基于阻力特性的粗糙度计算方法
|
摘要
床面粗糙度Ks是沙粒阻力计算的重要因素,对流速分布、推移质运动及输沙率等问题的研究具有重要的意义。基于阻力特性,综合考虑水沙条件,建立了以泥沙中值粒径、非均匀系数、水力半径和床面坡度为变量的床面粗糙度计算公式。经实测资料验证,并与其他学者的计算方法进行均方差分析对比发现,基于非均匀沙的Ks计算方法的计算精度明显高于基于均匀沙的Ks计算方法;本文公式既适用于均匀沙粗糙度计算,也适用于非均匀沙粗糙度计算,且计算精度明显高于其他学者的计算精度;床面沙波及泥沙输移对公式计算精度的影响均较小,沙波的影响程度小于泥沙输移的影响程度。
Bed roughness(Ks) is a leading factor in calculations of sand grant resistance, and its accuracy is crucial to the determination of velocity distribution, bed-load movement, and sediment transport rate.Based on the resistance characteristics and a comprehensive consideration of water and sediment conditions, this paper develops a calculation formula of bed roughness using the variables of sediment median grain size, sediment non-uniformity coefficient, hydraulic radius, and bed slope, including more hydraulic factors than those in previous studies. This formula is verified against measured data and its mean square errors are compared with those of the previous methods. The verification reveals that it is applicable to the uniform and non-uniform sediment cases, and the bed roughness calculations based on non-uniform sediment achieve much higher accuracy than those on uniform sediment. The effect of sand waves on its accuracy is smaller than that of sediment transport.
Bed roughness(Ks) is a leading factor in calculations of sand grant resistance, and its accuracy is crucial to the determination of velocity distribution, bed-load movement, and sediment transport rate.Based on the resistance characteristics and a comprehensive consideration of water and sediment conditions, this paper develops a calculation formula of bed roughness using the variables of sediment median grain size, sediment non-uniformity coefficient, hydraulic radius, and bed slope, including more hydraulic factors than those in previous studies. This formula is verified against measured data and its mean square errors are compared with those of the previous methods. The verification reveals that it is applicable to the uniform and non-uniform sediment cases, and the bed roughness calculations based on non-uniform sediment achieve much higher accuracy than those on uniform sediment. The effect of sand waves on its accuracy is smaller than that of sediment transport.
引文
[1]钟亮,许光祥.河床阻力研究综述[J].重庆交通大学学报(自然科学版),2011,30(5):1004-1008.ZHONG Liang,XU Guangxiang.Bed resistance research review[J].Journal of Chongqing Jiaotong University,2011,30(5):1004-1008.(in Chinese)
[2]李凌云,范北林,王家生,等.黄河下游河道河床阻力计算研究评述[J].水力发电学报,2015,34(6):143-148.LI Lingyun,FAN Beilin,WANG Jiasheng,et al.Study of riverbed resistance calculation for the lower Yellow River:A review[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2015,34(6):143-148.(in Chinese)
[3]钱宁,万兆惠.泥沙运动力学[M].北京:科学出版社,1999.QIAN Ning,WAN Zhaohui.The mechanics of sediment transport[M].Beijing:Science Press,1999.(in Chinese)
[4]ENGELUND F A,HANSEN E.A monograph on sediment transport in alluvial sreams[J].Hydrotechnical Construction,1967,33(7):699-703.
[5]BAYAZIT M.Free surface flow in a channel of large relative roughness[J].Journal of Hydraulic Research,1976,14(2):115-126.
[6]MEYER-PERTER E.Formulas for bedload transport[M].Proc of Congress Iahr,1948.
[7]EINSTEIN H A,EL-SAMNI E S A.Hydrodynamic forces on a rough wall[J].Review of Modern Physics,1949,21(3):520-524.
[8]LANE E W,KALINSKE A A.Engineering calculations of suspended sediment[J].Trans Agu,1941,22(3):603-607.
[9]ACKERS P,WHITE W R.Sediment transport:New approach and analysis[J].Journal of the Hydraulics Division,1973,99(11):2041-2060.
