非洲猪瘟病毒生物学特性及在猪肉生产中的防控措施研究
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摘要
非洲猪瘟是一种烈性外来疾病,不属于人畜共患病,但会造成大量猪死亡,自中国首次发现疫情以来,多个地区相继暴发疫情,扑杀大量生猪,给生猪养殖业带来巨大的损失。目前还没有针对非洲猪瘟的特效药和有效疫苗,还需要进一步的研究。该文从非洲猪瘟病毒的生物学特性、防控难点以及在猪肉食品生产中的防控方法等方面进行概述,提出食品企业应做好应对措施,在食品生产过程中全面防控,增强从业人员的防控意识,防止非洲猪瘟病毒通过猪肉产品在市场中传播,旨在为抑制非洲猪瘟的扩散和食品企业对非洲猪瘟病毒的防控提供参考。
African swine fever is a potent foreign disease caused by African swine fever virus that was first discovered in Africa. It is not a zoonotic disease, but the incidence of this disease is extremely high. Once it occurs, it will cause a large number of pigs' deaths. Before 2018, China had no reports about the African swine fever epidemic. Since the first discovery of the African swine fever epidemic in Shenyang, Liaoning, China in August 2018, in January 25, 2019, there were in total 104 cases of domestic pig outbreaks in 25 provinces across the country. At present, there is no specific medicine for treating African swine fever, and no effective preventive vaccine. Once the epidemic is found, the sick pig must be culled and harmlessly treated, which will cause huge losses to the pig breeding industry. And it takes a long time to eradicate this disease,almost 5 to 35 years, which requires huge manpower, financial resources and material resources. It also causes a huge economic loss and also seriously threatens the market requirement of the industrial chain. Under natural conditions, pigs are infected with African swine fever mainly through indirect or direct contact with sick pigs or pork products carrying the virus.The introduction of African swine fever in Russia, France and other countries is mainly through the transport of pork or pigs.The main influencing factors causing African swine fever purification failures in Russia include the illegal transshipment of viral pork products. The virus is relatively stable in food and can exist for a long time. With the frequent development of international trade, the risk of African swine fever virus entering the world through pork food is also increasing, which is very unfavorable for controlling the epidemic. Many countries are aware of the importance of strengthening the supervision of pork and pork products which contribute to hinder the spread of the virus. Studies have shown that African swine fever virus can spread through kitchen waste and swill, making the epidemic difficult to control, spreading the epidemic, and causing huge losses to the pig industry and the food industry. In the meanwhile, the epidemic has been closely observed by consumers, and food safety issues are imminent. At present, the reports on the prevention and control of African swine fever are mainly focused on the epidemic origin, namely pig breeding industry, and there are few reports on the prevention and control of pork products enterprises. Therefore, this paper proposes that prevention of African swine fever virus requires timely detection and control. Meanwhile, practitioners should be aware of the hazards posed by African swine fever and take measures to protect the herd and prevent the spread of the epidemic. For food companies, they should take countermeasures, conduct comprehensive prevention and control in the process of raw material procurement, production and sales. By preventing pork and pork products from entering the market, the spread of African swine fever virus can be effectively cut down. Besides it also helps to promote the development of the pig breeding industry, and ensure food safety. This has important researchable significances and practical values.
