中国城市体系资本支配和资本服务城市的演化
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摘要
以福布斯2000强中国企业和GaWC175高端生产者服务业跨国企业数据为基础,运用指令和控制指数以及网络互锁模型,分析和比较中国城市体系中资本支配城市和资本服务城市在2006-2014年的演化情况,然后通过残差分析法和聚类分析法识别主要城市的职能差异和类型划分。研究发现,中国主要城市的资本支配能力和资本服务能力显著增强,尽管两个维度城市体系的多中心度有所提升,但是北京、上海、广州和深圳始终处于核心地位。全国主要城市可以聚类为四种类型,不同城市在两个维度上的能力存在差异。上海、深圳、广州的资本支配能力有明显提升,成都、天津、杭州、南京的资本服务能力有明显提升。
Based on the Chinese enterprises in the Forbes Global 2000 list and advanced producer service firms in GaWC175, this paper analyzes the evolution of capital control cities and capital service cities in 2006 – 2014 using approaches of command and control index as well as the interlocking network model. Then the residual analysis and cluster analysis have been used to examine the difference of main cities in urban functions and classification. It is found that the capacity of capital control and capital service of China's main cities has increased rapidly. Although the polycentricity of the urban system has grown, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen always hold the top four. The main cities could be classified into four types which have different roles in the capacity of capital control and capital service. The capital control capacities of Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Guangzhou have increased rapidly while the capital service capacities of Chengdu, Tianjin, Hangzhou, and Nanjing have increased rapidly.
Based on the Chinese enterprises in the Forbes Global 2000 list and advanced producer service firms in GaWC175, this paper analyzes the evolution of capital control cities and capital service cities in 2006 – 2014 using approaches of command and control index as well as the interlocking network model. Then the residual analysis and cluster analysis have been used to examine the difference of main cities in urban functions and classification. It is found that the capacity of capital control and capital service of China's main cities has increased rapidly. Although the polycentricity of the urban system has grown, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen always hold the top four. The main cities could be classified into four types which have different roles in the capacity of capital control and capital service. The capital control capacities of Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Guangzhou have increased rapidly while the capital service capacities of Chengdu, Tianjin, Hangzhou, and Nanjing have increased rapidly.
引文
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2顾朝林.中国城镇体系:历史、现状、展望[M].北京:商务印书馆,1992.GU Chaolin.Urban System in China:History,Reality and Perspective[M].Beijing:The Commercial Press,1992.
3顾朝林,胡秀红.中国城市体系现状特征[J].经济地理,1998(1):21-26.GU Chaolin,HU Xiuhong.Current Situation of Urban System in China[J].Economic Geography,1998(1):21-26.
4周一星.城市地理学[M].北京:商务印书馆,1995.ZHOU Yixing.Urban Geography[M].Beijing:The Commercial Press,1995.
5管驰明,崔功豪.100多年来中国城市空间分布格局的时空演变研究[J].地域研究与开发,2004,23(5):28-32.GUAN Chiming,CUI Gonghao.Research on SpatioTemporal Distribution of Chinese Cities in the Past over100 Years[J].Areal Research and Development,2004,23(5):28-32.
6王凯.全国城镇体系规划的历史与现实[J].城市规划,2007,31(10):9-15.WANG Kai.History and Reality of National Cities System Planning[J].City Planning Review,2007,31(10):9-15.
7王茂军,曹广忠,赵群毅,等.基于距离与规模的中国城市体系规模结构[J].地理研究,2010,29(7):1257-1268.WANG Maojun,CAO Guangzhong,ZHAO Qunyi,et al.Study on Structure of Urban System in China from the Angles of Distance Between Cities and City Population Size[J].Geographical Research,2010,29(7):1257-1268.
8叶浩,濮励杰,张鹏.中国城市体系的空间分布格局及其演变[J].地域研究与开发,2013,32(2):41-45.YE Hao,PU Lijie,ZHANG Peng.Spatial Distribution Pattern and Its Evolution of Urban System in China[J].Areal Research and Development,2013,32(2):41-45.
9鲍超,陈小杰.中国城市体系的空间格局研究评述与展望[J].地理科学进展,2014,33(10):1300-1311.BAO Chao,CHEN Xiaojie.Review and Prospect of Research on the Spatial Pattern of China’s Urban System[J].Progress in Geography,2014,33(10):1300-1311.
10张京祥.全球化背景中的区域发展与规划转变[J].国外城市规划,2004(3):1-4.ZHANG Jingxiang.Transformation of Regional Development and Planning in the Globalization Background[J].Urban Planning Overseas,2004(3):1-4.
