塔里木河河槽形态调整特点及影响因素
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摘要
为确定塔里木河干流河槽形态调整过程及特点,根据2005—2013年实测水沙数据及断面资料等,分析了塔里木河河槽形态演变特点及影响因素。结果表明:2005—2009年中上游河段河槽逐渐萎缩,平滩面积总体呈下降趋势;2010—2013年汛期水流冲刷强度增大,游荡型河段平滩河槽形态主要体现为横向调整,断面趋于宽浅,过渡段相对稳定,弯曲型河段汛期水流冲刷强度变化趋势与游荡型河段一致,期间平滩河宽变化较小,断面朝窄深方向发展;2009—2011年游荡型河段和过渡段纵比降减幅分别为1.7%和3.0%,河床比降趋于调平,弯曲型河段纵比降增幅为1.6%,河床略微冲刷;水流冲刷强度能够较好地响应河槽形态变化,可用于预测塔里木河平滩河槽形态冲淤情况。中上游河岸土体在近岸水流作用下容易分解,稳定性差,在一定程度上加快了河床调整过程。
In order to determine the process and characteristics of channel geometry adjustments of the Tarim River, the morphological evolution features and influencing factors were analyzed based on the measured flow and sediment data as well as the mainstream cross-sectional profiles from 2005 to 2013. The results show that the channel geometry in the middle and upper reaches shrank gradually from 2005 to 2009, with a decreasing trend of the bankfull area. The fluvial erosion intensity during flood seasons was enhanced from 2010 to 2013, resulting in a lateral adjustment for the bankfull channel geometry in the braided reach characterized with wider and shallower cross-sections. The adjustment of the transition reach was relatively stable. Variation trend of the fluvial erosion intensity during flood seasons in the meandering reach was similar to that in the braided reach, and the cross-sections developed to be narrower and deeper with slight bankfull width variation. From 2009 to 2011, the longitudinal channel slope in the braided reach and the transition reach decreased by 1.7% and 3.0%, respectively, resulting in a flat river bed slope. However, it increased by 1.6% in the meandering reach with little fluvial erosion. Fluvial erosion intensity can better respond to the channel geometry variation, which can be used to predict erosion and deposition of the bankfull channel. In addition, the stability of the river bank soil is poor and the river bank can be easily decomposed by the action of the near shore water flow, which accelerates the adjustment process to some extent.
In order to determine the process and characteristics of channel geometry adjustments of the Tarim River, the morphological evolution features and influencing factors were analyzed based on the measured flow and sediment data as well as the mainstream cross-sectional profiles from 2005 to 2013. The results show that the channel geometry in the middle and upper reaches shrank gradually from 2005 to 2009, with a decreasing trend of the bankfull area. The fluvial erosion intensity during flood seasons was enhanced from 2010 to 2013, resulting in a lateral adjustment for the bankfull channel geometry in the braided reach characterized with wider and shallower cross-sections. The adjustment of the transition reach was relatively stable. Variation trend of the fluvial erosion intensity during flood seasons in the meandering reach was similar to that in the braided reach, and the cross-sections developed to be narrower and deeper with slight bankfull width variation. From 2009 to 2011, the longitudinal channel slope in the braided reach and the transition reach decreased by 1.7% and 3.0%, respectively, resulting in a flat river bed slope. However, it increased by 1.6% in the meandering reach with little fluvial erosion. Fluvial erosion intensity can better respond to the channel geometry variation, which can be used to predict erosion and deposition of the bankfull channel. In addition, the stability of the river bank soil is poor and the river bank can be easily decomposed by the action of the near shore water flow, which accelerates the adjustment process to some extent.
引文
[1]胡春宏,王延贵.塔里木河干流河道演变与整治[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.
