海藻酸水溶肥对梨树生长与果实产量及品质的影响
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摘要
【目的】探究海藻酸水溶肥对梨生长发育的影响,为当地梨产业合理施肥提供理论依据。【方法】以‘黄金’梨和‘酥梨’为试验材料,用常规施肥[NPK(C)]、传统水溶肥[NPK(F)]、等量NPK海藻酸水溶肥[NPK(HF)]、NPK用量减施25%海藻酸水溶肥[3/4NPK(HF)]和NPK用量减施50%海藻酸水溶肥[1/2NPK(HF)]处理梨树,测定比较处理间果实产量、品质、养分吸收和经济效益等指标。【结果】与NPK(C)和NPK(F)处理相比‘,黄金’梨园区的3/4NPK(HF)处理提高果实糖酸比和叶片氮养分含量,显著降低果实石细胞含量,且各指标基本上高于NPK(HF)和1/2NPK(HF)处理。在‘酥梨’园区,3/4 NPK(HF)处理梨可溶性糖和叶片氮养分含量较NPK(F)处理分别显著提高12.38%和9.08%。同时,海藻酸水溶肥减量使用明显增加园区经济收益。【结论】在两梨园当前施肥量下,减施25%的海藻酸水溶肥处理不会导致梨显著减产和果实品质降低,其综合效果优于其他处理。
【Objective】Effects of water soluble alginic acid fertilizer on the growth and fruit quality of pear were investigated in order to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers.【Methods】‘Whangkeumbae’and‘Suli’pears were used as the materials for the experiment,which was performed in the villages of Liuhudong,Erqi district,Zhengzhou and in the villages of Yuzhuangzhai,Ningling county,Shangqiu.There were five treatments in the experiment,including the conventional fertilization treatment[NPK(C)],traditional water soluble fertilizer treatment[NPK(F)]with equivalent NPK,alginic acid water solution treatment with equivalent NPK[NPK(HF)],alginic acid solution with 25%reduction in NPK,and alginic acid solution with 50%reduction in NPK.All the treatments were with three randomly arranged replicates.In[NPK(C)]treatment,the total annual doses of N,P and K were 270 kg·hm~(-2),120kg·hm~(-2)and 270 kg·hm~(-2)respectively in‘Whangkeumbae’orchard,and 337.5 kg·hm~(-2),150 kg·hm~(-2)and 337.5 kg·hm~(-2)respectively in‘Suli’orchard.In all the treatments,the fertilizers were applied during sprouting stage(March 20;March 25),the first fruit expanding stage(May 20;May 25),and the second fruit expanding stage(July 20;July 25),with 40%,35%and 20%of total fertilizer application respectively in both‘Whangkeumbae’and‘Suli’pear orchards.【Results】The treatment of 3/4NPK(HF)had a leaf area 19.55%and 11.65%larger,a sugar acid ratio 27.87%and 7.67%higher,a N nutrition content in 19.56%and 6.08%greater,and stone cells 42.85%and 42.85%less than NPK(C)and NPK(F)treatments,respectively in‘Whangkeumbae’orchards.The fruit weight under 3/4NPK(HF)and 12NPK(HF)treatments was decreased significantly by 23.41%and 17.14%,respectively,compared with NPK(HF)treatment.However,there were no significant differences in the growth and quality(excep for mean fruit weight)among alginic acid treatments.In addition,the treatment of 3/4NPK(HF)had no significant effect on the N,P and K nutrient uptake in fruit and leaves,but the N content in the leaves in1/2NPK(HF)treatment was significantly decreased by 17.27%compared with NPK(HF)treatment.In‘Suli’pear orchard,the shoot length,hundred leaf fresh weight,soluble sugar and TSS contents under NPK(HF)treatment were 12.47%,12.99%,5.20%and 8.72%higher respectively compared with NPK(C)treatment.However,there was no significant difference in fruit nutrient contents between NPK(C)and NPK(HF)treatments.Moreover,the reductions in dose of alginic acid fertilizers had no significan effect on pear growth and yield(except for the shoot).Interestingly,leaf N nutrient content was significantly increased by 3/4NPK(HF)and 1/2NPK(HF)treatments,while soluble sugar and N contents in the fruit were decreased,especially for 1/2NPK(HF)treatment.Furthermore,correlation