African swine fever is a potent foreign disease caused by African swine fever virus that was first discovered in Africa. It is not a zoonotic disease, but the incidence of this disease is extremely high. Once it occurs, it will cause a large number of pigs' deaths. Before 2018, China had no reports about the African swine fever epidemic. Since the first discovery of the African swine fever epidemic in Shenyang, Liaoning, China in August 2018, in January 25, 2019, there were in total 104 cases of domestic pig outbreaks in 25 provinces across the country. At present, there is no specific medicine for treating African swine fever, and no effective preventive vaccine. Once the epidemic is found, the sick pig must be culled and harmlessly treated, which will cause huge losses to the pig breeding industry. And it takes a long time to eradicate this disease,almost 5 to 35 years, which requires huge manpower, financial resources and material resources. It also causes a huge economic loss and also seriously threatens the market requirement of the industrial chain. Under natural conditions, pigs are infected with African swine fever mainly through indirect or direct contact with sick pigs or pork products carrying the virus.The introduction of African swine fever in Russia, France and other countries is mainly through the transport of pork or pigs.The main influencing factors causing African swine fever purification failures in Russia include the illegal transshipment of viral pork products. The virus is relatively stable in food and can exist for a long time. With the frequent development of international trade, the risk of African swine fever virus entering the world through pork food is also increasing, which is very unfavorable for controlling the epidemic. Many countries are aware of the importance of strengthening the supervision of pork and pork products which contribute to hinder the spread of the virus. Studies have shown that African swine fever virus can spread through kitchen waste and swill, making the epidemic difficult to control, spreading the epidemic, and causing huge losses to the pig industry and the food industry. In the meanwhile, the epidemic has been closely observed by consumers, and food safety issues are imminent. At present, the reports on the prevention and control of African swine fever are mainly focused on the epidemic origin, namely pig breeding industry, and there are few reports on the prevention and control of pork products enterprises. Therefore, this paper proposes that prevention of African swine fever virus requires timely detection and control. Meanwhile, practitioners should be aware of the hazards posed by African swine fever and take measures to protect the herd and prevent the spread of the epidemic. For food companies, they should take countermeasures, conduct comprehensive prevention and control in the process of raw material procurement, production and sales. By preventing pork and pork products from entering the market, the spread of African swine fever virus can be effectively cut down. Besides it also helps to promote the development of the pig breeding industry, and ensure food safety. This has important researchable significances and practical values.
引文
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[2]The Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Supervision[EB/OL].[2018-01-30].http://mcx.ru/.
[3]World Organisation for Animal Health[EB/OL].[2019-05-04].http://www.oie.int/.
[4]华利忠,冯志新,张永强,郝飞,戈胜强,王佳,邵国青.以史为鉴,浅谈中国非洲猪瘟的防控与净化[J/OL].中国动物传染病学报:1-12[2019-03-08].http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/31.2 031.s.20190220.1033.003.html.
[5]Vergne T,Korennoy F,Combelles L,et al.Modelling African swine fever presence and reported abundance in the Russian Federation using national surveillance data from2007 to 2014[J].Spatial and Spatio-temporal Epidemiology,2016,19:70-77.
[6]National Pig Association[EB/OL].[2013-07-13].http://www.britishpigs.org.uk/.
[7]Costard S,Jones B A,Martinezlopez B,et al.Risk of African swine fever introduction into the European Union through illegal importation of pork and products[J].American Review of Respiratory Disease,2012,108(4):831-42.
[8]None.EC\"ready to act\"against Russian ban on imports of live pigs and pork[J].Veterinary Record,2014,174(9):208-208.
[9]王颖,缪发明,陈腾.等.中国首例非洲猪瘟诊断研究[J].病毒学报,2018,34(6):817-821.
[10]辽宁省大连市发生非洲猪瘟疫情[J].兽医导刊,2018(21):77.
[11]重庆市丰都县排查出非洲猪瘟疫情[J].兽医导刊,2018(21):78.
[12]Petrini S,Feliziani F,Casciari C,et al.Survival of African swine fever virus(ASFV)in various traditional Italian dry-cured meat products[J].Preventive veterinary medicine,2019,162:126-130.
[13]Ma C G,Reoyo A D L T,Fernández-Pinero J,et al.African swine fever:A global view of the current challenge[J].Porcine Health Management,2015,1(1):21.
[14]Authority E F S.Scientific opinion on African swine fever[J].Efsa Journal,2010,8(3):44-49.
[15]Rock D L.Challenges for African swine fever vaccine development-“…perhaps the end of the beginning.”[J].Veterinary Microbiology,2016,206:52.
[16]Salas M L,Andrés G.African swine fever virus morphogenesis[J].Virus Research,2013,173(1):29-41.
[17]Boshoff C I,Bastos A D,Gerber L J,et al.Genetic characterisation of African swine fever viruses from outbreaks in southern Africa(1973-1999)[J].Veterinary Microbiology,2007,121(1):45-55.
[18]Villiers E P D,Gallardo C,Arias M,et al.Phylogenomic analysis of 11 complete African swine fever virus genome sequences[J].Virology,2010,400(1):128-136.
[19]Achenbach J E,Gallardo C,Nieto-Pelegrín E,et al.Identification of a new genotype of African swine fever virus in domestic pigs from ethiopia[J].Transboundary&Emerging Diseases,2017,64(5):1393-1404.
[20]Ordas A,苏卫.猪肉产品中非洲猪瘟病毒(ASFV)的存活性[J].动物检疫,1990(1):27-28.
[21]Mebus C A,House C,Gonzalvo F R,et al.Survival of foot-and-mouth disease,African swine fever,and hog cholera viruses in Spanish serrano cured hams and Iberian cured hams,shoulders and loins[J].Food Microbiology(London),1993,10(2):133-143.
[22]肖建中,曾晓建,尹爱萍.等.湖南新五丰非洲猪瘟防控策略的研究[J].现代畜牧科技,2018(11):21-23.
[23]Sánchez-Vizcaíno J M,Martínez-López B,Martínez-AviléMet al.Scientific review on African swine fever[J].Efsa Supporting Publications,2009,6(8):32-39.
[24]Salguero F J.Frontiers African swine fever and classical swine fever:A review of the pathogenesis[J].Dtw Deutsche Tierrztliche Wochenschrift,2003,110(4):165-169.
[25]Karalova E M,Sargsyan K V,Hampikian G K,et al.Phenotypic and cytologic studies of lymphoid cells and monocytes in primary culture of porcine bone marrow during infection of African swine fever virus[J].In Vitro Cellular&Developmental Biology-Animal,2011,47(3):200-204.
[26]Karalyan Z,Zakaryan H,Sargsyan K,et al.Interferon status and white blood cells during infection with African swine fever virus in vivo[J].Veterinary Immunology&Immunopathology,2012,145(1/2):551-555.
[27]Gabriel C,Blome S,Malogolovkin A,et al.Characterization of African swine fever virus caucasus isolate in European wild boars[J].Emerging Infectious Diseases,2011,17(12):2342-2345.
[28]Olesen A S,Lohse L,Boklund A,et al.Transmission of African swine fever virus from infected pigs by direct contact and aerosol routes[J].Veterinary Microbiology,2017,211:92-102.
[29]Olesen A S,Lohse L,Boklund A,et al.Short time window for transmissibility of African swine fever virus from a contaminated environment[J].Transboundary&Emerging Diseases,2018,65(4):1024-1032.
[30]Sánchez-Cordón P J,Montoya M,Reis A L,et al.African swine fever:A re-emerging viral disease threatening the global pig industry[J].The Veterinary Journal,2018,233:41-48.
[31]Gerasimov.Eradication of African swine fever in Republic of Abkhazia[J].Veterinary,2008,3:19-24.
[32]Costard S,Wieland B.African swine fever:How can global spread be prevented?[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London,2009,364(1530):2683-2696.
[33]Gogin A,Gerasimov V,Malogovkin A,et al.African swine fever in the North caucasus region and the Russian Federation in years 2007-2012[J].Virus Research,2013,173(1):198-203.
[34]Howey E B,O'donnell V,Hc D C F,et al.Pathogenesis of highly virulent African swine fever virus in domestic pigs exposed via intraoropharyngeal,intranasopharyngeal,and intramuscular inoculation,and by direct contact with infected pigs[J].Virus Research,2013,178(2):328-339.
[35]张永强,吴晓东,王志亮.非洲猪瘟的流行历史与现状[J].中国动物检疫,2015,32(9):11-15.
[36]Sánchez-Vizcaíno J M,Mur L,Martínez-López B.African swine fever:An epidemiological update[J].Transboundary and Emerging Diseases,2012,59(Supplement s1):27-35.
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