藏香猪放牧对滇西北高原湿地土壤CO_2通量的影响
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摘要
高原湿地是生态系统中重要的碳汇。土壤CO_2通量作为高原湿地生态系统碳收支的重要组成部分,碳的释放对区域碳平衡发挥着重要的作用。藏香猪放牧是我国高海拔藏区一种特有的放牧方式,是导致高原湿地土壤退化的重要干扰因素之一,并影响着土壤CO_2通量的变化。采用土壤CO_2通量自动测量系统(LI-8100A,LI-COR,USA),分别在不同季节对滇西北布伦、哈木谷、伊拉草原上藏香猪干扰和对照(非干扰土壤)CO_2通量变化进行监测,研究发现,藏香猪干扰型放牧降低了土壤CO_2排放通量,且表现出明显的日波动变化特征。相比旱季,雨季不同放牧方式影响下的土壤CO_2通量差异性更为明显,其中布伦、哈木谷、伊拉草原较对照分别降低了70.4%、87.5%、60.7%。CO_2排放通量与土壤理化性状及植物生物量的回归分析表明,对照样地的土壤容重、孔隙度、pH、总活性碳、植物生物量与土壤CO_2通量具有显著的相关性(P<0.01)。通过植物-土壤指数(plant-soil index,PSI)分析了藏香猪干扰型放牧对高原湿地的影响,总体来看,对照样地中土壤CO_2通量与PSI之间具有较好的线性关系,可以用来很好的预测未来高原湿地土壤CO_2通量的变化。该研究结果不仅有效估算了强干扰放牧影响下的高原湿地土壤碳排放量,而且为加强藏香猪放牧的科学管理,高原湿地生态系统的保护、恢复及重建提供了理论支持。
Plateau wetlands are important carbon sinks in ecosystems. As an important part of the carbon budget of the plateau wetland ecosystem, soil CO_2 fluxes play an important role in the regional carbon balance. Tibetan pig herding is a unique grazing method in high-altitude Tibetan areas of China. It is an important disturbance factor that causes soil degradation in plateau wetlands and affects the change of soil CO_2 fluxes. A soil CO_2 fluxes automatic measurement system(LI-8100 A, LI-COR, USA) was used to detect CO_2 fluxes from the disturbance of Tibetan pig herding and the control(without Tibetan pig herding) in the Bulun, Hamugu, and Yila grasslands in northwestern Yunnan during different seasons. We found that Tibetan pig herding reduced the CO_2 fluxes of the soil and there were clear daily fluctuations. Compared with the dry season, the effects of different grazing methods on CO_2 fluxes were more obvious during the rainy season, with values of 70.4%, 87.5%, and 60.7% for the Bulun, Hamugu, and Yila grasslands, respectively. The correlation of CO_2 fluxes with the physical and chemical properties of the soil and plant biomass indicated that there was a significant correlation between soil bulk density, porosity, pH, total labile carbon, plant biomass, and soil CO_2 fluxes during the control plots. The impact of grazing on the plateau wetland was analyzed by a plant-soil index(PSI). Overall, there was a good linear relationship between soil CO_2 fluxes and PSI in the control plots. This index could be used to predict future changes in soil CO_2 fluxes in plateau wetlands. The results of this study not only effectively estimate soil carbon emissions of a plateau wetland under the influence of a strong grazing disturbance, but also provide theoretical support for strengthening the scientific management of Tibetan pig herding and the protection, restoration, and reconstruction of plateau wetland ecosystems.
Plateau wetlands are important carbon sinks in ecosystems. As an important part of the carbon budget of the plateau wetland ecosystem, soil CO_2 fluxes play an important role in the regional carbon balance. Tibetan pig herding is a unique grazing method in high-altitude Tibetan areas of China. It is an important disturbance factor that causes soil degradation in plateau wetlands and affects the change of soil CO_2 fluxes. A soil CO_2 fluxes automatic measurement system(LI-8100 A, LI-COR, USA) was used to detect CO_2 fluxes from the disturbance of Tibetan pig herding and the control(without Tibetan pig herding) in the Bulun, Hamugu, and Yila grasslands in northwestern Yunnan during different seasons. We found that Tibetan pig herding reduced the CO_2 fluxes of the soil and there were clear daily fluctuations. Compared with the dry season, the effects of different grazing methods on CO_2 fluxes were more obvious during the rainy season, with values of 70.4%, 87.5%, and 60.7% for the Bulun, Hamugu, and Yila grasslands, respectively. The correlation of CO_2 fluxes with the physical and chemical properties of the soil and plant biomass indicated that there was a significant correlation between soil bulk density, porosity, pH, total labile carbon, plant biomass, and soil CO_2 fluxes during the control plots. The impact of grazing on the plateau wetland was analyzed by a plant-soil index(PSI). Overall, there was a good linear relationship between soil CO_2 fluxes and PSI in the control plots. This index could be used to predict future changes in soil CO_2 fluxes in plateau wetlands. The results of this study not only effectively estimate soil carbon emissions of a plateau wetland under the influence of a strong grazing disturbance, but also provide theoretical support for strengthening the scientific management of Tibetan pig herding and the protection, restoration, and reconstruction of plateau wetland ecosystems.
