2010).Getting answers from babies about autism.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,14(2),81-87.
Elison,J.T.,Paterson,S.J.,Wolff,J.J.,Reznick,J.S.,Sasson,N.J.,Gu,H.B.,...Piven,J.(2013).White matter microstructure and atypical visual orienting in 7-month-olds at risk for autism.The American Journal of Psychiatry,170(8),899-908.
Elison,J.T.,Wolff,J.J.,Reznick,J.S.,Botteron,K.N.,Estes,A.M.,Gu,H.B.,...Piven,J.(2014).Repetitive behavior in 12-month-olds later classified with autism spectrum disorder.Journal of the American Academy of Child&Adolescent Psychiatry,53(11),1216-1224.
Falck-Ytter,T.,B?lte,S.,&Gredeb?ck,G.(2013).Eye tracking in early autism research.Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders,5(1),13-28.
Fuccillo,M.V.(2016).Striatal circuits as a common node for autism pathophysiology.Front Neurosci,10,27.doi:10.3389/fnins.2016.00027.
Gliga,T.,Bedford,R.,Charman,T.,Johnson,M.H.(2015).Enhanced visual search in infancy predicts emerging autism symptoms.Current Biology,25(13),1727-1730.
Goldberg,W.A.,Jarvis,K.L.,Osann,K.,Laulhere,T.M.,Straub,C.,Thomas,E.,...Spence,M.A.(2005).Brief report:Early social communication behaviors in the younger siblings of children with autism.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,35(5),657-664.
Goldberg,W.A.,Thorsen,K.L.,Osann,K.,&Spence,M.A.(2008).Use of home videotapes to confirm parental reports of regression in autism.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,38(6),1136-1146.
Happé,F.,&Ronald,A.(2008).The‘fractionable autism triad’:A review of evidence from behavioural,genetic,cognitive and neural research.Neuropsychology Review,18(4),287-304.
Hazlett,H.C.,Gu,H.,Munsell,B.C.,Kim,S.H.,Styner,M.,Wolff,J.J.,&Piven,J.(2017).Early brain development in infants at high risk for autism spectrum disorder.Nature,542(7641),348-351.
Jones,W.,&Klin,A.(2013).Attention to eyes is present but in decline in 2-6-month-old infants later diagnosed with autism.Nature,504(7480),427-431.
Kaldy,Z.,Giserman,I.,Carter,A.S.,&Blaser,E.(2016).The mechanisms underlying the ASD advantage in visual search.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,46(5),1513-1527.
Keehn,B.,Müller,R.A.,&Townsend,J.(2013).Atypical attentional networks and the emergence of autism.Neuroscience&Biobehavioral Reviews,37(2),164-183.
Kleberg,J.L.,Thorup,E.,&Falck‐Ytter,T.(2017).Reduced visual disengagement but intact phasic alerting in young children with autism.Autism Research,10(3),539-545.
Klin,A.,Shultz,S.,&Jones,W.(2015).Social visual engagement in infants and toddlers with autism:Early developmental transitions and a model of pathogenesis.Neuroscience&Biobehavioral Reviews,50,189-203.
Leekam,S.R.,Prior,M.R.,&Uljarevic,M.(2011).Restricted and repetitive behaviors in autism spectrum disorders:A review of research in the last decade.Psychological Bulletin,137(4),562-593.
Mullen,E.M.(1995).Mullen scales of early learning(pp.58-64).Circle Pines,MN:AGS.
Murphy,D.,&Spooren,W.(2012).Eu-aims:A boost to autism research.Nature Reviews Drug Discovery,11(11),815-816.
Ozonoff,S.,Iosif,A.M.,Baguio,F.,Cook,I.C.,Hill,M.M.,Hutman,T.,&Young,G.S.(2010).A prospective study of the emergence of early behavioral signs of autism.Journal of the American Academy of Child&Adolescent Psychiatry,49(3),256-266.
Palomo,R.,Belinchón,M.,&Ozonoff,S.(2006).Autism and family home movies:A comprehensive review.Journal of Developmental&Behavioral Pediatrics,27(2),S59-S68.
Pelphrey,K.A.,&Carter,E.J.(2008).Brain mechanisms for social perception.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,1145(1),283-299.
