区分车辆起讫信息的拥挤道路使用收费模型
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摘要
拥挤道路使用收费被视为缓解城市交通拥堵的有效手段之一.本文发展了一个区分车辆起讫点信息的路段收费模型,并将其与边际社会成本收费、一般路段收费和路径收费模型进行了严格比较.四种收费方式均能实现系统最优的路段流量分布,且收费收益只与OD需求及收费用户均衡时的最小路径费用相关.边际社会成本收费方式产生的网络总收费最高,一般路段收费方式次之,然后是本文提出的收费策略,路径收费方式产生的总收费最小.一般路段收费可匿名实施,路径收费需要获取出行者完整的路径信息,本文提出的收费策略只需获取出行者的起讫点信息.在一个多OD对交通网络上完成的数值计算验证了理论结果.
Congestion pricing has been considered as one of effective means for mitigating urban traffic congestion. In this paper, we propose a link-based congestion pricing scheme which utilizes the origindestination information of vehicles in traffic networks. We have roundly compared this scheme — the minimum total revenue pricing based on link-differentiated(MTRP-LD) — with other three ones fully reported in literature, namely the marginal social cost pricing(MSCP), the minimum total revenue pricing based on link(MTRP-L) and the minimum total revenue pricing based on path(MTRP-P). It is proved that all these four schemes can realize the flow pattern of system optimum, and that the total revenue is only related to the traffic demand and the minimum path cost when tolled user equilibrium is achieved.MSCP generates the highest toll revenue, then MTRP-L, MTRP-LD and MTRP-P in order. MSCP and MTRP-L can be implemented in an anonymous way, while MTRP-P requires the complete path information of vehicles. MTRP-LD proposed in this paper which can reduce the total toll revenue greatly like MTRP-P,is link-based for implementation but needs all vehicles' origin-destination information. Numerical results obtained from a multiple origin-destination network verify our analytical results.
Congestion pricing has been considered as one of effective means for mitigating urban traffic congestion. In this paper, we propose a link-based congestion pricing scheme which utilizes the origindestination information of vehicles in traffic networks. We have roundly compared this scheme — the minimum total revenue pricing based on link-differentiated(MTRP-LD) — with other three ones fully reported in literature, namely the marginal social cost pricing(MSCP), the minimum total revenue pricing based on link(MTRP-L) and the minimum total revenue pricing based on path(MTRP-P). It is proved that all these four schemes can realize the flow pattern of system optimum, and that the total revenue is only related to the traffic demand and the minimum path cost when tolled user equilibrium is achieved.MSCP generates the highest toll revenue, then MTRP-L, MTRP-LD and MTRP-P in order. MSCP and MTRP-L can be implemented in an anonymous way, while MTRP-P requires the complete path information of vehicles. MTRP-LD proposed in this paper which can reduce the total toll revenue greatly like MTRP-P,is link-based for implementation but needs all vehicles' origin-destination information. Numerical results obtained from a multiple origin-destination network verify our analytical results.
引文
[1] Pigou A C. The economics of welfare[M]. Palgrave Macmillan, 1920.
[2] Yang H, Huang H J. Principle of marginal-cost pricing:How does it work in a general road network?[J]. Transportation Research Part A:Policy and Practice, 1998, 32(1):45-54.
[3] Bergendorff P, Hearn D W, Ramana M V. Congestion toll pricing of traffic networks[J]. Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, 1997:51-71.
[4] Hearn D W, Ramana M V. Solving congestion toll pricing models[M]. Equilibrium and Advanced Transportation Modelling, Springer US, 1998:109-124.
[5]徐淑贤,刘天亮,黄海军.用户异质下公交定价和道路收费收入再分配[J].系统工程理论与实践,2015, 35(7):1791-1799.Xu S X, Liu T L, Huang H J. Transit pricing and redistribution of toll revenue with user heterogeneity[J]. Systems Engineering—Theory&Practice, 2015, 35(7):1791-1799.
[6]鲍月,徐猛,高自友.基于均値-超量系统总阻抗的随机拥挤收费模型[J].管理科学学报,2015, 18(1):32-40.Bao Y, Xu M, Gao Z Y. Stochastic model of congestion pricing based on mean-excess total travel time[J]. Journal of Management Sciences in China, 2015, 18(1):32-40.
[7]钟绍鹏,邓卫,包丹文.考虑ATIS市场占有率及遵从率的随机系统最优拥挤收费模型[J].系统工程理论与实践,2013,33(2):456-462.Zhong S P, Deng W, Bao D W. A stochastic system optimum congestion pricing model under endogenous equilibrated market penetration and compliance rate of ATIS[J]. Systems Engineering—Theory&Practice,2013, 33(2):456-462.
[8] Hearn D W, Yildirim M B. A toll pricing framework for traffic assignment problems with elastic demand[M].Transportation and Network Analysis:Current Trends. Springer US, 2002:135-145.
[9] Yildirim M B, Hearn D W. A first best toll pricing framework for variable demand traffic assignment problems[J].Transportation Research Part B:Methodological, 2005, 39(8):659-678.
[10] Yildirim M B, Gupta A. A toll pricing framework for networks with advanced traveler information systems[C]//IIE Annual Conference and Exhibition 2004, 2004:1-6.
[11] Wang J, Kang Y, Kwon C, et al. Dual toll pricing for hazardous materials transport with linear delay[J]. Networks and Spatial Economics, 2012, 12(1):147-165.