analysis showed that the quantity of alginic acid application was significantly negatively correlated with PEP but significantly positively correlated with shoot length,fruit soluble sugar,TSS and N nutrient contents,indicating that the quality and N nutrient uptake of‘Suli’pear depended on the doses of fertilizer applied.Fertigation management increased the economic profits in pear orchard under the same fertilizer dosage.In comparison with NPK(HF)treatment,the economic profits under 3/4NPK(HF)and 12NPK(HF)treatments increased by 735 Yuan·hm~(-2)and 4 135.2 Yuan·hm~(-2)respectively for‘Whangkeumbae’orchard,and 398 Yuan/hm~2and 3 936.1 Yuan·hm~(-2)respectively for‘Suli’pear orchards【Conclusion】The water soluble alginic acid fertilizer increased growth and quality of pears,and reduced manpower.Additionally,there was no significant decrease in the fruit quality and yield if the dosage of alginic acid was reduced.Among all the treatments examined,the optimal fertilizer treatmen was 3/4NPK(HF).
【Objective】Effects of water soluble alginic acid fertilizer on the growth and fruit quality of pear were investigated in order to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers.【Methods】‘Whangkeumbae’and‘Suli’pears were used as the materials for the experiment,which was performed in the villages of Liuhudong,Erqi district,Zhengzhou and in the villages of Yuzhuangzhai,Ningling county,Shangqiu.There were five treatments in the experiment,including the conventional fertilization treatment[NPK(C)],traditional water soluble fertilizer treatment[NPK(F)]with equivalent NPK,alginic acid water solution treatment with equivalent NPK[NPK(HF)],alginic acid solution with 25%reduction in NPK,and alginic acid solution with 50%reduction in NPK.All the treatments were with three randomly arranged replicates.In[NPK(C)]treatment,the total annual doses of N,P and K were 270 kg·hm~(-2),120kg·hm~(-2)and 270 kg·hm~(-2)respectively in‘Whangkeumbae’orchard,and 337.5 kg·hm~(-2),150 kg·hm~(-2)and 337.5 kg·hm~(-2)respectively in‘Suli’orchard.In all the treatments,the fertilizers were applied during sprouting stage(March 20;March 25),the first fruit expanding stage(May 20;May 25),and the second fruit expanding stage(July 20;July 25),with 40%,35%and 20%of total fertilizer application respectively in both‘Whangkeumbae’and‘Suli’pear orchards.【Results】The treatment of 3/4NPK(HF)had a leaf area 19.55%and 11.65%larger,a sugar acid ratio 27.87%and 7.67%higher,a N nutrition content in 19.56%and 6.08%greater,and stone cells 42.85%and 42.85%less than NPK(C)and NPK(F)treatments,respectively in‘Whangkeumbae’orchards.The fruit weight under 3/4NPK(HF)and 12NPK(HF)treatments was decreased significantly by 23.41%and 17.14%,respectively,compared with NPK(HF)treatment.However,there were no significant differences in the growth and quality(excep for mean fruit weight)among alginic acid treatments.In addition,the treatment of 3/4NPK(HF)had no significant effect on the N,P and K nutrient uptake in fruit and leaves,but the N content in the leaves in1/2NPK(HF)treatment was significantly decreased by 17.27%compared with NPK(HF)treatment.In‘Suli’pear orchard,the shoot length,hundred leaf fresh weight,soluble sugar and TSS contents under NPK(HF)treatment were 12.47%,12.99%,5.20%and 8.72%higher respectively compared with NPK(C)treatment.However,there was no significant difference in fruit nutrient contents between NPK(C)and NPK(HF)treatments.Moreover,the reductions in dose of alginic acid fertilizers had no significan effect on pear growth and yield(except for the shoot).Interestingly,leaf N nutrient content was significantly increased by 3/4NPK(HF)and 1/2NPK(HF)treatments,while soluble sugar and N contents in the fruit were decreased,especially for 1/2NPK(HF)treatment.Furthermore,correlation analysis showed that the quantity of alginic acid application was significantly negatively correlated with PEP but significantly positively correlated with shoot length,fruit soluble sugar,TSS and N nutrient contents,indicating that the quality and N nutrient uptake of‘Suli’pear depended on the doses of fertilizer applied.Fertigation management increased the economic profits in pear orchard under the same fertilizer dosage.In comparison with NPK(HF)treatment,the economic profits under 3/4NPK(HF)and 12NPK(HF)treatments increased by 735 Yuan·hm~(-2)and 4 135.2 Yuan·hm~(-2)respectively for‘Whangkeumbae’orchard,and 398 Yuan/hm~2and 3 936.1 Yuan·hm~(-2)respectively for‘Suli’pear orchards【Conclusion】The water soluble alginic acid fertilizer increased growth and quality of pears,and reduced manpower.Additionally,there was no significant decrease in the fruit quality and yield if the dosage of alginic acid was reduced.Among all the treatments examined,the optimal fertilizer treatmen was 3/4NPK(HF).
引文
[1]卢树昌,陈清,张福锁,贾文竹.河北果园主分布区土壤磷素投入特点及磷负荷风险分析[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(10):3149-3157.LU Shuchang,CHEN Qing,ZHANG Fusuo,JIA Wenzhu.Characteristics of soil phosphorus input and phosphorus load risk in majororchards region of Hebei[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2008,41(10):3149-3157.
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[4]张婷,梁醒玲,钟宁江,李美珍,潘琳,李梅.水肥一体化技术在梅州金柚种植上的应用[J].现代园艺,2013(19):39-40.ZHANG Ting,LIANG Xingling,ZHONG Ningjiang,LI Meizhen,PAN Lin,LI Mei.Application of fertigation on golden pomelo in Meizhou[J].Modern Horticultural,2013(19):39-40.
[5]路永莉,白凤华,杨宪龙,李茹,高义民,同延安.水肥一体化技术对不同生态区果园苹果生产的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2014,22(11):1281-1288.LU Yongli,BAI Fenghua,YANG Xianlong,LI Ru,GAO Yimin,TONG Yan’an.Effect of fertigation on apple production in different ecological-regions orchards[J].Chinese Journal of EcoAgriculture,2014,22(11):1281-1288.
[6]王立飞,刘水林,李英丽,乐文全,徐金涛,张建光.水肥耦合对黄冠梨叶片光合效能及果实品质的影响[J].北方园艺,2015(17):1-4.WANG Lifei,LIU Shuilin,LI Yingli,LE Wenquan,XU Jintao,ZHANG Jianguang.Effect of water and fertilize coupling modeson leaf photosynthetic efficiency and fruit quality in Huang guan pears[J].Northern Horticulture,2015(17):1-4.
[7]呼生春,张永飞,张旭东,张亚红,王文举.不同水溶肥对土壤养分及‘红地球’葡萄产量和品质的影响[J].北方园艺,2016(10):166-170.HU Shengchun,ZHANG Yongfei,ZHANG Xudong,ZHANGYahong,WANG Wenju.Effect of different water soluble fertilizer on soil nutrient,yied and quality of‘Red Globe’grape[J].Northern Horticulture,2016(10):166-170.
[8]耿银银,尹媛红,沈宏.海藻功能物质的提取工艺、理化性质以及在农业领域中的应用[J].生态学杂志,2017,36(10):2951-2960.GENG Yinyin,YIN Yuanhong,SHEN Hong.Process technologies and chemical-physical properties of seaweed extracts as well as their application in agriculture[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2017,36(10):2951-2960.
[9]MANCUSO S,AZZARELLO E,MUGNAI S,BRIAND X.Marine bioactive substances(IPA extract)improve ion fluxes and water stress tolerance in potted Vitis vinifera plants[J].Advances in Horticultural Scicence,2006,20:156-161.
[10]KHAN A S,AHMAD B,JASKANI M J,RASHID A,MALIK AU.Foliar application of mixture of amino acids and seaweed(Ascophylum nodosum)extract improve growth and physicochemical properties of grapes[J].International Journal of Agriculture and Biology,2012,14(3):383-388.
[11]NORRIE J,KEATHLEY J P.Benefits of ascophyllum nodosum marine-plant extract applications to‘Thompson Seedless’grape production[J].Acta Horticulturae,2005,727:243-247.
[12]ZHANG X,ERVIN E H.Cytokinin-containing seaweed and humic acid extracts associated with creeping bentgrass leaf cytokinins and drought resistance[J].Crop Scicence,2004,44(5):1737-1745.
[13]ZHANG X,ERVIN E H.Impact of seaweed extract-based cytokinins and zeatin riboside on creeping bentgrass heat tolerance[J].Crop Scicence,2008,48(1):364-370.
[14]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.LU Rukun.Analytical methods of soil and agricultural chemistry[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2000.
[15]王学奎,章文华,郝再彬,厉秀茹,张玉琼,王双明.植物生理生化实验原理与技术[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006.WANG Xuekui,ZHANG Wenhua,HAO Zaibin,LI Xiuru,ZHANG Yuqiong,WANG Shuangming.Principles and techniques of plant physiological and biochemical experiments[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2006.
[16]聂继云,李静,杨振锋,张红军,李明强.冷冻法测定梨的石细胞含量[J].果树学报,2006,23(1):133-135.NIE Jiyun,LI Jing,YANG Zhenfeng,ZHANG Hongjun,LI Mingqiang.Study on the conditions for measuringstone cell content in pear flesh by freezing method[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2006,23(1):133-135.
[17]ABDEL-MAWGOUDA M R,TANTAWAY A S,HAFEZ M M,HABIB H A.Seaweed extract improves growth,yield and quality of different watermelon hybrids[J].Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences,2010,6(2):161-168.
[18]章伟.渭北旱塬苹果及葡萄水肥一体化技术研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2016.ZHANG wei.Application of fertigation apple and grape orchard in Weibei arid plateau[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2016.
[19]SABIR A,YAZAR K,SABIR F,KARA Z,YAZICI M A,GOK-SU N.Vine growth,yield,berry quality attributes and leaf nutrient content of grapevines as influenced by seaweed extract(Ascophyllum nodosum)and nanosize fertilizer pulverizations[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2014,175:1-8.
[20]丁宁.海藻肥对石榴品质及生长情况的影响研究[J].中国园艺文摘,2018,34(5):15-16.DING Ning.The research of seaweed fertilizer affecting on the quality and growth of pomegranate[J].Chinse Horticulture Abstracts,2018,34(5):15-16.
[21]CHEN S K,EDWARDS C A,SUBLER S.The influence of two agricultural biostimulants on nitrogen transformations,microbial activity,and plant growth in soil microcosms[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2003,35(1):9-19.
[22]LATTNER D,FLEMMING H C,MAYER C.13C-NMR study of the interaction of bacterial alginate with bivalent cations[J].International Journal of Biological Macromolecules,2003,33(1-3):81-88.
[23]周勇明,商照聪,宝德俊,袁亮.海藻酸尿素对夏玉米产量和氮肥利用率的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2014(3):23-26.ZHOU Yongming,SHANG Zhaocong,BAO Dejun,YUANLiang.Effect of applying alginic acid urea on summer maize yield and N use efficiency[J].Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China,2014(3):23-26.
[24]张运红,姚健,和爱玲,杜君,郑春风,张洁梅.尿素硝酸铵溶液减量增效施用对小麦产量和氮素吸收利用的影响[J].河南农业科学,2017,46(11):6-12.ZHANG Yunhong,YAO Jian,HE Ailing,DU Jun,ZHENGChunfeng,ZHANG Jiemei.Effects of the reducing and efficiency-increasing application of urea ammonium nitrate solution on the yield and nitrogen uptake and utilization of wheat[J].Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences,2017,46(11):6-12.
[25]李志坚,林治安,赵秉强,袁亮,李燕婷,温延臣.增效磷肥对冬小麦产量和磷素利用率的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2013,19(6):1329-1336.LI Zhijian,LIN Zhian,ZHAO Bingqiang,YUAN Liang,LIYanting,WEN Yanchen.Effects of value-added phosphate fertilizers on yield and phosphorus utilization of winter wheat[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2013,19(6):1329-1336.
[2]董彩霞,姜海波,赵静文,徐阳春.我国主要梨园施肥现状分析[J].土壤,2012,44(5):754-761.DONG Caixia,JIANG Haibo,ZHAO Jingwen,XU Yangchun.Current fertilization in pear orchards in China[J].Soils,2012,44(5):754-761.
[3]陆春,李红妹,覃正兴.香蕉肥水一体化滴灌技术试验[J].中国果树,2011(5):48-50.LU Chun,LI Hongmei,TAN Zhengxing.Banana fertilizer and water integrated drip irrigation technology[J].China Fruits,2011(5):48-50.
[4]张婷,梁醒玲,钟宁江,李美珍,潘琳,李梅.水肥一体化技术在梅州金柚种植上的应用[J].现代园艺,2013(19):39-40.ZHANG Ting,LIANG Xingling,ZHONG Ningjiang,LI Meizhen,PAN Lin,LI Mei.Application of fertigation on golden pomelo in Meizhou[J].Modern Horticultural,2013(19):39-40.
[5]路永莉,白凤华,杨宪龙,李茹,高义民,同延安.水肥一体化技术对不同生态区果园苹果生产的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2014,22(11):1281-1288.LU Yongli,BAI Fenghua,YANG Xianlong,LI Ru,GAO Yimin,TONG Yan’an.Effect of fertigation on apple production in different ecological-regions orchards[J].Chinese Journal of EcoAgriculture,2014,22(11):1281-1288.
[6]王立飞,刘水林,李英丽,乐文全,徐金涛,张建光.水肥耦合对黄冠梨叶片光合效能及果实品质的影响[J].北方园艺,2015(17):1-4.WANG Lifei,LIU Shuilin,LI Yingli,LE Wenquan,XU Jintao,ZHANG Jianguang.Effect of water and fertilize coupling modeson leaf photosynthetic efficiency and fruit quality in Huang guan pears[J].Northern Horticulture,2015(17):1-4.
[7]呼生春,张永飞,张旭东,张亚红,王文举.不同水溶肥对土壤养分及‘红地球’葡萄产量和品质的影响[J].北方园艺,2016(10):166-170.HU Shengchun,ZHANG Yongfei,ZHANG Xudong,ZHANGYahong,WANG Wenju.Effect of different water soluble fertilizer on soil nutrient,yied and quality of‘Red Globe’grape[J].Northern Horticulture,2016(10):166-170.
[8]耿银银,尹媛红,沈宏.海藻功能物质的提取工艺、理化性质以及在农业领域中的应用[J].生态学杂志,2017,36(10):2951-2960.GENG Yinyin,YIN Yuanhong,SHEN Hong.Process technologies and chemical-physical properties of seaweed extracts as well as their application in agriculture[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2017,36(10):2951-2960.
[9]MANCUSO S,AZZARELLO E,MUGNAI S,BRIAND X.Marine bioactive substances(IPA extract)improve ion fluxes and water stress tolerance in potted Vitis vinifera plants[J].Advances in Horticultural Scicence,2006,20:156-161.
