巢湖水体-沉积物磷形态与有效性
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摘要
为探讨巢湖磷形态内源污染特征及生物有效性,采用传统化学方法和梯度扩散膜技术(DGT),分析了巢湖水体和沉积物磷形态的空间分布特征和不同区域沉积物对磷的吸附特性。结果表明,西部湖区水体中总磷(TP)和可溶性无机磷(DIP)浓度高于中、东部湖区,处于富营养化水平。不同湖区沉积物中TP、铁/铝结合态磷(Fe/AlP)和藻类可利用磷(AAP)由大到小依次为西部、东部和中部,钙结合态磷(Ca-P)分布没有明显差异,有机磷(OP)含量由大到小依次为东部、西部和中部湖区;沉积物中生物有效性磷(DGT-P)含量全湖分布差异较小,河口处波动较大,说明河口受河流携带污染物影响较大;沉积物中DGT-P含量与高活性AAP、Fe/Al-P、OP和DIP含量相关系数R分别为0.541、0.547、0.731(P<0.01)和0.438(P<0.05),因此可考虑将DGT作为生物有效性磷监测手段。等温吸附实验表明东、西部湖区沉积物对磷酸盐具有较高吸附潜能,中部湖区较低;然而平衡溶液中DGT-P却存在较大差异,西部湖区9号样点最大平衡浓度(0.62 mg·L-1)约为东部湖区3号样点(0.07 mg·L-1)的9倍,说明沉积物对上覆水磷的生物有效性存在较大影响。
To explore endogenous pollution and bio-availability of different forms of phosphorus( P) in the water and sediments of Lake Chaohu,conventional chemical approaches and diffusive gradients in thin-films( DGT) technology were used to analyze spatial distribution of different forms of P in the water and sediments and P adsorption by sediments in different zones. Results show that the water in the western part of the lake was higher than the waters in the central and eastern parts of the lake in content of total P( TP) and dissolved inorganic P( DIP) and could be sorted into the level of eutrophication. Among the five chemically extractable forms of P in the sediments,TP,Fe / Al-P( iron / aluminum bound P)and AAP( algal-available P) in the three parts of the lake followed an order of western part > eastern part > central part in content; OP( organic P) in an order of eastern part > western part > central part; Ca-P( calcium bound P) did not vary much between the parts; and DGT-P( P determined with the DGT method) did not either within the lake,but did in the areas of river mouths,indicating that the areas of river mouths were greatly influenced by the pollutants carried by river flows. DGT-P in the sediments was positively related to highly active AAP,Fe / Al-P,OP and DIP,with coefficient R being0. 541,0. 547,0. 731( P < 0. 01) and 0. 438( P < 0. 05),respectively,which indicates that the DGT device was effective in monitoring bio-available P in the sediments. Isothermal adsorption study indicates that the sediments in the western and eastern parts of the lake were both high in P adsorption potentiality,while those in the central part were quite low. However,DGT-P in equilibrium solutions varied sharply,with the highest equilibrium concentration of the sample from Sampling Site No. 9(0. 62 mg·L- 1) in the western part of the lake being 9 times as high as that of the sample from Sampling Stie No. 3(0. 07 mg·L- 1) in the eastern part of the lake,suggesting that sediments may influence,to a quite extent,bio-availability of P in the overlaying water.
To explore endogenous pollution and bio-availability of different forms of phosphorus( P) in the water and sediments of Lake Chaohu,conventional chemical approaches and diffusive gradients in thin-films( DGT) technology were used to analyze spatial distribution of different forms of P in the water and sediments and P adsorption by sediments in different zones. Results show that the water in the western part of the lake was higher than the waters in the central and eastern parts of the lake in content of total P( TP) and dissolved inorganic P( DIP) and could be sorted into the level of eutrophication. Among the five chemically extractable forms of P in the sediments,TP,Fe / Al-P( iron / aluminum bound P)and AAP( algal-available P) in the three parts of the lake followed an order of western part > eastern part > central part in content; OP( organic P) in an order of eastern part > western part > central part; Ca-P( calcium bound P) did not vary much between the parts; and DGT-P( P determined with the DGT method) did not either within the lake,but did in the areas of river mouths,indicating that the areas of river mouths were greatly influenced by the pollutants carried by river flows. DGT-P in the sediments was positively related to highly active AAP,Fe / Al-P,OP and DIP,with coefficient R being0. 541,0. 547,0. 731( P < 0. 01) and 0. 438( P < 0. 05),respectively,which indicates that the DGT device was effective in monitoring bio-available P in the sediments. Isothermal adsorption study indicates that the sediments in the western and eastern parts of the lake were both high in P adsorption potentiality,while those in the central part were quite low. However,DGT-P in equilibrium solutions varied sharply,with the highest equilibrium concentration of the sample from Sampling Site No. 9(0. 62 mg·L- 1) in the western part of the lake being 9 times as high as that of the sample from Sampling Stie No. 3(0. 07 mg·L- 1) in the eastern part of the lake,suggesting that sediments may influence,to a quite extent,bio-availability of P in the overlaying water.
引文
[1]章婷曦,王晓蓉,金相灿.太湖不同营养水平湖区沉积物中磷形态的分布特征[J].农业环境科学学报,2007,26(4):1207-1213.
[2]RUBAN V,BRIGAULT S,DEMARE D,el al.An Investigation of the Origin and Mobility of Phosphorus in Freshwater Sediments From Bort-Les-Orgues Reservoir,France[J].Environmental Monitoring,1999,1(4):403-407.
[3]EKHOLM P,RITA H,PITKANEN H,et al.Algal-Available Phosphorus Entering the Gulf of Finland as Estimated by Algal Assays and Chemical Analyses[J].Environmental Quality,2009,38(6):2322-2333.
[4]FABRE A,QOTBI A,DAUTA A,et al.Relation Between Algal Available Phosphate in the Sediments of the River Garonne and Chemically-Determined Phosphate Fractions[J].Hydrobiologia,1996,335(1):43-48.
[5]WANG S R,JIN X C,BU Q Y.et al.Evaluation of Phosphorus Bioavailability in Sediments of the Shallow Lakes in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Region,China[J].Environmental Earth Science,2010,60(7):1491-1498.
[6]UUSITALO R,EKHOLM P.Phosphorus in Run off Assessed by Anion Exchange Resin Extraction and an Algal Assay[J].Environmental Quality,2003,32(3/4):633-641.
[7]ZHOU Q X,GIBSON C E,ZHU Y M.Evaluation of Bioavailability in Sediment of Three Contrasting Lakes in China and the UK[J].Chemosphere,2001,42(2):221-225.
[8]罗军,王晓蓉,张昊,等.梯度扩散膜技术(DGT)的理论及其在环境中的应用Ⅰ:工作原理、特性与在土壤中的应用[J].农业环境科学学报,2011,30(2):205-213.
[9]DEGRYSE F,SMOLDERS E,ZHANG H,et al.Predicting Availability of Mineral Elements to Plants With the DGT Technique:A Review of Experimental Data and Interpretation by Modeling[J].Environmental Chemistry,2009,6(3):198-218.
[10]NOLAN A L,ZHANG H,MCLAUGHLIN M J.Prediction of Zinc,Cadmium,Lead,and Copper Availability to Wheat in Contaminated Soils Using Chemical Speciation,Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films,Extraction,and Isotopic Dilution Techniques[J].Environmental Quality,2005,34(2):496-507.
[11]WARNKEN K W,ZHANG H,DAVISON W.Analysis of Polyacrylamide Gels for Trace Metals Using Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry[J].Analytical Chemistry,2004,76(20):6077-6084.
[12]屠清瑛,顾丁锡,尹澄清,等.巢湖富营养化研究[M].合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,1990:10-20.
[13]巢湖流域水污染防治“十五”计划编写组.巢湖流域水污染防治“十五”计划[R].2002:5-40.
[14]金相灿,屠清瑛.湖泊富营养化调查规范[M].2版.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990:182-188.
[15]RUBAN V,LPEZ-SNCHEZ J F,PARDO P,et al.Harmonized Protocol and Certified Reference Material for the Determination of Extractable Contents of Phosphorus in Freshwater Sediments:A Synthesis of Recent Works[J].Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry,2001,370(2/3):224-228.
[16]宗宁,龚莹,李玉成,等.巢湖流域十五里河水体与表层沉积物生物可利用磷(BAP)研究[J].生态与农村环境学报,2014,30(3):346-351.
[17]MENZIES N W,KUSUMO B,MOODY P W.Assessment of P Availability in Heavily Fertilized Soils Using the Diffusive Gradient in Thin Films(DGT)Technique[J].Plant and Soil,2005,269(1/2):1-9.
[18]张树楠,贾兆月,肖润林,等.生态沟渠底泥属性与磷吸附特性研究[J].环境科学,2013,34(3):1101-1106.
[19]张敏,谢平,徐军,等.大型浅水湖泊巢湖内源磷负荷的时空变化特征及形成机制[J].中国科学:D辑:地球科学,2005,35(增刊2):63-72.
[20]方凤满,金高洁,高超.巢湖水环境质量时空演变特征及成因分析[J].水土保持通报,2010,30(5):178-181.
[21]汤宝靖,陈雷,姜霞,等.巢湖沉积物磷的形态及其与间隙水磷的关系[J].农业环境科学学报,2009,28(9):1867-1873.
[22]陈航,曹昕鑫,秦汝,等.巢湖东部水源区及入湖河流水体磷形态特征和来源探讨[J].上海环境科学,2012,31(6):260-264.
[23]徐康,刘付程,安宗胜,等.巢湖表层沉积物中磷赋存形态的时空变化[J].环境科学,2011,32(11):3255-3263.
[24]徐望龙,王晓蓉,鲜啟鸣,等.不同方法测定沉积物中生物可利用性磷对铜绿微囊藻生长量的影响[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(9):1486-1491.
[25]JIN X,WANG S,CHU J,et al.Organic Phosphorus in Shallow Lake Sediments in Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Area in China[J].Pedosphere,2008,18(3):394-400.
[26]孙爱华,陈玺,曹秀云,等.巢湖富磷地质区沉积物磷的生物可利用性[J].水生态学杂志,2012,33(4):26-32.
[27]ZHU Y R,WU F C,HE Z Q,et al.Characterization of Organic Phosphorus in Lake Sediments by Sequential Fractionation and Enzymatic Hydrolysis[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2013,47(14):7679-7687.
[28]李慧,曹秀云,宋春雷,等.巢湖及其入湖河流(南淝河)沉积物磷形态与吸附行为的垂直变化[J].长江流域资源与环境,2012,21(增刊2):3-9.
[2]RUBAN V,BRIGAULT S,DEMARE D,el al.An Investigation of the Origin and Mobility of Phosphorus in Freshwater Sediments From Bort-Les-Orgues Reservoir,France[J].Environmental Monitoring,1999,1(4):403-407.
[3]EKHOLM P,RITA H,PITKANEN H,et al.Algal-Available Phosphorus Entering the Gulf of Finland as Estimated by Algal Assays and Chemical Analyses[J].Environmental Quality,2009,38(6):2322-2333.
[4]FABRE A,QOTBI A,DAUTA A,et al.Relation Between Algal Available Phosphate in the Sediments of the River Garonne and Chemically-Determined Phosphate Fractions[J].Hydrobiologia,1996,335(1):43-48.
[5]WANG S R,JIN X C,BU Q Y.et al.Evaluation of Phosphorus Bioavailability in Sediments of the Shallow Lakes in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Region,China[J].Environmental Earth Science,2010,60(7):1491-1498.
[6]UUSITALO R,EKHOLM P.Phosphorus in Run off Assessed by Anion Exchange Resin Extraction and an Algal Assay[J].Environmental Quality,2003,32(3/4):633-641.
[7]ZHOU Q X,GIBSON C E,ZHU Y M.Evaluation of Bioavailability in Sediment of Three Contrasting Lakes in China and the UK[J].Chemosphere,2001,42(2):221-225.
