饲料中肉骨粉和豆粕替代鱼粉对虹鳟生长和氮收支的影响
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摘要
本实验采用混合动植物蛋白(肉骨粉和豆粕1∶1混合)替代鱼粉投喂虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)幼鱼((46±0.23)g),研究饲料中肉骨粉和豆粕部分替代鱼粉对虹鳟幼鱼生长性能和氮收支的影响。实验设置了4个处理组,依据等氮等脂的原则,用混合蛋白分别替代0、10%、30%和50%的鱼粉,分别为D1、D2、D3和D4,蛋白水平和脂肪水平分别为43.8%和15.1%。将虹鳟幼鱼在16℃的条件下养殖21天,每日饱食投喂一次并且收集残饵粪便。研究表明:用肉骨粉和豆粕部分替代鱼粉不会影响虹鳟幼鱼的终末体重,与全鱼粉组比较,D3组和D4组呈现出较低的生长性能(P<0.05),而10%替代组的摄食率、消化率和特定生长率更高,表现出更好的生长趋势(P<0.05)。氮收支方面,虹鳟幼鱼的氮收支过程中氮排泄是主要损失途径。随着替代水平的上升,氮排泄和损失也呈上升趋势,但是全鱼粉组和10%替代组之间的氮排泄量差异不显著(P>0.05)。实验结果表明,从生长性能和氮收支两方面综合考虑,饲料中用肉骨粉和豆粕替代10%鱼粉投喂虹鳟幼鱼效果更佳;且排泄是虹鳟幼鱼氮收支的主要途径。
In this experiment,the mixed animal and vegetable protein(meat and bone meal and soybean meal concentrate,1∶1 w/w)was used to replace fish meal and feed the rainbow trout juveniles(46±0.23)g in body weight)to study the effects of partial replacement of fish meal by meat and bone meal and soybean meal on the growth performance and the nitrogen budget of the rainbow trout juveniles.Four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets with different replacement(0,10%,30% and 50%)of fish meal protein by protein blend were formulated and correspondingly named as D1,D2,D3 and D4.Four experimental diets contained 43.8% of protein and 15.1% of lipid.The rainbow trout juveniles(initial body weight(46±0.23)g were cultured at 16℃and feed once a day with the residual feed and feces collected.The experimental results showed that partial replacement of fishmeal with meat and bone meal and soybean meal did not affect the final body weight of rainbow trout juveniles.Compared with the whole fish meal,D3 and D4 showed lower growth performance(P<0.05).D2 showed higher feeding rate,digestibility and specific growth rate and better growth performance than control(P<0.05).Nitrogen excretion is the main loss in the nitrogen budget of juvenile rainbow trout.With the increase of substitution percentage,nitrogen excretion and loss also showed an upward trend,but there was no significant difference between D1 and D2(P>0.05).Our findings showed that the use of meat and bone meal and soybean meal to replace 10% of fish meal in feed made the rainbow trout to perform better in growth and lower in nitrogen excretion.
In this experiment,the mixed animal and vegetable protein(meat and bone meal and soybean meal concentrate,1∶1 w/w)was used to replace fish meal and feed the rainbow trout juveniles(46±0.23)g in body weight)to study the effects of partial replacement of fish meal by meat and bone meal and soybean meal on the growth performance and the nitrogen budget of the rainbow trout juveniles.Four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets with different replacement(0,10%,30% and 50%)of fish meal protein by protein blend were formulated and correspondingly named as D1,D2,D3 and D4.Four experimental diets contained 43.8% of protein and 15.1% of lipid.The rainbow trout juveniles(initial body weight(46±0.23)g were cultured at 16℃and feed once a day with the residual feed and feces collected.The experimental results showed that partial replacement of fishmeal with meat and bone meal and soybean meal did not affect the final body weight of rainbow trout juveniles.Compared with the whole fish meal,D3 and D4 showed lower growth performance(P<0.05).D2 showed higher feeding rate,digestibility and specific growth rate and better growth performance than control(P<0.05).Nitrogen excretion is the main loss in the nitrogen budget of juvenile rainbow trout.With the increase of substitution percentage,nitrogen excretion and loss also showed an upward trend,but there was no significant difference between D1 and D2(P>0.05).Our findings showed that the use of meat and bone meal and soybean meal to replace 10% of fish meal in feed made the rainbow trout to perform better in growth and lower in nitrogen excretion.