Pierce,K.,Conant D.,Hazin R.,Stoner R.,&Desmond J.(2011).Preference for geometric patterns early in life as a risk factor for autism.Archives of General Psychiatry,68(1),101-109.
Pierce,K.,Eyler,L.T.,Solso,S.,Campbell,K.,&Courchesne,E.(2011,May).Failure of STS activation may underlie early emerging social orienting defects in autism.Conference paper at the International Meeting for Autism Research,San Diego,CA.
Pierce,K.,Marinero,S.,Hazin,R.,Mckenna,B.,Barnes,C.C.,&Malige,A.(2016).Eye-tracking reveals abnormal visual preference for geometric images as an early biomarker of an ASD subtype associated with increased symptom severity.Biological Psychiatry,79(8),657-666.
Posner,M.I.,&Cohen,Y.(1984).Components of visual orienting.Attention and performance X:Control of Language Processes,32,531-556.
Riby,D.M.,&Hancock,P.J.B.(2009).Do faces capture the attention of individuals with Williams syndrome or autism?Evidence from tracking eye movements.Journal of Autism&Developmental Disorders,39(3),421-431.
Ruggeri,B.,Sarkans,U.,Schumann,G.,&Persico,A.M.(2014).Biomarkers in autism spectrum disorder:The old and the new.Psychopharmacology,231(6),1201-1216.
Sabatos-Devito,M.,Schipul,S.E.,Bulluck,J.C.,Belger,A.,&Baranek,G.T.(2016).Eye tracking reveals impaired attentional disengagement associated with sensory response patterns in children with autism.Journal of Autism&Developmental Disorders,46(4),1319-1333.
Sara,S.J.(2009).The locus coeruleus and noradrenergic modulation of cognition.Nature Reviews Neuroscience,10(3),211-223.
Shic,F.,Macari,S.,&Chawarska,K.(2014).Speech disturbs face scanning in 6-month-old infants who develop autism spectrum disorder.Biological psychiatry,75(3),231-237.
Shultz,S.,Jones,W.,&Klin,A.(2015).Early Departures from normative processes of social engagement in infants with autism spectrum disorder.In:A Puce.,B Bertentha.(Eds)The Many Faces of Social Attention(pp.157-177).Springer,Cham.
Sperdin,H.F.,Coito,A.,Kojovic,N.,Rihs,T.A.,Jan,R.K.,Franchini,M.,...Schaer,M.(2018).Early alterations of social brain networks in young children with autism.eLife,7,e31670.
Tomasello,M.,Carpenter,M.,Call,J.,Behne,T.,&Moll,H.(2005).Understanding and sharing intentions:the origins of cultural cognition.Behavioral&Brain Sciences,28(5),675-691.
Trillingsgaard,A.,S?rensen,E.U.,Němec,G.,&J?rgensen,M.(2005).What distinguishes autism spectrum disorders from other developmental disorders before the age of four years?European Child&Adolescent Psychiatry,14(2),65-72.
Varcin,K.J.,&Jeste,S.S.(2017).The emergence of autism spectrum disorder:Insights gained from studies of brain and behaviour in high-risk infants.Current Opinion in Psychiatry,30(2),85-91.
Vivanti,G.,Fanning,P.A.,Hocking,D.R.,Sievers,S.,&Dissanayake,C.(2017).Social attention,joint attention and sustained attention in autism spectrum disorder and Williams syndrome:Convergences and divergences.Journal of Autism&Developmental Disorders,47(6),1866-1877.
Wagner,J.B.,Luyster,R.J.,Tager-Flusberg,H.,&Nelson,C.A.(2016).Greater pupil size in response to emotional faces as an early marker of social-communicative difficulties in infants at high risk for autism.Infancy,21(5),560-581.
Wagner,J.B.,Luyster,R.J.,Moustapha,H.,Tager-Flusberg,H.,&Nelson,C.A.(2016).Differential attention to faces in infant siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder and associations with later social and language ability.Int J Behav Dev,42(1),83-92.
Wagner,J.B.,Luyster,R.J.,Yim,J.Y.,Tager-Flusberg,H.,&Nelson,C.A.(2013).The role of early visual attention in social development.International Journal of Behavioral Development,37(2),118-124.
Walker,S.C.,&McGlone,F.P.(2013).The social brain:Neurobiological basis of affiliative behaviours and psychological well-being.Neuropeptides,47(6),379-393.