引文
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[4] Liu Y S,Fan J W,Harris W,Shao Q Q,Zhou Y C,Wang N,Li Y Z.Effects of plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) on net ecosystem carbon exchange of grassland in the Three Rivers Headwaters region,Qinghai-Tibet,China.Plant and Soil,2013,366(1/2):491- 504.
[5] 邹婧汝,赵新全.围栏禁牧与放牧对草地生态系统固碳能力的影响.草业科学,2015,32(11):1748- 1756.
[6] 阳小成,阿舍小虎,苗原,刘银占.川西北高寒草甸不同放牧模式对土壤呼吸的影响.生态学报,2016,36(17):5371- 5378.
[7] Ford H,Garbutt A,Jones L,Jones D L.Methane,carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide fluxes from a temperate salt marsh:grazing management does not alter Global Warming Potential.Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2012,113:182- 191.
[8] 赵亮,徐世晓,李英年,唐艳鸿,赵新全,古松,杜明远,于贵瑞.青藏高原矮嵩草草甸和金露梅灌丛草甸CO2通量变化与环境因子的关系.西北植物学报,2006,26(1):133- 142.
[9] 王跃思,纪宝明,黄耀,胡玉琼,王艳芬.农垦与放牧对内蒙古草原N2O、CO2排放和CH4吸收的影响.环境科学,2001,22(6):7- 13.
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[11] 尤业明,王娟,黄雪蔓,孙筱璐,唐佐芯.暖温带森林土壤微生物量、群落结构和活性对植物地下碳源的响应.广西植物,2016,36(7):837- 847.
[12] Cao G M,Tang Y H,Mo W H,Wang Y S,Li Y N,Zhao X Q.Grazing intensity alters soil respiration in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan plateau.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2004,36(2):237- 243.
[13] Jia B R,Zhou G S,Wang F Y,Wang Y H,Weng E S.Effects of grazing on soil respiration of Leymus chinensis steppe.Climatic Change,2007,82(1/2):211- 223.
[14] 朱二雄.不同放牧强度对高寒草甸CO2排放通量的影响[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2016.
[15] 肖德荣,田昆,张利权.滇西北高原纳帕海湿地植物多样性与土壤肥力的关系.生态学报,2008,28(7):3116- 3124.
[16] 李宁云,袁华,田昆,彭涛.滇西北纳帕海湿地景观格局变化及其对土壤碳库的影响.生态学报,2011,31(24):7388- 7396.
[17] Cuevas M F,Mastrantonio L,Ojeda R A,Jaksic F M.Effects of wild boar disturbance on vegetation and soil properties in the Monte Desert,Argentina.Mammalian Biology-Zeitschrift für S?ugetierkunde,2012,77(4):299- 306.
[18] Wang H,Zhang Y,Chen G L,Hettenhausen C,Liu Z Y,Tian K,Xiao D R.Domestic pig uprooting emerges as an undesirable disturbance on vegetation and soil properties in a plateau wetland ecosystem.Wetlands Ecology and Management,2018,26(4):509- 523.
[19] 肖德荣,田昆,袁华,李宁云,徐守国.滇西北高原典型退化湿地纳帕海植物群落景观多样性.生态学杂志,2007,26(8):1171- 1176.
[20] 张晓宁,刘振亚,李丽萍,王行,张赟,孙梅,肖德荣.大气增温对滇西北高原典型湿地湖滨带优势植物凋落物质量衰减的影响.生态学报,2017,37(23):7811- 7820.
[21] 王建林,欧阳华,王忠红,常天军,李鹏,沈振西,钟志明.高寒草原生态系统表层土壤活性有机碳分布特征及其影响因素——以贡嘎南山-拉轨岗日山为例.生态学报,2009,29(7):3501- 3508.
[22] 鲍士旦.土壤农化分析(第三版).北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[23] Li Y Y,Dong S K,Wen L,Wang X X,Wu Y.Assessing the soil quality of alpine grasslands in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau using a modified soil quality index.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2013,185(10):8011- 8022.
[24] 李政毅.指标权重确定方法之熵权法.(2013- 10- 12).http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_710e9b550101aqnv.html.
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