[10]KAMPHUIS J W.Determination of sand roughness for fixed beds[J].Journal of Hydraulic Research,2010,12(2):193-203.
[11]BRAY D.Estimating average velocity in gravel-bed rivers[J].Journal of the Hydraulics Division,1979,105(HY9):1103-1122.
[12]YEN B C.Open channel flow resistance[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2002,128(1):20-39.
[13]CHARLTON F G,BROWN P M,BENSON R W.The hydraulic geometry of some gravel rivers in Britain[R].Britain Hydraulic Research Station Report Iht Hydraulics Research Station,1978.
[14]HAMMOND F D C,HEATHERSHAW A D,LANGHORNE D N.A comparison between Shields'threshold criterion and the movement of loosely packed gravel in a tidal channel[J].Sedimentology,1984,31(1):51-62.
[15]赵连白,袁美琦.床面形态与河床阻力关系[J].水道港口,1999(2):19-24.ZHAO Lianbai,YUAN Meiqi.Relationship between bed surface morphology and riverbed resistance[J].Watercourse Port,1999(2):19-24.(in Chinese)
[16]喻国良,敖汝庄,郑丙辉,等.冲积河床的河床阻力[J].水利学报,1999,30(4):1-9.YU Guoliang,AO Ruzhuang,ZHENG Binghui,et al.Bed resistance of alluvial channel[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1999,30(4):1-9.(in Chinese)
[17]何文社,李昌志,季日臣,等.冲积河流粗化后的床面沙粒阻力[J].水利学报,2010,41(1):68-72.HE Wenshe,LI Changzhi,JI Richen,et al.Study on grain resistance of armored bed surface in alluvial river[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2010,41(1):68-72.(in Chinese)
[18]WILSON K C.Analysis of bedload motion at high shear stress[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1987,113(1):97-103.
[19]YALIN M S.Mechanics of sediment transport[J].International Journal of Sediment Research,2000,105(2):268-268.
[20]RIJN L C V.Principles of sediment transport in rivers,Estuaries and Coastal Seas[M].Morfologie Morf,1993.
[21]WU W,WANG S S Y.Movable bed roughness in alluvial rivers[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1999,125(12):1309-1312.
[22]CAMENEN B,BAYRAM A,LARSON M.Equivalent roughness height for plane bed under steady flow[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2006,132(11):1146-1158.
[23]周国栋,刘琼轶,王桂仙,等.非均匀沙床面阻力特性的实验研究[J].泥沙研究,1999(3):40-47.ZHOU Guodong,LIU Qiongyi,WANG Guixian,et al.Non-uniform sand bed surface resistance characteristics and calculation methods[J].Water and Hydropower Technology,1999(3):40-47.(in Chinese)
[24]李林林,张根广,吴彰松,等.正负坡上均匀散粒体泥沙起动流速的研究[J].泥沙研究,2016(5):54-59.LI Linlin,ZHANG Genguang,WU Zhangsong,et al.Incipient motion velocity of non-cohesive uniform sediment particles on the positive and negative slopes[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2016(5):54-59.(in Chinese)
[25]CHENG N S,CHEN X.Slope correction for calculation of bedload sediment transport rates in steep channels[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2014,140(6):298-307.
[26]DEY S.Threshold of sediment motion on combined transverse and longitudinal sloping beds[J].Journal of Hydraulic Research,2003,41(4):405-415.
[27]吴岩,韩其为,白玉川.斜坡上非均匀沙分组起动流速[J].天津大学学报(自然科学与工程技术版),2012,45(3):209-214.WU Yan,HAN Qiwei,BAI Yuchuan.Starting velocity of heterogeneous sand on slopes[J].Journal of Tianjin University(Nature Science and Engineering Technology Edition),2012,45(3):209-214.(in Chinese)
[28]周双,张根广,梁宗祥,等.斜坡上均匀散粒体泥沙的起动流速研究[J].泥沙研究,2015(4):7-13.ZHOU Shuang,ZHANG Genguang,LIANG Zongxiang,et al.Study on starting velocity of homogeneous granular sediment on slopes[J].Sediment Research,2015(4):7-13.(in Chinese)
[29]PAINTAL A S.Concept of critical shear stress in loose boundary open channels[J].Journal of Hydraulic Research,1971,9(1):91-113.