Wolff,J.J.,Botteron,K.N.,Dager,S.R.,Elison,J.T.,Estes,A.M.,Gu,H.B,...Piven,J.(2014).Longitudinal patterns of repetitive behavior in toddlers with autism.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,55(8),945-953.
Wrzesińska,M.,Kapias,J.,Nowakowska-Domaga?a,K.,&Kocur,J.(2017).Visual impairment and traits of autism in children.Psychiatria Polska,51(2),349-358.
Zwaigenbaum,L.,Bryson,S.,Rogers,T.,Roberts,W.,Brian,J.,&Szatmari,P.(2005).Behavioral manifestations of autism in the first year of life.International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience,23(2-3),143-152.
Abbott,A.E.,Linke,A.,Nair,A.,Jahedi,A.,Alba,L.A.,Keown,C.L.,&Müller,R.A.(2018).Repetitive behaviors in autism are linked to imbalance of corticostriatal connectivity:A functional connectivity MRI study.Social Cognitive&Affective Neuroscience,13(1),32-42.
Adolphs,R.(2009).The social brain:neural basis of social knowledge.Annual review of psychology,60,693-716.
American Psychiatric Association.(2013).Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders(DSM-5?).American Psychiatric Pub.
Barbaro,J.,&Dissanayake,C.(2009).Autism spectrum disorders in infancy and toddlerhood:A review of the evidence on early signs,early identification tools,and early diagnosis.Journal of Developmental&Behavioral Pediatrics,30(5),447-459.
Bedford,R.,Elsabbagh,M.,Gliga,T.,Pickles,A.,Senju,A.,Charman,T.,&Johnson,M.H.(2012).Precursors to social and communication difficulties in infants at-risk for autism:Gaze following and attentional engagement.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,42(10),2208-2218.
Bedford,R.,Pickles,A.,Gliga,T.,Elsabbagh,M.,Charman,T.,&Johnson,M.H.(2014).Additive effects of social and non‐social attention during infancy relate to later autism spectrum disorder.Developmental Science,17(4),612-620.
Blaser,E.,Eglington,L.,&Kaldy,Z.(2012).Toddlers with ASD are better at visual search without trying harder:Apupillometric study.Neurology,15,132-135.
Brothers,L.(2002).The social brain:a project for integrating primate behavior and neurophysiology in a new domain.Concepts in Neuroscience,1,27-51.
Bryson,S.E.,Zwaigenbaum,L.,Brian,J.,Roberts,W.,Szatmari,P.,Rombough,V.,&McDermott,C.(2007).Aprospective case series of high-risk infants who developed autism.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,37(1),12-24.
Chawarska,K.,Macari,S.,&Shic,F.(2013).Decreased spontaneous attention to social scenes in 6-month-old infants later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders.Biological Psychiatry,74(3),195-203.
Cheung,C.H.M.,Bedford,R.,Johnson,M.H.,Charman,T.,&Gliga,T.(2016).Visual search performance in infants associates with later ASD diagnosis.Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience,29,4-10.
Elsabbagh,M.,Fernandes,J.,Webb,S.J.,Dawson,G.,Charman,T.,Johnson,M.H.,&British Autism Study of Infant Siblings Team.(2013).Disengagement of visual attention in infancy is associated with emerging autism in toddlerhood.Biological Psychiatry,74(3),189-194.
Elsabbagh,M.,&Johnson,M.H.(2016).Autism and the social brain:the first-year puzzle.Biol Psychiatry,80(2),94-99.
Elsabbagh,M.,&Johnson,M.H.(2010).Getting answers from babies about autism.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,14(2),81-87.
Elison,J.T.,Paterson,S.J.,Wolff,J.J.,Reznick,J.S.,Sasson,N.J.,Gu,H.B.,...Piven,J.(2013).White matter microstructure and atypical visual orienting in 7-month-olds at risk for autism.The American Journal of Psychiatry,170(8),899-908.
Elison,J.T.,Wolff,J.J.,Reznick,J.S.,Botteron,K.N.,Estes,A.M.,Gu,H.B.,...Piven,J.(2014).Repetitive behavior in 12-month-olds later classified with autism spectrum disorder.Journal of the American Academy of Child&Adolescent Psychiatry,53(11),1216-1224.