引文
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[2] Pike I H.Health benefits from feeding fish oil and fish meal:The role of long chain omega-3polyunsaturated fatty acids in animal feeding[J].International Fish meal and Oil Manufacturers Association,1999(28):1-16.
[3]袁春营,崔青曼.虹鳟营养及营养生理研究进展[J].饲料博览,2004(2):3-5.Yuan C,Cui Q.Progress in nutrition and nutritional physiology of rainbow trout[J].Feed Fair,2004(2):3-5.
[4]赵卫红.鱼类营养研究概述[J].盐城工学院学报(自然科学版),2002,15(2):43-49.Zhao W.Overview of fish nutrition research[J].Journal of Yancheng Institute of Technology(Natural Science Edition),2002,15(2):43-49.
[5]罗钧秋,曹中明,陈代文,等.蛋白质营养研究新阶段[J].中国畜牧杂志,2012,48(13):73-76.Luo J,Cao Z,Chen D,et al.A new stage of protein nutrition research[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Science,2012,48(13):73-76.
[6] Tacon A.Trends in aquaculture production,with particular reference to low-income food-deficit countries 1984—1993[J].FAO Aquaculture Newsletter,1996(12):6-9.
[7] Arndt R E,Hardy R W,Sugiura S H,et al.Effects of heat treatment and substitution level on palatability and nutritional value of soy defatted flour in feeds for Coho salmon,Oncorhynchus kisutch[J].Aquaculture,1999,180(1-2):129-145.
[8]王文梅,许丽.肉骨粉在动物生产中的应用现状[J].饲料工业,2010,31(16):55-58.Wang W,Xu L.Application status of meat and bone powder in animal production[J].Feed Industry,2010,31(16):55-58.
[9]杨严鸥,崔奕波,熊邦喜,等.建鲤和异育银鲫摄食不同质量饲料时的氮收支和能量收支比较[J].水生生物学报,2003(6):572-579.Yang Y,Cui Y,Xiong B,et al.Comparison of nitrogen budget and energy budget of jianye and G.sinensis in feeding different quality feeds[J].Journal of Hydrobiology,2003(6):572-579.
[10]孙丽华,陈浩如.温度和体质量对军曹鱼生长及氮收支的影响[J].水产学报,2013,37(10):1527-1534.Sun L,Chen H.Effects of temperature and body mass on growth and nitrogen budget of cobia[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2013,37(10):1527-1534.
[11]李军.日粮水平对黑鲷幼鱼氮收支的影响[J].海洋与湖沼,1998,29(4):368-373.Li J.Effects of dietary levels on nitrogen budget of juvenile black stork[J].Ocean and Lake,1998,29(4):368-373.
[12]白志毅,何学军,李思发.尼罗罗非鱼幼鱼氮收支与饲料组成关系[J].上海大学海洋学报,2003,12(4):298-302.Bai Z,He X,Li S.Relationship between nitrogen budget and feed composition of juvenile Nile tilapia[J].Journal of Shanghai University of Technology,2003,12(4):298-302.
[13]刘兴旺,艾庆辉,麦康森,等.大豆浓缩蛋白替代鱼粉对大菱鲆摄食、生长及体组成的影响[J].水产学报,2014(1):91-98.Liu X,Ai Q,Mai K,et al.Effects of soy protein concentrate replacing fish meal on feeding,growth and body composition of turbot[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2014(1):91-98.
[14]孙宏,叶有标,姚晓红,等.发酵棉籽粕部分替代鱼粉对黑鲷幼鱼生长性能、体成分及血浆生化指标的影响[J].动物营养学报,2014(5):1238-1245.Sun H,Ye Y,Yao X,et al.Effects of partially substituted fish meal on fermented cottonseed meal on growth performance,body composition and plasma biochemical parameters of juvenile black mullet[J].Journal of Animal Nutrition,2014(5):1238-1245.