[30]KENNEDY J F.Stationary waves and antidunes in alluvial channels[D].California Institute of Technology,1960.
[31]ABDEL AAL F M.Extension of bed load formula to high sediment rates[D].University of California,1969.
[32]MAVIS F T,LIU T Y,SOUCEK E.The transportation of detritus by flowing water[M].University of Iowa Studies in Engineering,1935.
[33]MACDOUGALL C H.Bed-sediment transportation in open channels[J].Kisaeng-chunghak Chapchi the Korean Journal of Parasitology,1983,21(1):58-73.
[34]RECKING A,FREY P,PAQUIER A,et al.Bed-load transport flume experiments on steep slopes[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2008,134(9):1302-1310.
[35]CHYN S.Experimental study of the sand transporting capacity of flowing water on sandy bed and the effect of the composition of the sand[J].Massachusetts Institute of Technology,1935,94(14):7639-7644.
[36]CASEY H J.Uber geschiebebewegung[J].Preuss.Versuchsanst.Fur Wasserbau und Schifibau,1935,19:86.(Translation on file at US Soil Conservation Service,Washington,D.C.)
[2]李凌云,范北林,王家生,等.黄河下游河道河床阻力计算研究评述[J].水力发电学报,2015,34(6):143-148.LI Lingyun,FAN Beilin,WANG Jiasheng,et al.Study of riverbed resistance calculation for the lower Yellow River:A review[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2015,34(6):143-148.(in Chinese)
[3]钱宁,万兆惠.泥沙运动力学[M].北京:科学出版社,1999.QIAN Ning,WAN Zhaohui.The mechanics of sediment transport[M].Beijing:Science Press,1999.(in Chinese)
[4]ENGELUND F A,HANSEN E.A monograph on sediment transport in alluvial sreams[J].Hydrotechnical Construction,1967,33(7):699-703.
[5]BAYAZIT M.Free surface flow in a channel of large relative roughness[J].Journal of Hydraulic Research,1976,14(2):115-126.
[6]MEYER-PERTER E.Formulas for bedload transport[M].Proc of Congress Iahr,1948.
[7]EINSTEIN H A,EL-SAMNI E S A.Hydrodynamic forces on a rough wall[J].Review of Modern Physics,1949,21(3):520-524.
[8]LANE E W,KALINSKE A A.Engineering calculations of suspended sediment[J].Trans Agu,1941,22(3):603-607.
[9]ACKERS P,WHITE W R.Sediment transport:New approach and analysis[J].Journal of the Hydraulics Division,1973,99(11):2041-2060.
[10]KAMPHUIS J W.Determination of sand roughness for fixed beds[J].Journal of Hydraulic Research,2010,12(2):193-203.
[11]BRAY D.Estimating average velocity in gravel-bed rivers[J].Journal of the Hydraulics Division,1979,105(HY9):1103-1122.
[12]YEN B C.Open channel flow resistance[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2002,128(1):20-39.
[13]CHARLTON F G,BROWN P M,BENSON R W.The hydraulic geometry of some gravel rivers in Britain[R].Britain Hydraulic Research Station Report Iht Hydraulics Research Station,1978.
[14]HAMMOND F D C,HEATHERSHAW A D,LANGHORNE D N.A comparison between Shields'threshold criterion and the movement of loosely packed gravel in a tidal channel[J].Sedimentology,1984,31(1):51-62.
[15]赵连白,袁美琦.床面形态与河床阻力关系[J].水道港口,1999(2):19-24.ZHAO Lianbai,YUAN Meiqi.Relationship between bed surface morphology and riverbed resistance[J].Watercourse Port,1999(2):19-24.(in Chinese)
[16]喻国良,敖汝庄,郑丙辉,等.冲积河床的河床阻力[J].水利学报,1999,30(4):1-9.YU Guoliang,AO Ruzhuang,ZHENG Binghui,et al.Bed resistance of alluvial channel[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1999,30(4):1-9.(in Chinese)
[17]何文社,李昌志,季日臣,等.冲积河流粗化后的床面沙粒阻力[J].水利学报,2010,41(1):68-72.HE Wenshe,LI Changzhi,JI Richen,et al.Study on grain resistance of armored bed surface in alluvial river[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2010,41(1):68-72.(in Chinese)
[18]WILSON K C.Analysis of bedload motion at high shear stress[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1987,113(1):97-103.