Falck-Ytter,T.,B?lte,S.,&Gredeb?ck,G.(2013).Eye tracking in early autism research.Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders,5(1),13-28.
Fuccillo,M.V.(2016).Striatal circuits as a common node for autism pathophysiology.Front Neurosci,10,27.doi:10.3389/fnins.2016.00027.
Gliga,T.,Bedford,R.,Charman,T.,Johnson,M.H.(2015).Enhanced visual search in infancy predicts emerging autism symptoms.Current Biology,25(13),1727-1730.
Goldberg,W.A.,Jarvis,K.L.,Osann,K.,Laulhere,T.M.,Straub,C.,Thomas,E.,...Spence,M.A.(2005).Brief report:Early social communication behaviors in the younger siblings of children with autism.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,35(5),657-664.
Goldberg,W.A.,Thorsen,K.L.,Osann,K.,&Spence,M.A.(2008).Use of home videotapes to confirm parental reports of regression in autism.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,38(6),1136-1146.
Happé,F.,&Ronald,A.(2008).The‘fractionable autism triad’:A review of evidence from behavioural,genetic,cognitive and neural research.Neuropsychology Review,18(4),287-304.
Hazlett,H.C.,Gu,H.,Munsell,B.C.,Kim,S.H.,Styner,M.,Wolff,J.J.,&Piven,J.(2017).Early brain development in infants at high risk for autism spectrum disorder.Nature,542(7641),348-351.
Jones,W.,&Klin,A.(2013).Attention to eyes is present but in decline in 2-6-month-old infants later diagnosed with autism.Nature,504(7480),427-431.
Kaldy,Z.,Giserman,I.,Carter,A.S.,&Blaser,E.(2016).The mechanisms underlying the ASD advantage in visual search.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,46(5),1513-1527.
Keehn,B.,Müller,R.A.,&Townsend,J.(2013).Atypical attentional networks and the emergence of autism.Neuroscience&Biobehavioral Reviews,37(2),164-183.
Kleberg,J.L.,Thorup,E.,&Falck‐Ytter,T.(2017).Reduced visual disengagement but intact phasic alerting in young children with autism.Autism Research,10(3),539-545.
Klin,A.,Shultz,S.,&Jones,W.(2015).Social visual engagement in infants and toddlers with autism:Early developmental transitions and a model of pathogenesis.Neuroscience&Biobehavioral Reviews,50,189-203.
Leekam,S.R.,Prior,M.R.,&Uljarevic,M.(2011).Restricted and repetitive behaviors in autism spectrum disorders:A review of research in the last decade.Psychological Bulletin,137(4),562-593.
Mullen,E.M.(1995).Mullen scales of early learning(pp.58-64).Circle Pines,MN:AGS.
Murphy,D.,&Spooren,W.(2012).Eu-aims:A boost to autism research.Nature Reviews Drug Discovery,11(11),815-816.
Ozonoff,S.,Iosif,A.M.,Baguio,F.,Cook,I.C.,Hill,M.M.,Hutman,T.,&Young,G.S.(2010).A prospective study of the emergence of early behavioral signs of autism.Journal of the American Academy of Child&Adolescent Psychiatry,49(3),256-266.
Palomo,R.,Belinchón,M.,&Ozonoff,S.(2006).Autism and family home movies:A comprehensive review.Journal of Developmental&Behavioral Pediatrics,27(2),S59-S68.
Pelphrey,K.A.,&Carter,E.J.(2008).Brain mechanisms for social perception.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,1145(1),283-299.
Pierce,K.,Conant D.,Hazin R.,Stoner R.,&Desmond J.(2011).Preference for geometric patterns early in life as a risk factor for autism.Archives of General Psychiatry,68(1),101-109.
Pierce,K.,Eyler,L.T.,Solso,S.,Campbell,K.,&Courchesne,E.(2011,May).Failure of STS activation may underlie early emerging social orienting defects in autism.Conference paper at the International Meeting for Autism Research,San Diego,CA.
Pierce,K.,Marinero,S.,Hazin,R.,Mckenna,B.,Barnes,C.C.,&Malige,A.(2016).Eye-tracking reveals abnormal visual preference for geometric images as an early biomarker of an ASD subtype associated with increased symptom severity.Biological Psychiatry,79(8),657-666.
Posner,M.I.,&Cohen,Y.(1984).Components of visual orienting.Attention and performance X:Control of Language Processes,32,531-556.
Riby,D.M.,&Hancock,P.J.B.(2009).Do faces capture the attention of individuals with Williams syndrome or autism?Evidence from tracking eye movements.Journal of Autism&Developmental Disorders,39(3),421-431.
Ruggeri,B.,Sarkans,U.,Schumann,G.,&Persico,A.M.(2014).Biomarkers in autism spectrum disorder:The old and the new.Psychopharmacology,231(6),1201-1216.
Sabatos-Devito,M.,Schipul,S.E.,Bulluck,J.C.,Belger,A.,&Baranek,G.T.(2016).Eye tracking reveals impaired attentional disengagement associated with sensory response patterns in children with autism.Journal of Autism&Developmental Disorders,46(4),1319-1333.
Sara,S.J.(2009).The locus coeruleus and noradrenergic modulation of cognition.Nature Reviews Neuroscience,10(3),211-223.
Shic,F.,Macari,S.,&Chawarska,K.(2014).Speech disturbs face scanning in 6-month-old infants who develop autism spectrum disorder.Biological psychiatry,75(3),231-237.
Shultz,S.,Jones,W.,&Klin,A.(2015).Early Departures from normative processes of social engagement in infants with autism spectrum disorder.In:A Puce.,B Bertentha.(Eds)The Many Faces of Social Attention(pp.157-177).Springer,Cham.
Sperdin,H.F.,Coito,A.,Kojovic,N.,Rihs,T.A.,Jan,R.K.,Franchini,M.,...Schaer,M.(2018).Early alterations of social brain networks in young children with autism.eLife,7,e31670.
Tomasello,M.,Carpenter,M.,Call,J.,Behne,T.,&Moll,H.(2005).Understanding and sharing intentions:the origins of cultural cognition.Behavioral&Brain Sciences,28(5),675-691.
Trillingsgaard,A.,S?rensen,E.U.,Němec,G.,&J?rgensen,M.(2005).What distinguishes autism spectrum disorders from other developmental disorders before the age of four years?European Child&Adolescent Psychiatry,14(2),65-72.
Varcin,K.J.,&Jeste,S.S.(2017).The emergence of autism spectrum disorder:Insights gained from studies of brain and behaviour in high-risk infants.Current Opinion in Psychiatry,30(2),85-91.
Vivanti,G.,Fanning,P.A.,Hocking,D.R.,Sievers,S.,&Dissanayake,C.(2017).Social attention,joint attention and sustained attention in autism spectrum disorder and Williams syndrome:Convergences and divergences.Journal of Autism&Developmental Disorders,47(6),1866-1877.
Wagner,J.B.,Luyster,R.J.,Tager-Flusberg,H.,&Nelson,C.A.(2016).Greater pupil size in response to emotional faces as an early marker of social-communicative difficulties in infants at high risk for autism.Infancy,21(5),560-581.
Wagner,J.B.,Luyster,R.J.,Moustapha,H.,Tager-Flusberg,H.,&Nelson,C.A.(2016).Differential attention to faces in infant siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder and associations with later social and language ability.Int J Behav Dev,42(1),83-92.
Wagner,J.B.,Luyster,R.J.,Yim,J.Y.,Tager-Flusberg,H.,&Nelson,C.A.(2013).The role of early visual attention in social development.International Journal of Behavioral Development,37(2),118-124.
Walker,S.C.,&McGlone,F.P.(2013).The social brain:Neurobiological basis of affiliative behaviours and psychological well-being.Neuropeptides,47(6),379-393.
Wolff,J.J.,Botteron,K.N.,Dager,S.R.,Elison,J.T.,Estes,A.M.,Gu,H.B,...Piven,J.(2014).Longitudinal patterns of repetitive behavior in toddlers with autism.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,55(8),945-953.
Wrzesińska,M.,Kapias,J.,Nowakowska-Domaga?a,K.,&Kocur,J.(2017).Visual impairment and traits of autism in children.Psychiatria Polska,51(2),349-358.
Zwaigenbaum,L.,Bryson,S.,Rogers,T.,Roberts,W.,Brian,J.,&Szatmari,P.(2005).Behavioral manifestations of autism in the first year of life.International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience,23(2-3),143-152.