11 BEAVERSTOCK J V,SMITH R G,TAYLOR P J.ARoster of World Cities[J].Cities,1999(6):445-458.
12 BEAVERSTOCK J V,SMITH R G,TAYLOR P J,et al.Globalization and World Cities:Some Measurement Methodologies[J].Applied Geography,2000(1):43-63.
13 CASTELLS M.The Rise of the Network Society[M].Oxford:Blackwell,1996.
14唐子来,李涛.长三角地区和长江中游地区的城市体系比较研究:基于企业关联网络的分析方法[J].城市规划学刊,2014(2):24-31.TANG Zilai,LI Tao.A Comparative Analysis of Urban Systems in the Yangtze Delta Region and the Middle Yangtze Region:An Approach of Firm-Based Interlocking Network[J].Urban Planning Forum,2014(2):24-31.
15唐子来,李涛.京津冀、长三角和珠三角地区的城市体系比较研究--基于企业关联网络的分析方法[J].上海城市规划,2014(6):37-45.TANG Zilai,LI Tao.A Comparative Analysis of Urban Systems in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region,the Yangtze River Delta Region and the Pearl River Delta Region:An Approach of Firm-Based Interlocking Network[J].Shanghai Urban Planning Review,2014(6):37-45.
16 SASSEN S.The Global City:New York,London,Tokyo[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press,1991.
17 TAYLOR P J.World City Network:A Global Urban Analysis[M].London and New York:Routledge,2004.
18 FRIEDMANN J.The World City Hypothesis[J].Development and Change,1986,17(1):69-84.
19 DERUDDER B,DE V A,WITLOX F.Global City/World City[M]//DERUDDER B,HOYLER M,TAYLORP J,et al.International Handbook of Globalization and World Cities.Cheltenham and Northampton:Edward Elgar Publishing,2012:73-82.
20唐子来,李粲,肖扬,等.世界经济格局和世界城市体系的关联分析[J].城市规划学刊,2015(1):1-9.TANG Zilai,LI Can,XIAO Yang,et al.An Analysis of the Linkage Between the World Economic Pattern and the World Urban System[J].Urban Planning Forum,2015(1):1-9.
21 ALDERSON A S,BECKFIELD J.Power and Position in the World City System[J].American Journal of Sociology,2004(4):811-851.
22 ALDERSON A S,BECKFIELD J.Corporate Networks of World Cities[M]//DERUDDER B,HOYLER M,TAYLORP J,et al.International Handbook of Globalization and World Cities[M].Cheltenham and Northampton:Edward Elgar Publishing,2012:126-134.
23 TAYLOR P J.Parallel Paths to Understanding Global Inter-City Relations[J].American Journal of Sociology,2006(3):881-894.
24 TAYLOR P J.Urban Hinterworlds:Geographies of Corporate Service Provision Under Conditions of Contemporary Globalization[J].Geography,2001(1):51-60.
25尹俊,甄峰,王春慧.基于金融公司布局的中国城市网络格局研究[J].经济地理,2011(5):754-759.YIN Jun,ZHEN Feng,WANG Chunhui.China’s City Network Pattern:An Empirical Analysis Based on Financial Enterprises Layout[J].Economic Geography,2011(5):754-759.
26赵渺希,陈晨.中国城市体系中航空网络与生产者服务业网络的比较[J].城市规划学刊,2011(2):24-32.ZHAO Miaoxi,CHEN Chen.A Comparison Between Airline Passenger Network and Advanced Producer Service Network in the Urban System of China[J].Urban Planning Forum,2011(2):24-32.
27赵渺希,刘铮.基于生产性服务业的中国城市网络研究[J].城市规划,2012,36(9):23-28,38.ZHAO Miaoxi,LIU Zheng.Research on China’s City Network Based on Production Service Industry[J].City Planning Review,2012,36(9):23-28,38.
28唐子来,李粲,李涛.全球资本体系视角下的中国城市层级体系[J].城市规划学刊,2016(3):11-20.TANG Zilai,LI Can,LI Tao.Interpretation of China’s Urban Hierarchy from the Perspective of Global Capital System[J].Urban Planning Forum,2016(3):11-20.
29李涛,王燚,缪家驹.2006-2014年中国的指令和控制中心城市的演化[J].国际城市规划,2017(1):82-90.LI Tao,WANG Yi,MIAO Jiaju.The Evolution of Command and Control Centers in China(2006-2014)[J].Urban Planning International,2017(1):82-90.
30唐子来,赵渺希.经济全球化视角下长三角区域的城市体系演化:关联网络和价值区段的分析方法[J].城市规划学刊,2010(1):29-34.TANG Zilai,ZHAO Miaoxi.Economic Globalization and Transformation of Urban System in the Yangtze River Delta Region:Interlocking Network and Value-Added Hierarchy[J].Urban Planning Forum,2010(1):29-34.
31赵渺希,唐子来.基于网络关联的长三角区域腹地划分[J].经济地理,2010(3):371-376.ZHAO Miaoxi,TANG Zilai.A Network-Based Measurement for Urban Hinterland Area in Yangtze River Delta[J].Economic Geography,2010(3):371-376.
32李涛,周锐.长三角地区网络腹地划分的关联测度方法比较[J].地理学报,2016,71(2):236-250.LI Tao,ZHOU Rui.Urban Hinterworld in Yangtze River Delta:Empirical Comparison of Two Network-Based Methods[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(2):236-250.
33赵渺希,魏冀明,吴康.京津冀城市群的功能联系及其复杂网络演化[J].城市规划学刊,2014(1):46-52.ZHAO Miaoxi,WEI Jiming,WU Kang.Functional Linkages in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Conurbation Region and the Evolution of the Complex Networks[J].Urban Planning Forum,2014(1):46-52.
34李涛,张伊娜.2000-2010年长三角地区参与全球劳动分工的时空演化格局:以财富500强外资制造业企业为例[J].城市发展研究,2016(3):49-56.LI Tao,ZHANG Yina.Temporal and Spatial Transformation of Participation in the Global Division of Labor of the Yangtze River Delta Region in 2000-2010:Based on Fortune 500 Foreign Manufacturing Companies[J].Urban Development Studies,2016(3):49-56.
35 WALL R.Netscape:Cities and Global Corporate Networks[M].Rotterdam:Erasmus Research Institute of Management,2009.
36 WALL R S,BURGER M J,VAN D K G.The Geography of Global Corporate Networks:The Poor,the Rich,and the Happy Few Countries[J].Environment and Planning A,2011,43(4):904-927.
37 CSOMOS G.The Command and Control Centers of the United States(2006/2012):An Analysis of Industry Sectors Influencing the Position of Cities[J].Geoforum,2013,50:241-251.
38 CSOMOS G,DERUDDER B.European Cities as Command and Control Centres,2006-11[J].European Urban and Regional Studies,2014,21(3):345-352.
39 TAYLOR P J.The Challenge Facing World City Network Analysis[EB/OL].GaWC Research Bulletin 409,2012.http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb409.html.
40 HALL P,PAIN K.The Polycentric Metropolis:Learning from Mega-City Regions in Europe[M].London:Earthscan,2006.
41 TAYLOR P J,NI P,DERUDDER B,et al.Global Urban Analysis:A Survey of Cities in Globalization[M].London and New York:Earthscan,2011.
42唐子来,李涛,李粲.中国主要城市关联网络研究[J].城市规划,2017,41(1):28-39.TANG Zilai,LI Tao,LI Can.Research on the Interlocking Network of Major Cities in China[J].City Planning Review,2017,41(1):28-39.
43李涛,程遥,张伊娜,等.城市网络研究的理论、方法与实践[J].城市规划学刊,2017(6):43-49.LI Tao,CHENG Yao,ZHANG Yina,et al.Theories,Methods and Practice of City Network Analysis[J].Urban Planning Forum,2017(6):43-49.
2顾朝林.中国城镇体系:历史、现状、展望[M].北京:商务印书馆,1992.GU Chaolin.Urban System in China:History,Reality and Perspective[M].Beijing:The Commercial Press,1992.
3顾朝林,胡秀红.中国城市体系现状特征[J].经济地理,1998(1):21-26.GU Chaolin,HU Xiuhong.Current Situation of Urban System in China[J].Economic Geography,1998(1):21-26.
4周一星.城市地理学[M].北京:商务印书馆,1995.ZHOU Yixing.Urban Geography[M].Beijing:The Commercial Press,1995.
5管驰明,崔功豪.100多年来中国城市空间分布格局的时空演变研究[J].地域研究与开发,2004,23(5):28-32.GUAN Chiming,CUI Gonghao.Research on SpatioTemporal Distribution of Chinese Cities in the Past over100 Years[J].Areal Research and Development,2004,23(5):28-32.
6王凯.全国城镇体系规划的历史与现实[J].城市规划,2007,31(10):9-15.WANG Kai.History and Reality of National Cities System Planning[J].City Planning Review,2007,31(10):9-15.
7王茂军,曹广忠,赵群毅,等.基于距离与规模的中国城市体系规模结构[J].地理研究,2010,29(7):1257-1268.WANG Maojun,CAO Guangzhong,ZHAO Qunyi,et al.Study on Structure of Urban System in China from the Angles of Distance Between Cities and City Population Size[J].Geographical Research,2010,29(7):1257-1268.
8叶浩,濮励杰,张鹏.中国城市体系的空间分布格局及其演变[J].地域研究与开发,2013,32(2):41-45.YE Hao,PU Lijie,ZHANG Peng.Spatial Distribution Pattern and Its Evolution of Urban System in China[J].Areal Research and Development,2013,32(2):41-45.
9鲍超,陈小杰.中国城市体系的空间格局研究评述与展望[J].地理科学进展,2014,33(10):1300-1311.BAO Chao,CHEN Xiaojie.Review and Prospect of Research on the Spatial Pattern of China’s Urban System[J].Progress in Geography,2014,33(10):1300-1311.
10张京祥.全球化背景中的区域发展与规划转变[J].国外城市规划,2004(3):1-4.ZHANG Jingxiang.Transformation of Regional Development and Planning in the Globalization Background[J].Urban Planning Overseas,2004(3):1-4.
11 BEAVERSTOCK J V,SMITH R G,TAYLOR P J.ARoster of World Cities[J].Cities,1999(6):445-458.
12 BEAVERSTOCK J V,SMITH R G,TAYLOR P J,et al.Globalization and World Cities:Some Measurement Methodologies[J].Applied Geography,2000(1):43-63.
13 CASTELLS M.The Rise of the Network Society[M].Oxford:Blackwell,1996.
14唐子来,李涛.长三角地区和长江中游地区的城市体系比较研究:基于企业关联网络的分析方法[J].城市规划学刊,2014(2):24-31.TANG Zilai,LI Tao.A Comparative Analysis of Urban Systems in the Yangtze Delta Region and the Middle Yangtze Region:An Approach of Firm-Based Interlocking Network[J].Urban Planning Forum,2014(2):24-31.
15唐子来,李涛.京津冀、长三角和珠三角地区的城市体系比较研究--基于企业关联网络的分析方法[J].上海城市规划,2014(6):37-45.TANG Zilai,LI Tao.A Comparative Analysis of Urban Systems in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region,the Yangtze River Delta Region and the Pearl River Delta Region:An Approach of Firm-Based Interlocking Network[J].Shanghai Urban Planning Review,2014(6):37-45.
16 SASSEN S.The Global City:New York,London,Tokyo[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press,1991.
17 TAYLOR P J.World City Network:A Global Urban Analysis[M].London and New York:Routledge,2004.
18 FRIEDMANN J.The World City Hypothesis[J].Development and Change,1986,17(1):69-84.
19 DERUDDER B,DE V A,WITLOX F.Global City/World City[M]//DERUDDER B,HOYLER M,TAYLORP J,et al.International Handbook of Globalization and World Cities.Cheltenham and Northampton:Edward Elgar Publishing,2012:73-82.
20唐子来,李粲,肖扬,等.世界经济格局和世界城市体系的关联分析[J].城市规划学刊,2015(1):1-9.TANG Zilai,LI Can,XIAO Yang,et al.An Analysis of the Linkage Between the World Economic Pattern and the World Urban System[J].Urban Planning Forum,2015(1):1-9.
21 ALDERSON A S,BECKFIELD J.Power and Position in the World City System[J].American Journal of Sociology,2004(4):811-851.
22 ALDERSON A S,BECKFIELD J.Corporate Networks of World Cities[M]//DERUDDER B,HOYLER M,TAYLORP J,et al.International Handbook of Globalization and World Cities[M].Cheltenham and Northampton:Edward Elgar Publishing,2012:126-134.
23 TAYLOR P J.Parallel Paths to Understanding Global Inter-City Relations[J].American Journal of Sociology,2006(3):881-894.
24 TAYLOR P J.Urban Hinterworlds:Geographies of Corporate Service Provision Under Conditions of Contemporary Globalization[J].Geography,2001(1):51-60.
25尹俊,甄峰,王春慧.基于金融公司布局的中国城市网络格局研究[J].经济地理,2011(5):754-759.YIN Jun,ZHEN Feng,WANG Chunhui.China’s City Network Pattern:An Empirical Analysis Based on Financial Enterprises Layout[J].Economic Geography,2011(5):754-759.
26赵渺希,陈晨.中国城市体系中航空网络与生产者服务业网络的比较[J].城市规划学刊,2011(2):24-32.ZHAO Miaoxi,CHEN Chen.A Comparison Between Airline Passenger Network and Advanced Producer Service Network in the Urban System of China[J].Urban Planning Forum,2011(2):24-32.
27赵渺希,刘铮.基于生产性服务业的中国城市网络研究[J].城市规划,2012,36(9):23-28,38.ZHAO Miaoxi,LIU Zheng.Research on China’s City Network Based on Production Service Industry[J].City Planning Review,2012,36(9):23-28,38.
28唐子来,李粲,李涛.全球资本体系视角下的中国城市层级体系[J].城市规划学刊,2016(3):11-20.TANG Zilai,LI Can,LI Tao.Interpretation of China’s Urban Hierarchy from the Perspective of Global Capital System[J].Urban Planning Forum,2016(3):11-20.
29李涛,王燚,缪家驹.2006-2014年中国的指令和控制中心城市的演化[J].国际城市规划,2017(1):82-90.LI Tao,WANG Yi,MIAO Jiaju.The Evolution of Command and Control Centers in China(2006-2014)[J].Urban Planning International,2017(1):82-90.
30唐子来,赵渺希.经济全球化视角下长三角区域的城市体系演化:关联网络和价值区段的分析方法[J].城市规划学刊,2010(1):29-34.TANG Zilai,ZHAO Miaoxi.Economic Globalization and Transformation of Urban System in the Yangtze River Delta Region:Interlocking Network and Value-Added Hierarchy[J].Urban Planning Forum,2010(1):29-34.
31赵渺希,唐子来.基于网络关联的长三角区域腹地划分[J].经济地理,2010(3):371-376.ZHAO Miaoxi,TANG Zilai.A Network-Based Measurement for Urban Hinterland Area in Yangtze River Delta[J].Economic Geography,2010(3):371-376.
32李涛,周锐.长三角地区网络腹地划分的关联测度方法比较[J].地理学报,2016,71(2):236-250.LI Tao,ZHOU Rui.Urban Hinterworld in Yangtze River Delta:Empirical Comparison of Two Network-Based Methods[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(2):236-250.
33赵渺希,魏冀明,吴康.京津冀城市群的功能联系及其复杂网络演化[J].城市规划学刊,2014(1):46-52.ZHAO Miaoxi,WEI Jiming,WU Kang.Functional Linkages in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Conurbation Region and the Evolution of the Complex Networks[J].Urban Planning Forum,2014(1):46-52.
34李涛,张伊娜.2000-2010年长三角地区参与全球劳动分工的时空演化格局:以财富500强外资制造业企业为例[J].城市发展研究,2016(3):49-56.LI Tao,ZHANG Yina.Temporal and Spatial Transformation of Participation in the Global Division of Labor of the Yangtze River Delta Region in 2000-2010:Based on Fortune 500 Foreign Manufacturing Companies[J].Urban Development Studies,2016(3):49-56.
35 WALL R.Netscape:Cities and Global Corporate Networks[M].Rotterdam:Erasmus Research Institute of Management,2009.
36 WALL R S,BURGER M J,VAN D K G.The Geography of Global Corporate Networks:The Poor,the Rich,and the Happy Few Countries[J].Environment and Planning A,2011,43(4):904-927.
37 CSOMOS G.The Command and Control Centers of the United States(2006/2012):An Analysis of Industry Sectors Influencing the Position of Cities[J].Geoforum,2013,50:241-251.
38 CSOMOS G,DERUDDER B.European Cities as Command and Control Centres,2006-11[J].European Urban and Regional Studies,2014,21(3):345-352.
39 TAYLOR P J.The Challenge Facing World City Network Analysis[EB/OL].GaWC Research Bulletin 409,2012.http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb409.html.
40 HALL P,PAIN K.The Polycentric Metropolis:Learning from Mega-City Regions in Europe[M].London:Earthscan,2006.
41 TAYLOR P J,NI P,DERUDDER B,et al.Global Urban Analysis:A Survey of Cities in Globalization[M].London and New York:Earthscan,2011.
42唐子来,李涛,李粲.中国主要城市关联网络研究[J].城市规划,2017,41(1):28-39.TANG Zilai,LI Tao,LI Can.Research on the Interlocking Network of Major Cities in China[J].City Planning Review,2017,41(1):28-39.
43李涛,程遥,张伊娜,等.城市网络研究的理论、方法与实践[J].城市规划学刊,2017(6):43-49.LI Tao,CHENG Yao,ZHANG Yina,et al.Theories,Methods and Practice of City Network Analysis[J].Urban Planning Forum,2017(6):43-49.
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