[8]罗军,王晓蓉,张昊,等.梯度扩散膜技术(DGT)的理论及其在环境中的应用Ⅰ:工作原理、特性与在土壤中的应用[J].农业环境科学学报,2011,30(2):205-213.
[9]DEGRYSE F,SMOLDERS E,ZHANG H,et al.Predicting Availability of Mineral Elements to Plants With the DGT Technique:A Review of Experimental Data and Interpretation by Modeling[J].Environmental Chemistry,2009,6(3):198-218.
[10]NOLAN A L,ZHANG H,MCLAUGHLIN M J.Prediction of Zinc,Cadmium,Lead,and Copper Availability to Wheat in Contaminated Soils Using Chemical Speciation,Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films,Extraction,and Isotopic Dilution Techniques[J].Environmental Quality,2005,34(2):496-507.
[11]WARNKEN K W,ZHANG H,DAVISON W.Analysis of Polyacrylamide Gels for Trace Metals Using Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry[J].Analytical Chemistry,2004,76(20):6077-6084.
[12]屠清瑛,顾丁锡,尹澄清,等.巢湖富营养化研究[M].合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,1990:10-20.
[13]巢湖流域水污染防治“十五”计划编写组.巢湖流域水污染防治“十五”计划[R].2002:5-40.
[14]金相灿,屠清瑛.湖泊富营养化调查规范[M].2版.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990:182-188.
[15]RUBAN V,LPEZ-SNCHEZ J F,PARDO P,et al.Harmonized Protocol and Certified Reference Material for the Determination of Extractable Contents of Phosphorus in Freshwater Sediments:A Synthesis of Recent Works[J].Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry,2001,370(2/3):224-228.
[16]宗宁,龚莹,李玉成,等.巢湖流域十五里河水体与表层沉积物生物可利用磷(BAP)研究[J].生态与农村环境学报,2014,30(3):346-351.
[17]MENZIES N W,KUSUMO B,MOODY P W.Assessment of P Availability in Heavily Fertilized Soils Using the Diffusive Gradient in Thin Films(DGT)Technique[J].Plant and Soil,2005,269(1/2):1-9.
[18]张树楠,贾兆月,肖润林,等.生态沟渠底泥属性与磷吸附特性研究[J].环境科学,2013,34(3):1101-1106.
[19]张敏,谢平,徐军,等.大型浅水湖泊巢湖内源磷负荷的时空变化特征及形成机制[J].中国科学:D辑:地球科学,2005,35(增刊2):63-72.
[20]方凤满,金高洁,高超.巢湖水环境质量时空演变特征及成因分析[J].水土保持通报,2010,30(5):178-181.
[21]汤宝靖,陈雷,姜霞,等.巢湖沉积物磷的形态及其与间隙水磷的关系[J].农业环境科学学报,2009,28(9):1867-1873.
[22]陈航,曹昕鑫,秦汝,等.巢湖东部水源区及入湖河流水体磷形态特征和来源探讨[J].上海环境科学,2012,31(6):260-264.
[23]徐康,刘付程,安宗胜,等.巢湖表层沉积物中磷赋存形态的时空变化[J].环境科学,2011,32(11):3255-3263.
[24]徐望龙,王晓蓉,鲜啟鸣,等.不同方法测定沉积物中生物可利用性磷对铜绿微囊藻生长量的影响[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(9):1486-1491.
[25]JIN X,WANG S,CHU J,et al.Organic Phosphorus in Shallow Lake Sediments in Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Area in China[J].Pedosphere,2008,18(3):394-400.
[26]孙爱华,陈玺,曹秀云,等.巢湖富磷地质区沉积物磷的生物可利用性[J].水生态学杂志,2012,33(4):26-32.
[27]ZHU Y R,WU F C,HE Z Q,et al.Characterization of Organic Phosphorus in Lake Sediments by Sequential Fractionation and Enzymatic Hydrolysis[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2013,47(14):7679-7687.
[28]李慧,曹秀云,宋春雷,等.巢湖及其入湖河流(南淝河)沉积物磷形态与吸附行为的垂直变化[J].长江流域资源与环境,2012,21(增刊2):3-9.