[2]薛联青,杨帆,杨昌兵,等.外界胁迫作用下塔里木河流域径流变化响应的敏感性[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2018,46(1):1-6.(XUE Lianqing,YANG Fan,YANG Changbing,et al.Sensitivity analysis of the streamflow alteration subjected to climate changes and anthropogenic activities in the Tarim River Basin[J].Journal of Hohai University(Natural Sciences),2018,46(1):1-6.(in Chinese))
[3]杨帆,薛联青,张洛晨,等.塔里木河生态水流情势分析及其适应性利用[J].水资源保护,2018,34(5):41-49.(YANG Fan,XUE Lianqing,ZHANG Luochen,et al.Analysis of ecological water regime in Tarim River and its adaptive utilization[J].Water Resources Protection,2018,34(5):41-49.(in Chinese))
[4]薛联青,张卉,张洛晨,等.塔里木灌区引水前后环境流特性变化[J].水资源保护,2017,33(3):31-37.(XUELianqing,ZHANG Hui,ZHANG Luochen,et al.Changes in characteristics of environmental flow in Tarim irrigation area before and after water diversion[J].Water Resources Protection,2017,33(3):31-37.(in Chinese))
[5]WU B S,XIA J Q,FU X D,et al.Effect of altered flow regime on bankfull area of the Lower Yellow River,China[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2008,33(10):1585-1601.
[6]冯起,陈广庭,李振山.塔里木河现代河道冲淤变化的探讨[J].中国沙漠,1997,17(1):40-45.(FENG Qi,CHEN Guangting,LI Zhenshan.Investigating into the variation of erosion and siltation on the modern channel of Tarim River[J].Journal of Desert Research,1997,17(1):40-45.(in Chinese))
[7]王延贵,胡春宏,周文浩,等.塔里木河干流的河床演变特点[J].水利学报,2003,34(12):27-33.(WANGYangui,HU Chunhong,ZHOU Wenhao,et al.Evolution characteristics of Tarim River[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2003,34(12):27-33.(in Chinese))
[8]王延贵,胡春宏,周文浩,等.塔里木河干流河道的河型及其成因[J].泥沙研究,2002,27(6):19-25.(WANGYangui,HU Chunhong,ZHOU Wenhao,et al.Study on river patterns of Tarim River[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2002,27(6):19-25.(in Chinese))
[9]胡春宏,王延贵.塔里木河干流河道综合治理措施的研究(Ⅰ):干流河道演变规律[J].泥沙研究,2006,31(4):21-29.(HU Chunhong,WANG Yangui.Study on comprehensive regulation measures of the main stem Tarim River(Ⅰ):fluvial processes[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2006,31(4):21-29.(in Chinese))
[10]LEOPOLD L B,MADDOCK T.The hydraulic geometry of stream channels and some physiographic implications[R].Washington D.C.:Geological Survey,1953.
[11]HE L,WILKERSON G V.Improved bankfull channel geometry prediction using two-year return-period discharge[J].Journal of the American Water Resources Association,2011,47(6):1298-1316.
[12]HARMAN C,STEWARDSON M,DEROSE R.Variability and uncertainty in reach bankfull hydraulic geometry[J].Journal of Hydrology,2008,351(1/2):13-25.
[13]LEE J S,JULIEN P Y.Downstream hydraulic geometry of alluvial channels[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2006,132(12):1347-1352.
[14]WOHL E,MERRITT D M.Reach-scale channel geometry of mountain streams[J].Geomorphology,2008(3/4):168-185.
[15]冯普林,梁志勇,黄金池,等.黄河下游河槽形态演变与水沙关系研究[J].泥沙研究,2005,20(2):66-74.(FENG Pulin,LIANG Zhiyong,HUANG Jinchi,et al.Study on relation between the change of channel from and the series of water and sediment in Lower Yellow River[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2005,20(2):66-74.(in Chinese))
[16]费祥俊.黄河下游来水来沙对河槽形态与河型的塑造作用[J].泥沙研究,2016,31(4):9-14.(FEI Xiangjun.Effect of flow and sediment on shaping channel geometry and river pattern of the Lower Yellow River[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2016,31(4):9-14.(in Chinese))
[17]吴保生,张原锋,夏军强,等.黄河下游高村站平滩面积变化分析[J].泥沙研究,2008,23(2):34-40.(WUBaosheng,ZHANG Yuanfeng,XIA Junqiang,et al.Variation of bank full area at Gaocun station in the Lower Yellow River[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2008,23(2):34-40.(in Chinese))
[18]WU B S,WANG G Q,XIA J Q,et al.Response of bankfull discharge to discharge and sediment load in the Lower Yellow River[J].Geomorphology,2008,100(3):366-376.
