让自然做功的河道生态修复——以呼和浩特大黑河城区段景观概念规划为例
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摘要
河道是生态敏感、脆弱而又具有显著景观价值的重要生态廊道。只有在规划设计实践中发现和顺应河流的自然形态和自然演变规律,在尊重和保护的基础上进行生态修复,才能真正走向人地和谐。本文以呼和浩特大黑河城区段为研究对象,分别在时间和空间维度上分析总结了大黑河河道形态演变的主要规律和自然诱因,并在此基础上提出了引导洪水对河道形态进行自我修复的生态修复方法。在整体生态系统修复策略上,提出了建立"四维一体"的生态系统修复模型。从林、堤、滩、水4个方面分别探讨了生态景观设计的过程,突出了河道生态功能和景观特色的结合。
Rivers are usually sensitive, fragile yet highly valuable ecological corridors. The harmonious balance between city and natural system will only be achieved through ecological restoration and preservation by following and adapting to the natural law of river in our planning and design. An ecological river restoration method adopting river self-recovery by flooding is discussed here, taking the research and study of Hohhot Black River(Dahei He) urban section in time and space dimensions. Based on this ecological system restoration strategy that integrates ecological function and landscape process, a four-dimensional restoration model is established to describe the ecological landscape process intervened by both nature and human, focusing on woods, levee, river plain and water factors.
Rivers are usually sensitive, fragile yet highly valuable ecological corridors. The harmonious balance between city and natural system will only be achieved through ecological restoration and preservation by following and adapting to the natural law of river in our planning and design. An ecological river restoration method adopting river self-recovery by flooding is discussed here, taking the research and study of Hohhot Black River(Dahei He) urban section in time and space dimensions. Based on this ecological system restoration strategy that integrates ecological function and landscape process, a four-dimensional restoration model is established to describe the ecological landscape process intervened by both nature and human, focusing on woods, levee, river plain and water factors.
引文
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[8]王欣,王浩,杨朝晖.快速城市化背景下的城市河流治理[J].风景园林.2011(6):35-37.WANG Xin,WANG Hao,YANG Zhaohui.Urban River Rehabilitation under Rapid Urbanization[J].Landscape Architecture,2011(6):35-37.
[9]钟春欣,张玮.基于河道治理的河流生态修复[J].水利水电科技进展,2004(3):12-14.ZHONG Chunxin,ZHANG Wei.The River Ecological Restoration Based on River Regulation[J].Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,2004(3):12-14.
[10]陈国灿.大黑河诸水沿革考辨[J].内蒙古大学学报(社会科学).1964(2):105-120.CHEN Guocan.Research on Black River System History[J].Journal of Inner Mongolia University(Social Sciences),1964(2):105-120.
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[12]穆俊.民国绥远大黑河治理方略研究[J].兰州学刊,2014(2):44-51.MU Jun.Study on Rehabilitation of Suiyuan Black River in the Republic of China[J].Lanzhou Academic Journal,2014(2):44-51.
[13]陈升辉,郭慕夷.大黑河[J].中国水利,1992(7):38-41.CHEN Shenghui,GUO Muyi.Black River[J].China Water Resource,1992(7):38-41.
[14]李建玮,王立新,王炜,等.内蒙古高原典型草原区河漫滩湿地植物群落退化表征[J].植物生态学报,2012(1):10-18.LI Jianwei,WANG Lixin,WANG Wei,et al.Characterization of Degradation of Wetland Plant Communities on Floodplain in Typical Steppe Region of Inner Mongolia Plateau,China[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2012(1):10-18.
[15]李建玮.内蒙古高原典型草原区河漫滩湿地植物群落退化表征及退化机制研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古大学,2012.LI Janwei.Degenrrated Characterization and Mechanism of Wetland Communities on Floodplain in Typical Steppe Region of Inner Mongolia Plateau[D].Huhhot:Inner Mongolia University,2012.
[16]王晓东,杨贵生,李新,等.呼和浩特市鸟类区系初步研究[J].内蒙古大学学报(自然科学版),2007(2):198-203.WANG Xiaodong,YANG Guisheng,LI Xin,et al.A Preliminary Study on Avifauna of Hohhot[J].Journal of Inner Mongolia University.(Natural Science)2007(2):198-203.
[17]石春芳,杨贵生,赵明华,等.呼和浩特市市区春季鸟类群落结构及多样性研究[J].内蒙古大学学报(自然科学版).2005(2):197-201.SHI Chunfang,YANG Guisheng,ZHAO Minghua,et al.The Study on the Structure of Avian Community and Species Diversity in Hohhot City in Spring[J].Journal of Inner Mongolia University(Natural Science),2005(2):197-201.
[18]阿露娜.呼和浩特市鸟类群落结构的季节动态[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古大学,2012.LUNA A.Seasonal Dynamics of Bird Community Structure in Hohhot[D].Huhhot:Inner Mongolia University,2012.
[19]赵格日乐图,李百岁,乌宁,等.呼和浩特市区鸟类及其栖息生境调查[J].内蒙古师范大学学报(自然科学汉文版).2011(4):408-411.ZHAO Gerilegu,LI Baisui,WU Ning,et al.Birds and Their Habitats in Huhhot[J].Inner Mongolia Normal University Journal(Natural Science),2011(4):408-411.
[20]赵进勇,孙东亚,董哲仁.河流地貌多样性修复方法[J].水利水电技术.2007(2):78-83.ZHAO Jinyong,SUN Dongya,DONG Zheren.Techniques for the Restoration of River Geom Orphology Diversity[J].Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,2007(2):78-83.
[21]董哲仁,孙东亚,赵进勇,等.河流生态系统结构功能整体性概念模型[J].水科学进展.2010(4):550-559.DONG Zheren,SUN Yadong,ZHAO Jinyong,et al.Holistic Conceptual Model for the Structure and Function of River Ecosystems[J].Advances in Water Science,2010(4):550-559.
[22]彭赛媛,胡希军.让自然做功的景观生态规划设计:以无锡太湖生态博览园概念规划为例[J].绿色科技,2017(1):56-60.PENG Saiyuan,HU Xijun.Landscape Ecological Planning Design of Natural Work:Taking Conceptual Plan of Wuxi Taihu Ecology Exposition Garden as An Example[J].Journal of Green Science and Technology,2017(1):56-60.
图1~4、 6~8、10~12源自AECOM,图5源自Google Earth,图9源自参考文献[22]。
[2]王文君,黄道明.国内外河流生态修复研究进展[J].水生态学杂志,2012(4):142-146.WANG Wenjun,HUANG Daoming,Research Progress of River Restoration Research at Home and Abroad[J]Journal of Hydroecology,2012(4):142-146.
[3]吴保生,陈红刚,马吉明.美国基西米河生态修复工程的经验[J].水利学报,2005(4):473-477.WU Baosheng,CHEN Honggang,MA Jiming.Review of the Ecosystem Restoration of Kissimmee River in USA[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2005(4):473-477.
[4]俞孔坚,李海龙,李迪华.“反规划”与生态基础设施:城市化过程中对自然系统的精明保护(英文)[J].自然资源学报,2008(6):937-958.YU Kongjian,LI Hailong,LI Dihua.The Negative Approach and Ecological Infrastructure:The Smart Preservation of Natural Systems in the Process of Urbanization[J].Journal of Natural Resource,2008(6):937-958.
[5]董哲仁.生态水工学:人与自然和谐的工程学[J].水利水电技术,2003(1):14-16.DONG Zheren.Ecological-Hydraulic Engineering:The Harmonious Engineering between Human and Natural System[J].Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,2003(1):14-16.
[6]罗兰·科米尔,艾蒂安·格雷斯伦,姗德林·格拉特伦,等.法国城市绿色基础设施的认知与实施三个案例研究(巴黎、马赛、斯特拉斯堡)[J].风景园林,2013(6):88-95.LAURE Cormier,ETIENNE Gresillon,SANDRINE Glatron,et al.Perceptions and Implementations of Urban Green Infrastructures in France:Three Cases of Studies(Paris,Marseille,Strasbourg)[J].Landscape Architecture,2013(6):88-95.
[7]住房和城乡建设部.《海绵城市建设技术指南:低影响开发雨水系统构建》[J].建设科技,2015(1):10.Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China.Guideline of Sponge City Construction Technique:Low Impact Development of Stormwater System[J].Construction Science and Technology,2015(1):10.
[8]王欣,王浩,杨朝晖.快速城市化背景下的城市河流治理[J].风景园林.2011(6):35-37.WANG Xin,WANG Hao,YANG Zhaohui.Urban River Rehabilitation under Rapid Urbanization[J].Landscape Architecture,2011(6):35-37.
[9]钟春欣,张玮.基于河道治理的河流生态修复[J].水利水电科技进展,2004(3):12-14.ZHONG Chunxin,ZHANG Wei.The River Ecological Restoration Based on River Regulation[J].Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,2004(3):12-14.
[10]陈国灿.大黑河诸水沿革考辨[J].内蒙古大学学报(社会科学).1964(2):105-120.CHEN Guocan.Research on Black River System History[J].Journal of Inner Mongolia University(Social Sciences),1964(2):105-120.
[11]李逸友.呼和浩特地区古代农耕文明概述[J].内蒙古文物考古,2002(1):12-20.LI Yiyou.Summary of Ancient Farming Civilization in Hohhot Area[J].Journal Of Inner Mongolia Archaeology,2002(1):12-20.
[12]穆俊.民国绥远大黑河治理方略研究[J].兰州学刊,2014(2):44-51.MU Jun.Study on Rehabilitation of Suiyuan Black River in the Republic of China[J].Lanzhou Academic Journal,2014(2):44-51.
[13]陈升辉,郭慕夷.大黑河[J].中国水利,1992(7):38-41.CHEN Shenghui,GUO Muyi.Black River[J].China Water Resource,1992(7):38-41.
[14]李建玮,王立新,王炜,等.内蒙古高原典型草原区河漫滩湿地植物群落退化表征[J].植物生态学报,2012(1):10-18.LI Jianwei,WANG Lixin,WANG Wei,et al.Characterization of Degradation of Wetland Plant Communities on Floodplain in Typical Steppe Region of Inner Mongolia Plateau,China[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2012(1):10-18.
[15]李建玮.内蒙古高原典型草原区河漫滩湿地植物群落退化表征及退化机制研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古大学,2012.LI Janwei.Degenrrated Characterization and Mechanism of Wetland Communities on Floodplain in Typical Steppe Region of Inner Mongolia Plateau[D].Huhhot:Inner Mongolia University,2012.
[16]王晓东,杨贵生,李新,等.呼和浩特市鸟类区系初步研究[J].内蒙古大学学报(自然科学版),2007(2):198-203.WANG Xiaodong,YANG Guisheng,LI Xin,et al.A Preliminary Study on Avifauna of Hohhot[J].Journal of Inner Mongolia University.(Natural Science)2007(2):198-203.
[17]石春芳,杨贵生,赵明华,等.呼和浩特市市区春季鸟类群落结构及多样性研究[J].内蒙古大学学报(自然科学版).2005(2):197-201.SHI Chunfang,YANG Guisheng,ZHAO Minghua,et al.The Study on the Structure of Avian Community and Species Diversity in Hohhot City in Spring[J].Journal of Inner Mongolia University(Natural Science),2005(2):197-201.
[18]阿露娜.呼和浩特市鸟类群落结构的季节动态[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古大学,2012.LUNA A.Seasonal Dynamics of Bird Community Structure in Hohhot[D].Huhhot:Inner Mongolia University,2012.
[19]赵格日乐图,李百岁,乌宁,等.呼和浩特市区鸟类及其栖息生境调查[J].内蒙古师范大学学报(自然科学汉文版).2011(4):408-411.ZHAO Gerilegu,LI Baisui,WU Ning,et al.Birds and Their Habitats in Huhhot[J].Inner Mongolia Normal University Journal(Natural Science),2011(4):408-411.
[20]赵进勇,孙东亚,董哲仁.河流地貌多样性修复方法[J].水利水电技术.2007(2):78-83.ZHAO Jinyong,SUN Dongya,DONG Zheren.Techniques for the Restoration of River Geom Orphology Diversity[J].Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,2007(2):78-83.
[21]董哲仁,孙东亚,赵进勇,等.河流生态系统结构功能整体性概念模型[J].水科学进展.2010(4):550-559.DONG Zheren,SUN Yadong,ZHAO Jinyong,et al.Holistic Conceptual Model for the Structure and Function of River Ecosystems[J].Advances in Water Science,2010(4):550-559.
[22]彭赛媛,胡希军.让自然做功的景观生态规划设计:以无锡太湖生态博览园概念规划为例[J].绿色科技,2017(1):56-60.PENG Saiyuan,HU Xijun.Landscape Ecological Planning Design of Natural Work:Taking Conceptual Plan of Wuxi Taihu Ecology Exposition Garden as An Example[J].Journal of Green Science and Technology,2017(1):56-60.
图1~4、 6~8、10~12源自AECOM,图5源自Google Earth,图9源自参考文献[22]。