[19]YALIN M S.Mechanics of sediment transport[J].International Journal of Sediment Research,2000,105(2):268-268.
[20]RIJN L C V.Principles of sediment transport in rivers,Estuaries and Coastal Seas[M].Morfologie Morf,1993.
[21]WU W,WANG S S Y.Movable bed roughness in alluvial rivers[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1999,125(12):1309-1312.
[22]CAMENEN B,BAYRAM A,LARSON M.Equivalent roughness height for plane bed under steady flow[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2006,132(11):1146-1158.
[23]周国栋,刘琼轶,王桂仙,等.非均匀沙床面阻力特性的实验研究[J].泥沙研究,1999(3):40-47.ZHOU Guodong,LIU Qiongyi,WANG Guixian,et al.Non-uniform sand bed surface resistance characteristics and calculation methods[J].Water and Hydropower Technology,1999(3):40-47.(in Chinese)
[24]李林林,张根广,吴彰松,等.正负坡上均匀散粒体泥沙起动流速的研究[J].泥沙研究,2016(5):54-59.LI Linlin,ZHANG Genguang,WU Zhangsong,et al.Incipient motion velocity of non-cohesive uniform sediment particles on the positive and negative slopes[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2016(5):54-59.(in Chinese)
[25]CHENG N S,CHEN X.Slope correction for calculation of bedload sediment transport rates in steep channels[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2014,140(6):298-307.
[26]DEY S.Threshold of sediment motion on combined transverse and longitudinal sloping beds[J].Journal of Hydraulic Research,2003,41(4):405-415.
[27]吴岩,韩其为,白玉川.斜坡上非均匀沙分组起动流速[J].天津大学学报(自然科学与工程技术版),2012,45(3):209-214.WU Yan,HAN Qiwei,BAI Yuchuan.Starting velocity of heterogeneous sand on slopes[J].Journal of Tianjin University(Nature Science and Engineering Technology Edition),2012,45(3):209-214.(in Chinese)
[28]周双,张根广,梁宗祥,等.斜坡上均匀散粒体泥沙的起动流速研究[J].泥沙研究,2015(4):7-13.ZHOU Shuang,ZHANG Genguang,LIANG Zongxiang,et al.Study on starting velocity of homogeneous granular sediment on slopes[J].Sediment Research,2015(4):7-13.(in Chinese)
[29]PAINTAL A S.Concept of critical shear stress in loose boundary open channels[J].Journal of Hydraulic Research,1971,9(1):91-113.
[30]KENNEDY J F.Stationary waves and antidunes in alluvial channels[D].California Institute of Technology,1960.
[31]ABDEL AAL F M.Extension of bed load formula to high sediment rates[D].University of California,1969.
[32]MAVIS F T,LIU T Y,SOUCEK E.The transportation of detritus by flowing water[M].University of Iowa Studies in Engineering,1935.
[33]MACDOUGALL C H.Bed-sediment transportation in open channels[J].Kisaeng-chunghak Chapchi the Korean Journal of Parasitology,1983,21(1):58-73.
[34]RECKING A,FREY P,PAQUIER A,et al.Bed-load transport flume experiments on steep slopes[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2008,134(9):1302-1310.
[35]CHYN S.Experimental study of the sand transporting capacity of flowing water on sandy bed and the effect of the composition of the sand[J].Massachusetts Institute of Technology,1935,94(14):7639-7644.
[36]CASEY H J.Uber geschiebebewegung[J].Preuss.Versuchsanst.Fur Wasserbau und Schifibau,1935,19:86.(Translation on file at US Soil Conservation Service,Washington,D.C.)
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |