肠道、肺部菌群直接或通过肠-肺轴对呼吸系统慢性疾病的影响
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摘要
人体寄生的微生物与人体为共生关系,数量庞大,并形成不同的微生态系统,影响人体免疫、代谢、内分泌等生理过程。菌群失衡导致微生态紊乱,从而导致相关疾病的发生发展。呼吸系统慢性疾病患者常有肠道菌群和肺部菌群的改变,肠道菌群通过肠-肺轴影响呼吸系统免疫及呼吸系统慢性疾病,肺部菌群的改变导致肺部疾病的同时亦会通过血流引起肠道菌群的变化。近年来随着高通量测序及生物信息学技术的发展,相关研究也越发被重视,本文着重对肠道菌群、肺部菌群通过肠-肺轴或直接在肺部免疫及呼吸系统慢性疾病中所起的作用进行综述。
Parasitic organisms are symbiotic with human body.There are a large number of parasitic organisms which form different micro-ecological systems,affecting the physiological processes of immune,metabolic,and endocrine systems.Dysbiosis of microbiota causes micro-ecological disorders that lead to the development of related diseases.The patients with chronic pulmonary disease usually have changes in gut and/or lung microbiota.Intestinal microbiota affects the immune and chronic diseases of respiratory system through the gut-lung axis.The changes in lung microbiota cause lung diseases and result in gut microbial change through blood stream.In recent years,with the development of high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics technology,related researches have obtained more and more attention.This review focuses on the influence of gut and lung microbiota on chronic pulmonary diseases directly or through gut-lung Axis.
Parasitic organisms are symbiotic with human body.There are a large number of parasitic organisms which form different micro-ecological systems,affecting the physiological processes of immune,metabolic,and endocrine systems.Dysbiosis of microbiota causes micro-ecological disorders that lead to the development of related diseases.The patients with chronic pulmonary disease usually have changes in gut and/or lung microbiota.Intestinal microbiota affects the immune and chronic diseases of respiratory system through the gut-lung axis.The changes in lung microbiota cause lung diseases and result in gut microbial change through blood stream.In recent years,with the development of high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics technology,related researches have obtained more and more attention.This review focuses on the influence of gut and lung microbiota on chronic pulmonary diseases directly or through gut-lung Axis.
引文
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[27]Ivanov II,Atarashi K,Manel N,et al.Induction of intestinal Th17cells by segmented filamentous bacteria[J].Cell,2009,139(3):485-498.
[28]Arrieta MC,Stiemsma LT,Dimitriu PA,et al.Early infancy microbial and metabolic alterations affect risk of childhood asthma[J].Sci Transl Med,2015,7(307):307ra152.
[29]Olszak T,An D,Zeissig S,et al.Microbial exposure during early life has persistent effects on natural killer T cell function[J].Science,2012,336(6080):489-493.
[30]Brown AJ,Tsoulou C,Ward E,et al.Pharmacological properties of acid N-thiazolylamide FFA2agonists[J].Pharmacol Res Perspect,2013,3(3):e00141.
[31]Hudson BD,Due-Hansen ME,Christiansen E,et al.Defining the molecular basis for the first potent and selective orthosteric agonists of the FFA2free fatty acid receptor[J].J Biol Chem,2013,288(24):17296-17312.
[32]Schmidt J,Smith NJ,Christiansen EJ,et al.Selective orthosteric free fatty acid receptor 2(FFA2)agonists:Identification of the structural and chemical requirements for selective activation of FFA2versus FFA3[J].J Biol Chem,2011,286(12):10628-10640.
[33]West CE,Jenmalm MC,Kozyrskyj AL,et al.Probiotics for treatment and primary prevention of allergic diseases and asthma:Looking back and moving forward[J].Expert Rev Clin Immunol,2016,12(6):625-639.
[34]Huang YJ,Nelson CE,Brodie EL.Airway microbiota and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in patients with suboptimally controlled asthma[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol,2011,127(2):372-381.
[35]Chung KF.Potential role of the lung microbiome in shaping asthma phenotypes[J].Ann Am Thorac Soc,2017,14(Suppl5):S326-S331.
[36]Verschuere S,Bracke KR,Demoor T,et al.Cigarette smoking alters epithelial apoptosis and immune composition in murine GALT[J].Lab Invest,2011,91(7):1056-1067.
[37]Allais L,Kerckhof FM,Verschuere S,et al.Chronic cigarette smoke exposure induces microbial and inflammatory shifts and mucin changes in the murine gut[J].Environ Microbiol,2015,18(5):1352-1363.
[38]Mortaz E,Adcock IM,Ricciardolo FL,et al.Anti-inflammatory effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium breve on cigarette smoke activated human macrophages[J].PLoS One,2015,10(8):e0136455.
[39]Reale M,Boscolo P,Bellante V,et al.Daily intake of Lactobacillus casei Shirota increases natural killer cell activity in smokers[J].Br J Nutr,2012,108(2):308-314.
[40]Vutcovici M,Bitton A,Ernst P,et al.Inflammatory bowel disease and risk of mortality in COPD[J].Eur Respir J,2016,47(5):1357-1364.
[41]Keely S,Talley NJ,Hansbro PM.Pulmonary-intestinal crosstalk in mucosal inflammatory disease[J].Mucosal Immunol,2012,5(1):7-18.
[42]Hui AW,Lau HW,Chan TH,et al.The human microbiota:A new direction in the investigation of thoracic diseases[J].J Thorac Dis,2013,5(Suppl 2):S127-S131.
[43]Preston JA,Thorburn AN,Starkey MR,et al.Streptococcus pneumoniae infection suppresses allergic airways disease by inducing regulatory T-cells[J].Eur Respir J,2011,37(1):53-64.
[44]Schuijt TJ,Lankelma JM,Scicluna BP,et al.The gut microbiota plays a protective role in the host defence against pneumococcal pneumonia[J].Gut,2016,65(4):575-583.
[45]Chen LW,Chen PH,Hsu CM.Commensal microflora contribute to host defense against Escherichia coli pneumonia through toll-like receptors[J].Shock,2011,36(1):67-75.
[46]Dominguez-Bello MG,Costello EK,Contreras M,et al.Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns[J].Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A,2010,107(26):11971-11975.
[47]Azad MB,Konya T,Persaud RR,et al.Impact of maternal intrapartum antibiotics,method of birth and breastfeeding on gut microbiota during the first year of life:A prospective cohort study[J].BJOG,2016,123(6):983-993.
[48]Chieppa M,Rescigno M,Huang AY,et al.Dynamic imaging of dendritic cell extension into the small bowel lumen in response to epithelial cell TLR engagement[J].J Exp Med,2006,203(13):2841-2852.
[49]Samuelson DR,Welsh DA,Shellito JE.Regulation of lung immunity and host defense by the intestinal microbiota[J].Front Microbiol,2015,7(6):1085.
[50]Boyton RJ,Reynolds CJ,Quigley KJ,et al.Immune mechanisms and the impact of the disrupted lung microbiome in chronic bacterial lung infection and bronchiectasis[J].Clin Exp Immunol,2013,171(2):117-123.
[51]Hauptmann M,Schaible UE.Linking microbiota and respiratory disease[J].FEBS Lett,2016,590(21):3721-3738.
[2]Budden KF,Gellatly SL,Wood DL,et al.Emerging pathogenic links between microbiota and the gut-lung axis[J].Nat Rev Microbiol,2017,15(1):55-63.
[3]Aguirre de Cárcer D,Cuiv PO,Wang T.et al.Numerical ecology validates a biogeographical distribution and gender-based effect on mucosa-associated bacteria along the human colon[J].ISME J,2011,5(5),801-809.
[4]Donaldson GP,Lee SM,Mazmanian SK.Gut biogeography of the bacterial microbiota[J].Nat Rev Microbiol,2016,14(1):20-32.
[5]Becker KG.Autism,asthma,inflammation,and the hygiene hypothesis[J].Med Hypotheses,2007,69(4):731-740.
[6]Findley K,Oh J,Yang J,et al.Topographic diversity of fungal and bacterial communities in human skin[J].Nature,2013,498(7454):367-370.
[7]徐凯进,李兰娟.肠道正常菌群与肠道免疫[J].国外医学(流行病学传染病学分册),2005,32(3):181-183.
[8]Forsythe P,Inman MD,Bienenstock J.Oral treatment with live Lactobacillus reuteri inhibits the allergic airway response in mice[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2007,175(6):561-569.
[9]Anandan C,Nurmatov U,van Schayck OC,et al.Is the prevalence of asthma declining?Systematic review of epidemiological studies[J].Allergy,2010,65(2):152-167.
[10]Ruiz-Calderon JF,Cavallin H,Song SJ,et al.Walls talk:Microbial biogeography of homes spanning urbanization[J].Sci Adv,2016,2(2):e1501061.
[11]Khoruts A,Dicksved J,Jansson JK.et al.Changes in the composition of the human fecal microbiome after bacteriotherapy for recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea[J].J Clin Gastroenterol,2010,44(5):354-360.
[12]Luna RA,Jane A.Gut brain axis:Diet microbiota interactions and implications for modulation of anxiety and depression[J].Curr Opin Biotechnol,2015,32(4):35-41.
[13]Forsythe P,Kunze WA.Voices from within:Gut microbes and the CNS[J].Cell Mol Life Sci,2013,70(1):55-69.
[14]Petra AI,Panaqiotidou S,Hatziaqelaaki E,et al.Gut-microbiota-brain axis and its effect on neuropsychiatric disorders with suspected immune dysregulation[J].Clin Ther,2015,37(5):984-995.
[15]Dickson RP,Erb-Downward JR,Martinez FJ,et al.The microbiome and the respiratory tract[J].Annu Rev Physiol,2016,78:481-504.
[16]Hilty M,Burke C,Pedro H,et al.Disordered microbial communities in asthmatic airways[J].PLoS One,2010,5(1):e8578.
[17]Dickson RP,Erb-Downward JR,Huffnagle GB.Homeostasis and its disruption in the lung microbiome[J].Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol,2015,309(10):L1047-1055.
[18]Pistiner M,Gold DR,Abdulkerim H,et al.Birth by cesarean section,allergic rhinitis,and allergic sensitization among children with a parental history of atopy[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol,2008,122(2):274-279.
[19]Buffie CG,Pamer EG.Microbiota-mediated colonization resistance against intestinal pathogens[J].Nat Rev Immunol,2013,13(11):790-801.
[20]Schuijt TJ,Lankelma JM,Scicluna BP,et al.The gut microbiota plays a protective role in the host defence against pneumococcal pneumonia[J].Gut,2016,65(4):575-583.
[21]Chung KF.Airway microbial dysbiosis in asthmatic patients:A target for prevention and treatment?[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol,2017,139(4):1071-1081.
[22]He Y,Wen Q,Yao F,et al.Gut-lung axis:The microbial contributions and clinical implications[J].Crit Rev Microbiol,2017,43(1):81-95.
[23]Chen YS,Jan RL,Lin YL,et al.Randomized placebo-controlled trial of Lactobacillus on asthmatic children with allergic rhinitis[J].Pediatr Pulmonol,2010,45(11):1111-1120.
[24]Durack J,Huang YJ,Nariya S,et al.Bacterial biogeography of adult airways in atopic asthma[J].Microbiome,2018,6(1):104.
[25]Marri PR,Stern DA,Wright AL,et al.Asthma-associated differences in microbial composition of induced sputum[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol,2013,131(2):346-352.
[26]Mazmanian SK,Liu CH,Tzianabos AO,et al.An immunomodulatory molecule of symbiotic bacteria directs maturation of the host immune system[J].Cell,2005,122(1):107-118.
[27]Ivanov II,Atarashi K,Manel N,et al.Induction of intestinal Th17cells by segmented filamentous bacteria[J].Cell,2009,139(3):485-498.
[28]Arrieta MC,Stiemsma LT,Dimitriu PA,et al.Early infancy microbial and metabolic alterations affect risk of childhood asthma[J].Sci Transl Med,2015,7(307):307ra152.
[29]Olszak T,An D,Zeissig S,et al.Microbial exposure during early life has persistent effects on natural killer T cell function[J].Science,2012,336(6080):489-493.
[30]Brown AJ,Tsoulou C,Ward E,et al.Pharmacological properties of acid N-thiazolylamide FFA2agonists[J].Pharmacol Res Perspect,2013,3(3):e00141.
[31]Hudson BD,Due-Hansen ME,Christiansen E,et al.Defining the molecular basis for the first potent and selective orthosteric agonists of the FFA2free fatty acid receptor[J].J Biol Chem,2013,288(24):17296-17312.
[32]Schmidt J,Smith NJ,Christiansen EJ,et al.Selective orthosteric free fatty acid receptor 2(FFA2)agonists:Identification of the structural and chemical requirements for selective activation of FFA2versus FFA3[J].J Biol Chem,2011,286(12):10628-10640.
[33]West CE,Jenmalm MC,Kozyrskyj AL,et al.Probiotics for treatment and primary prevention of allergic diseases and asthma:Looking back and moving forward[J].Expert Rev Clin Immunol,2016,12(6):625-639.
[34]Huang YJ,Nelson CE,Brodie EL.Airway microbiota and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in patients with suboptimally controlled asthma[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol,2011,127(2):372-381.
[35]Chung KF.Potential role of the lung microbiome in shaping asthma phenotypes[J].Ann Am Thorac Soc,2017,14(Suppl5):S326-S331.
[36]Verschuere S,Bracke KR,Demoor T,et al.Cigarette smoking alters epithelial apoptosis and immune composition in murine GALT[J].Lab Invest,2011,91(7):1056-1067.
[37]Allais L,Kerckhof FM,Verschuere S,et al.Chronic cigarette smoke exposure induces microbial and inflammatory shifts and mucin changes in the murine gut[J].Environ Microbiol,2015,18(5):1352-1363.
[38]Mortaz E,Adcock IM,Ricciardolo FL,et al.Anti-inflammatory effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium breve on cigarette smoke activated human macrophages[J].PLoS One,2015,10(8):e0136455.
[39]Reale M,Boscolo P,Bellante V,et al.Daily intake of Lactobacillus casei Shirota increases natural killer cell activity in smokers[J].Br J Nutr,2012,108(2):308-314.
[40]Vutcovici M,Bitton A,Ernst P,et al.Inflammatory bowel disease and risk of mortality in COPD[J].Eur Respir J,2016,47(5):1357-1364.
[41]Keely S,Talley NJ,Hansbro PM.Pulmonary-intestinal crosstalk in mucosal inflammatory disease[J].Mucosal Immunol,2012,5(1):7-18.
[42]Hui AW,Lau HW,Chan TH,et al.The human microbiota:A new direction in the investigation of thoracic diseases[J].J Thorac Dis,2013,5(Suppl 2):S127-S131.
[43]Preston JA,Thorburn AN,Starkey MR,et al.Streptococcus pneumoniae infection suppresses allergic airways disease by inducing regulatory T-cells[J].Eur Respir J,2011,37(1):53-64.
[44]Schuijt TJ,Lankelma JM,Scicluna BP,et al.The gut microbiota plays a protective role in the host defence against pneumococcal pneumonia[J].Gut,2016,65(4):575-583.
[45]Chen LW,Chen PH,Hsu CM.Commensal microflora contribute to host defense against Escherichia coli pneumonia through toll-like receptors[J].Shock,2011,36(1):67-75.
[46]Dominguez-Bello MG,Costello EK,Contreras M,et al.Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns[J].Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A,2010,107(26):11971-11975.
[47]Azad MB,Konya T,Persaud RR,et al.Impact of maternal intrapartum antibiotics,method of birth and breastfeeding on gut microbiota during the first year of life:A prospective cohort study[J].BJOG,2016,123(6):983-993.
[48]Chieppa M,Rescigno M,Huang AY,et al.Dynamic imaging of dendritic cell extension into the small bowel lumen in response to epithelial cell TLR engagement[J].J Exp Med,2006,203(13):2841-2852.
[49]Samuelson DR,Welsh DA,Shellito JE.Regulation of lung immunity and host defense by the intestinal microbiota[J].Front Microbiol,2015,7(6):1085.
[50]Boyton RJ,Reynolds CJ,Quigley KJ,et al.Immune mechanisms and the impact of the disrupted lung microbiome in chronic bacterial lung infection and bronchiectasis[J].Clin Exp Immunol,2013,171(2):117-123.
[51]Hauptmann M,Schaible UE.Linking microbiota and respiratory disease[J].FEBS Lett,2016,590(21):3721-3738.
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