[15]刘扬,冯琳,赵波,等.豆粕替代部分鱼粉饲料中添加核苷酸和有机硒对幼建鲤生长和消化吸收功能的影响[J].四川农业大学学报,2012(2):238-242.Liu Y,Feng L,Zhao B,et al.Effects of addition of nucleotide and organic selenium on the growth,digestion and absorption function of juvenile jianyu[J].Journal of Sichuan Agricultural University,2012(2):238-242.
[16]邹文超,闫洋洋,杨红玲,等.豆粕部分替代鱼粉对斜带石斑鱼生长、消化酶活力和免疫功能的影响[J].饲料研究,2014(19):61-64.Zou W,Yan Y,Yang H,et al.Effects of partial replacement of fish meal on growth,digestive enzyme activity and immune function of grouper[J].Feed Research,2014(19):61-64.
[17]韩立民,郭永超,董双林.开发黄海冷水团建立国家离岸养殖试验区的研究[J].太平洋学报,2016,24(5):79-85.Han L,Guo Y,Dong S.Development of the Yellow Sea cold water cluster to establish a national offshore aquaculture experimental area[J].Journal of Pacific,2016,24(5):79-85.
[18]崔奕波,王少梅,刘肖芳,等.摄食动物性饵料与摄食植物性饵料的草鱼幼鱼氮收支的比较[J].自然科学进展,1991(5):449-451.Cui Y,Wang S,Liu X,et al.Comparison of nitrogen budget of grass carp juveniles fed with animal feed and plant feeds[J].Natural Science Advances,1991(5):449-451.
[19] Yang Y H,Wang Y Y,Lu Y,et al.Effect of replacing fish meal with soybean meal on growth,feed utilization and nitrogen and phosphorus excretion on rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)[J].Aquaculture International,2011,19(3):405-419.
[20] Pongmaneerat J,Watanabe T.Utilization of soybean meal as protein source in diets for rainbow trout[J].Nsugaf,1992,58(10):1983-1990.
[21] Hernández M D,Martínez F J,Jover M,et al.Effects of partial replacement of fish meal by soybean meal in sharpsnout seabream(Diplodus puntazzo)diet[J].Aquaculture,2007,263(1):159-167.
[22] Sitjabobadilla A,Penallopis S,Gomezrequeni P,et al.Effect of fish meal replacement by plant protein sources on non-specific defence mechanisms and oxidative stress in gilthead sea bream(Sparus aurata)[J].Aquaculture,2005,249(1):387-400.
[23] Kaushik S J,Coves D,Dutto G,et al.Almost total replacement of fish meal by plant protein sources in the diet of a marine teleost,the European seabass,Dicentrarchus labrax[J].Aquaculture,2004,230(1):391-404.
[24]徐奇友,许红,李婵,等.虹鳟鱼饲料中肉骨粉替代鱼粉的研究[J].饲料工业,2007,28(6):26-27.Xu Q,Xu H,Li W,et al.Study on the replacement of fishmeal with meat and bone meal in rainbow trout feed[J].Feed Industry,2007,28(6):26-27.
[25]黎慧,华颖,陆静,等.肉骨粉和大豆分离蛋白替代鱼粉对黑鲷幼鱼消化性能及血清指标的影响[J].扬州大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2014,35(1):43-48.Li H,Hua Y,Lu J,et al.Effects of meat and bone meal and soy protein isolate on fish meal on digestive performance and serum indexes of juvenile black mullet[J].Journal of Yangzhou University(Agriculture&Life Sciences),2014,35(1):43-48.
[26]徐奇友,李婵,杨萍,等.用大豆分离蛋白和肉骨粉代替鱼粉对虹鳟生产性能和非特异性免疫指标的影响[J].大连海洋大学学报,2008,23(1):8-12.Xu Q,Li Wei,Yang P,et al.Effects of soy protein isolate and meat and bone meal instead of fish meal on production performance and non-specific immune index of rainbow trout[J].Journal of Dalian Ocean University,2008,23(1):8-12.
[27]薛敏,黎春晖.植物性替代蛋白源在鱼类饲料中的利用[J].饲料广角,2002(5):13-14.Xue M,Li C.Utilization of plant substituting protein sources in fish feed[J].Feed China,2002(5):13-14.
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