[10]KHAN A S,AHMAD B,JASKANI M J,RASHID A,MALIK AU.Foliar application of mixture of amino acids and seaweed(Ascophylum nodosum)extract improve growth and physicochemical properties of grapes[J].International Journal of Agriculture and Biology,2012,14(3):383-388.
[11]NORRIE J,KEATHLEY J P.Benefits of ascophyllum nodosum marine-plant extract applications to‘Thompson Seedless’grape production[J].Acta Horticulturae,2005,727:243-247.
[12]ZHANG X,ERVIN E H.Cytokinin-containing seaweed and humic acid extracts associated with creeping bentgrass leaf cytokinins and drought resistance[J].Crop Scicence,2004,44(5):1737-1745.
[13]ZHANG X,ERVIN E H.Impact of seaweed extract-based cytokinins and zeatin riboside on creeping bentgrass heat tolerance[J].Crop Scicence,2008,48(1):364-370.
[14]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.LU Rukun.Analytical methods of soil and agricultural chemistry[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2000.
[15]王学奎,章文华,郝再彬,厉秀茹,张玉琼,王双明.植物生理生化实验原理与技术[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006.WANG Xuekui,ZHANG Wenhua,HAO Zaibin,LI Xiuru,ZHANG Yuqiong,WANG Shuangming.Principles and techniques of plant physiological and biochemical experiments[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2006.
[16]聂继云,李静,杨振锋,张红军,李明强.冷冻法测定梨的石细胞含量[J].果树学报,2006,23(1):133-135.NIE Jiyun,LI Jing,YANG Zhenfeng,ZHANG Hongjun,LI Mingqiang.Study on the conditions for measuringstone cell content in pear flesh by freezing method[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2006,23(1):133-135.
[17]ABDEL-MAWGOUDA M R,TANTAWAY A S,HAFEZ M M,HABIB H A.Seaweed extract improves growth,yield and quality of different watermelon hybrids[J].Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences,2010,6(2):161-168.
[18]章伟.渭北旱塬苹果及葡萄水肥一体化技术研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2016.ZHANG wei.Application of fertigation apple and grape orchard in Weibei arid plateau[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2016.
[19]SABIR A,YAZAR K,SABIR F,KARA Z,YAZICI M A,GOK-SU N.Vine growth,yield,berry quality attributes and leaf nutrient content of grapevines as influenced by seaweed extract(Ascophyllum nodosum)and nanosize fertilizer pulverizations[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2014,175:1-8.
[20]丁宁.海藻肥对石榴品质及生长情况的影响研究[J].中国园艺文摘,2018,34(5):15-16.DING Ning.The research of seaweed fertilizer affecting on the quality and growth of pomegranate[J].Chinse Horticulture Abstracts,2018,34(5):15-16.
[21]CHEN S K,EDWARDS C A,SUBLER S.The influence of two agricultural biostimulants on nitrogen transformations,microbial activity,and plant growth in soil microcosms[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2003,35(1):9-19.
[22]LATTNER D,FLEMMING H C,MAYER C.13C-NMR study of the interaction of bacterial alginate with bivalent cations[J].International Journal of Biological Macromolecules,2003,33(1-3):81-88.
[23]周勇明,商照聪,宝德俊,袁亮.海藻酸尿素对夏玉米产量和氮肥利用率的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2014(3):23-26.ZHOU Yongming,SHANG Zhaocong,BAO Dejun,YUANLiang.Effect of applying alginic acid urea on summer maize yield and N use efficiency[J].Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China,2014(3):23-26.
[24]张运红,姚健,和爱玲,杜君,郑春风,张洁梅.尿素硝酸铵溶液减量增效施用对小麦产量和氮素吸收利用的影响[J].河南农业科学,2017,46(11):6-12.ZHANG Yunhong,YAO Jian,HE Ailing,DU Jun,ZHENGChunfeng,ZHANG Jiemei.Effects of the reducing and efficiency-increasing application of urea ammonium nitrate solution on the yield and nitrogen uptake and utilization of wheat[J].Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences,2017,46(11):6-12.
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