[19]XIA J Q,ZONG Q L,ZHANG Y,et al.Prediction of recent bank retreat processes at typical sections in the Jingjiang reach[J].Science China(Technological Sciences),2014,57(8):1490-1499.
[20]夏军强,宗全利,邓珊珊,等.三峡工程运用后荆江河段平滩河槽形态调整特点[J].浙江大学学报(工学版),2015,49(2):238-245.(XIA Junqiang,ZONG Quanli,DENG Shanshan,et al.Adjustments in reach-scale bankfull channel geometry of Jingjiang reach after operation of Three Gorges Project[J].Journal of Zhejiang University(Engineering Science),2015,49(2):238-245.(in Chinese))
[21]余国安,李志威,黄河清,等.人类活动影响下的干旱区河流地貌演变:以塔里木河为例[J].水科学进展,2017,28(2):183-192.(YU Guoan,LI Zhiwei,HUANGHeqing,et al.Human impacts on fluvial processes in a very arid environment:case of Tarim River in China[J].Advances in Water Science,2017,28(2):183-192.(in Chinese))
[22]XIA J Q,WU B S,WANG G Q,et al.Estimation of bankfull discharge in the Lower Yellow River using different approaches[J].Geomorphology,2010,117(1/2):66-77.
[23]侯志军,李勇,庞隆霞.黄河尾闾河道平滩流量变化对来水来沙的响应[J].水利水电科技进展,2011,31(2):23-27.(HOU Zhijun,LI Yong,PANG Longxia.Response of bankfull discharge in tail reaches of Yellow River Estuary to runoff and sediment load[J].Advances in Science and Technology of Water Resources,2011,31(2):23-27.(in Chinese))
[24]钱宁,张仁.河床演变学[M].北京:科学出版社,1987.
[25]赵业安,潘贤弟,韩少发,等.“河流建库后下游河床演变与河床演变理论问题”专题总报告Ⅰ:河流建库后下游河床演变[J].泥沙研究,1982,7(1):68-76.(ZHAOYean,PAN Xiandi,HAN Shaofa,et al.Fluvial processes and theoretical problem of Lower Yellow River after construction of reservoir(special reportⅠ):fluvial processes of Lower Yellow River after construction of reservoir[J].Journal of Sediment Research,1982,7(1):68-76.(in Chinese))
[26]夏军强,宗全利.长江荆江段崩岸机理及其数值模拟[M].北京:科学出版社,2015.
[27]赵业安,周文浩.“黄河下游河道演变基本规律”研究综述[J].人民黄河,1996(9):4-9.(ZHAO Yean,ZHOUWenhao.Basic development law and prospect prediction of the lower reaches of Yellow River[J].Yellow River,1996(9):4-9.(in Chinese))
[28]XIA J Q,LI X J,LI T,et al.Response of reach-scale bankfull channel geometry to the altered flow and sediment regime in the Lower Yellow River[J].Geomorphology,2014,213:255-265.
[29]刘成,何耘,刘桉.河流输沙量变化的主要驱动因素[J].水利水电科技进展,2017,37(1):1-7.(LIU Cheng,HE Yun,LIU An.Key drivers of changes in sediment loads of rivers[J].Advances in Science and Technology of Water Resources,2017,37(1):1-7.(in Chinese))
[30]李洁,夏军强,邓珊珊,等.近期黄河下游游荡段滩岸崩退过程及特点[J].水科学进展,2015,26(4):517-525.(LI Jie,XIA Junqiang,DENG Shanshan,et al.Recent bank retreat processes and characteristics in the braided reach of the Lower Yellow River[J].Advances in Water Science,2015,26(4):517-525.(in Chinese))
[2]薛联青,杨帆,杨昌兵,等.外界胁迫作用下塔里木河流域径流变化响应的敏感性[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2018,46(1):1-6.(XUE Lianqing,YANG Fan,YANG Changbing,et al.Sensitivity analysis of the streamflow alteration subjected to climate changes and anthropogenic activities in the Tarim River Basin[J].Journal of Hohai University(Natural Sciences),2018,46(1):1-6.(in Chinese))
[3]杨帆,薛联青,张洛晨,等.塔里木河生态水流情势分析及其适应性利用[J].水资源保护,2018,34(5):41-49.(YANG Fan,XUE Lianqing,ZHANG Luochen,et al.Analysis of ecological water regime in Tarim River and its adaptive utilization[J].Water Resources Protection,2018,34(5):41-49.(in Chinese))
[4]薛联青,张卉,张洛晨,等.塔里木灌区引水前后环境流特性变化[J].水资源保护,2017,33(3):31-37.(XUELianqing,ZHANG Hui,ZHANG Luochen,et al.Changes in characteristics of environmental flow in Tarim irrigation area before and after water diversion[J].Water Resources Protection,2017,33(3):31-37.(in Chinese))
[5]WU B S,XIA J Q,FU X D,et al.Effect of altered flow regime on bankfull area of the Lower Yellow River,China[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2008,33(10):1585-1601.
[6]冯起,陈广庭,李振山.塔里木河现代河道冲淤变化的探讨[J].中国沙漠,1997,17(1):40-45.(FENG Qi,CHEN Guangting,LI Zhenshan.Investigating into the variation of erosion and siltation on the modern channel of Tarim River[J].Journal of Desert Research,1997,17(1):40-45.(in Chinese))
[7]王延贵,胡春宏,周文浩,等.塔里木河干流的河床演变特点[J].水利学报,2003,34(12):27-33.(WANGYangui,HU Chunhong,ZHOU Wenhao,et al.Evolution characteristics of Tarim River[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2003,34(12):27-33.(in Chinese))
[8]王延贵,胡春宏,周文浩,等.塔里木河干流河道的河型及其成因[J].泥沙研究,2002,27(6):19-25.(WANGYangui,HU Chunhong,ZHOU Wenhao,et al.Study on river patterns of Tarim River[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2002,27(6):19-25.(in Chinese))
[9]胡春宏,王延贵.塔里木河干流河道综合治理措施的研究(Ⅰ):干流河道演变规律[J].泥沙研究,2006,31(4):21-29.(HU Chunhong,WANG Yangui.Study on comprehensive regulation measures of the main stem Tarim River(Ⅰ):fluvial processes[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2006,31(4):21-29.(in Chinese))
[10]LEOPOLD L B,MADDOCK T.The hydraulic geometry of stream channels and some physiographic implications[R].Washington D.C.:Geological Survey,1953.
[11]HE L,WILKERSON G V.Improved bankfull channel geometry prediction using two-year return-period discharge[J].Journal of the American Water Resources Association,2011,47(6):1298-1316.
[12]HARMAN C,STEWARDSON M,DEROSE R.Variability and uncertainty in reach bankfull hydraulic geometry[J].Journal of Hydrology,2008,351(1/2):13-25.
[13]LEE J S,JULIEN P Y.Downstream hydraulic geometry of alluvial channels[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2006,132(12):1347-1352.
[14]WOHL E,MERRITT D M.Reach-scale channel geometry of mountain streams[J].Geomorphology,2008(3/4):168-185.
[15]冯普林,梁志勇,黄金池,等.黄河下游河槽形态演变与水沙关系研究[J].泥沙研究,2005,20(2):66-74.(FENG Pulin,LIANG Zhiyong,HUANG Jinchi,et al.Study on relation between the change of channel from and the series of water and sediment in Lower Yellow River[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2005,20(2):66-74.(in Chinese))
[16]费祥俊.黄河下游来水来沙对河槽形态与河型的塑造作用[J].泥沙研究,2016,31(4):9-14.(FEI Xiangjun.Effect of flow and sediment on shaping channel geometry and river pattern of the Lower Yellow River[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2016,31(4):9-14.(in Chinese))
[17]吴保生,张原锋,夏军强,等.黄河下游高村站平滩面积变化分析[J].泥沙研究,2008,23(2):34-40.(WUBaosheng,ZHANG Yuanfeng,XIA Junqiang,et al.Variation of bank full area at Gaocun station in the Lower Yellow River[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2008,23(2):34-40.(in Chinese))
[18]WU B S,WANG G Q,XIA J Q,et al.Response of bankfull discharge to discharge and sediment load in the Lower Yellow River[J].Geomorphology,2008,100(3):366-376.
[19]XIA J Q,ZONG Q L,ZHANG Y,et al.Prediction of recent bank retreat processes at typical sections in the Jingjiang reach[J].Science China(Technological Sciences),2014,57(8):1490-1499.
[20]夏军强,宗全利,邓珊珊,等.三峡工程运用后荆江河段平滩河槽形态调整特点[J].浙江大学学报(工学版),2015,49(2):238-245.(XIA Junqiang,ZONG Quanli,DENG Shanshan,et al.Adjustments in reach-scale bankfull channel geometry of Jingjiang reach after operation of Three Gorges Project[J].Journal of Zhejiang University(Engineering Science),2015,49(2):238-245.(in Chinese))
[21]余国安,李志威,黄河清,等.人类活动影响下的干旱区河流地貌演变:以塔里木河为例[J].水科学进展,2017,28(2):183-192.(YU Guoan,LI Zhiwei,HUANGHeqing,et al.Human impacts on fluvial processes in a very arid environment:case of Tarim River in China[J].Advances in Water Science,2017,28(2):183-192.(in Chinese))
[22]XIA J Q,WU B S,WANG G Q,et al.Estimation of bankfull discharge in the Lower Yellow River using different approaches[J].Geomorphology,2010,117(1/2):66-77.
[23]侯志军,李勇,庞隆霞.黄河尾闾河道平滩流量变化对来水来沙的响应[J].水利水电科技进展,2011,31(2):23-27.(HOU Zhijun,LI Yong,PANG Longxia.Response of bankfull discharge in tail reaches of Yellow River Estuary to runoff and sediment load[J].Advances in Science and Technology of Water Resources,2011,31(2):23-27.(in Chinese))
[24]钱宁,张仁.河床演变学[M].北京:科学出版社,1987.
[25]赵业安,潘贤弟,韩少发,等.“河流建库后下游河床演变与河床演变理论问题”专题总报告Ⅰ:河流建库后下游河床演变[J].泥沙研究,1982,7(1):68-76.(ZHAOYean,PAN Xiandi,HAN Shaofa,et al.Fluvial processes and theoretical problem of Lower Yellow River after construction of reservoir(special reportⅠ):fluvial processes of Lower Yellow River after construction of reservoir[J].Journal of Sediment Research,1982,7(1):68-76.(in Chinese))
[26]夏军强,宗全利.长江荆江段崩岸机理及其数值模拟[M].北京:科学出版社,2015.
[27]赵业安,周文浩.“黄河下游河道演变基本规律”研究综述[J].人民黄河,1996(9):4-9.(ZHAO Yean,ZHOUWenhao.Basic development law and prospect prediction of the lower reaches of Yellow River[J].Yellow River,1996(9):4-9.(in Chinese))
[28]XIA J Q,LI X J,LI T,et al.Response of reach-scale bankfull channel geometry to the altered flow and sediment regime in the Lower Yellow River[J].Geomorphology,2014,213:255-265.
[29]刘成,何耘,刘桉.河流输沙量变化的主要驱动因素[J].水利水电科技进展,2017,37(1):1-7.(LIU Cheng,HE Yun,LIU An.Key drivers of changes in sediment loads of rivers[J].Advances in Science and Technology of Water Resources,2017,37(1):1-7.(in Chinese))
[30]李洁,夏军强,邓珊珊,等.近期黄河下游游荡段滩岸崩退过程及特点[J].水科学进展,2015,26(4):517-525.(LI Jie,XIA Junqiang,DENG Shanshan,et al.Recent bank retreat processes and characteristics in the braided reach of the Lower Yellow River[J].Advances in Water Science,2015,26(4):517-525.(in Chinese))