[12] Liu Z, Wang S, Meng Q. Toll pricing framework under logit-based stochastic user equilibrium constraints[J].Journal of Advanced Transportation, 2014, 48(8):1121-1137.
[13] Zangui M, Aashtiani H Z, Lawphongpanich S, et al. Path-differentiated pricing in congestion mitigation[J].Transportation Research Part B:Methodological, 2015, 80:202-219.
[14] Wardrop J G. Some theoretical aspects of road traffic research[J]. OR, 1953, 4(4):72-73.
[15] Beckmann M, McGuire C B, Winsten C B. Studies in the economics of transportation[R]. 1956.
[16] Yang H, Zhang X. Multiclass network toll design problem with social and spatial equity constraints[J]. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 2002, 128(5):420-428.
1.文献[4]中,作者分别以最小化系统总收费(MINREV)、最小化最大路段收费(MINMAX)及最小化收费站个数(MINTB)为目标进行了优化.
2.文献[3]以该网络为例比较了MSCP与MTRP-L两种模型结果,为了便于比较4种模型结果,本文仍以该网络为例.
3.事实上,需要收费的路径数可能更多.对于路径费用小于均衡费用而又没有流量的路径,仍需收取不小于两者之间的差值的费用以保证均衡,只是这些路径产生的总收费为零.
4.定理3已经表明,MSCP产生的路段收费值是MTRP-L的一个可行解,可以将MTRP-L视为MSCP的一般形式,称其为一般路段收费.
[2] Yang H, Huang H J. Principle of marginal-cost pricing:How does it work in a general road network?[J]. Transportation Research Part A:Policy and Practice, 1998, 32(1):45-54.
[3] Bergendorff P, Hearn D W, Ramana M V. Congestion toll pricing of traffic networks[J]. Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, 1997:51-71.
[4] Hearn D W, Ramana M V. Solving congestion toll pricing models[M]. Equilibrium and Advanced Transportation Modelling, Springer US, 1998:109-124.
[5]徐淑贤,刘天亮,黄海军.用户异质下公交定价和道路收费收入再分配[J].系统工程理论与实践,2015, 35(7):1791-1799.Xu S X, Liu T L, Huang H J. Transit pricing and redistribution of toll revenue with user heterogeneity[J]. Systems Engineering—Theory&Practice, 2015, 35(7):1791-1799.
[6]鲍月,徐猛,高自友.基于均値-超量系统总阻抗的随机拥挤收费模型[J].管理科学学报,2015, 18(1):32-40.Bao Y, Xu M, Gao Z Y. Stochastic model of congestion pricing based on mean-excess total travel time[J]. Journal of Management Sciences in China, 2015, 18(1):32-40.
[7]钟绍鹏,邓卫,包丹文.考虑ATIS市场占有率及遵从率的随机系统最优拥挤收费模型[J].系统工程理论与实践,2013,33(2):456-462.Zhong S P, Deng W, Bao D W. A stochastic system optimum congestion pricing model under endogenous equilibrated market penetration and compliance rate of ATIS[J]. Systems Engineering—Theory&Practice,2013, 33(2):456-462.
[8] Hearn D W, Yildirim M B. A toll pricing framework for traffic assignment problems with elastic demand[M].Transportation and Network Analysis:Current Trends. Springer US, 2002:135-145.
[9] Yildirim M B, Hearn D W. A first best toll pricing framework for variable demand traffic assignment problems[J].Transportation Research Part B:Methodological, 2005, 39(8):659-678.
[10] Yildirim M B, Gupta A. A toll pricing framework for networks with advanced traveler information systems[C]//IIE Annual Conference and Exhibition 2004, 2004:1-6.
[11] Wang J, Kang Y, Kwon C, et al. Dual toll pricing for hazardous materials transport with linear delay[J]. Networks and Spatial Economics, 2012, 12(1):147-165.
[12] Liu Z, Wang S, Meng Q. Toll pricing framework under logit-based stochastic user equilibrium constraints[J].Journal of Advanced Transportation, 2014, 48(8):1121-1137.
[13] Zangui M, Aashtiani H Z, Lawphongpanich S, et al. Path-differentiated pricing in congestion mitigation[J].Transportation Research Part B:Methodological, 2015, 80:202-219.
[14] Wardrop J G. Some theoretical aspects of road traffic research[J]. OR, 1953, 4(4):72-73.
[15] Beckmann M, McGuire C B, Winsten C B. Studies in the economics of transportation[R]. 1956.
[16] Yang H, Zhang X. Multiclass network toll design problem with social and spatial equity constraints[J]. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 2002, 128(5):420-428.
1.文献[4]中,作者分别以最小化系统总收费(MINREV)、最小化最大路段收费(MINMAX)及最小化收费站个数(MINTB)为目标进行了优化.
2.文献[3]以该网络为例比较了MSCP与MTRP-L两种模型结果,为了便于比较4种模型结果,本文仍以该网络为例.
3.事实上,需要收费的路径数可能更多.对于路径费用小于均衡费用而又没有流量的路径,仍需收取不小于两者之间的差值的费用以保证均衡,只是这些路径产生的总收费为零.
4.定理3已经表明,MSCP产生的路段收费值是MTRP-L的一个可行解,可以将MTRP-L视为MSCP的一般形式,称其为一般路段收费.