对世上最美小事的实证研究:足球和社会科学
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摘要
运用社会科学的原理和方法,通过对大量数据的采集、分析,研究了足球运动领域的现象和问题,并揭示和总结出如下研究结果:年龄优势对足球青少年人才选拔有很大的影响,在青少年足球队中,同一年龄段中,年龄稍大的球员往往获得更多的表现和培养机会;竞技体育领域的商业化导致足球俱乐部身价高低不同,足球俱乐部的身价同它们在比赛中的成绩有着千丝万缕的联系;足球队在主场比赛中往往具有主场优势,但是在某些特定情况下例如在点球大战时,主场优势往往变成主场劣势。针对伴随着研究结果呈现出的问题,提出相应的应对策略,例如通过改变青少年球员的选拔规则以及平均分配收入等方法,修正和解决足球运动项目乃至其他体育项目中存在的问题,以促进体育项目的健康发展。
By using the methods of social science,this paper studies the phenomena and problems in the field of football. Through the collection and analysis of a large number of data,it reveals and summarizes the following research results. Age advantage has a great influence on the selection of football youth talents. In the youth football team,older players tend to get more performance and training opportunities in the same age group. The commercialization of competitive sports has led to different values of football clubs. The value of football clubs is inextricably linked to their performance in the competition. Football teams tend to have home-field advantage in home games,but in certain circumstances,such as in a penalty shootout,home advantage turns into a home disadvantage. In response to the problems that have emerged along with the research results,the paper proposes corresponding coping strategies,such as solving the problems in football and even other sports events by changing the selection rules of young players and distributing income equally.
By using the methods of social science,this paper studies the phenomena and problems in the field of football. Through the collection and analysis of a large number of data,it reveals and summarizes the following research results. Age advantage has a great influence on the selection of football youth talents. In the youth football team,older players tend to get more performance and training opportunities in the same age group. The commercialization of competitive sports has led to different values of football clubs. The value of football clubs is inextricably linked to their performance in the competition. Football teams tend to have home-field advantage in home games,but in certain circumstances,such as in a penalty shootout,home advantage turns into a home disadvantage. In response to the problems that have emerged along with the research results,the paper proposes corresponding coping strategies,such as solving the problems in football and even other sports events by changing the selection rules of young players and distributing income equally.
引文
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[19] FORREST D,SIMMONS R,BURAIMO B. Outcome uncertainty and the couch potato audience[J]. Scottish Journal of Political Economy,2005,52(4):641-661.
[20] MUTZ M,WAHNSCHAFFE K. The television viewer's quest for excitement:does the course of a soccer game affect TV ratings?[J]. European Journal for Sport and Society,2016,13(4):325-341.
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[22] NOL B,FURLEY P,HTTERMANN S,et al.Einflussfaktoren auf erfolg und misserfolg beim elfmeterschieen. Eine empiriegeleitete retrospektive analyse der Europa-und weltmeisterschaften von1982 bis 2012[J]. Zeitschrift für Sportpsychologie,2014,21(2):51-62.
[23] MEMMERT D,HTTERMANN S,HAGEMANN N,et al. Dueling in the penalty box:evidence based recommendations on how shooters and goalkeepers can win penalty shootouts in soccer[J]. International Review of Sport&Exercise Psychology,2013,6(1):209-229.
[24] POLLARD R,POLLARD G. Long term trends in home advantage in professional team sports in North America and England(1876-2003)[J]. Journal of Sports Sciences,2005,23(4):337-350.
[25] BOYKO RH,BOYKO AR,BOYKO MG. Referee bias contributes to home advantage in English Premiership Football[J]. Journal of Sports Sciences,2007,25(11):1185-1194.
[26] NEAVE N,WOLFSON S. Testosterone,territoriality,and the “home advantage”[J]. Physiology&Behavior,2003,78(2):269-275.
[27] BAUMEISTER RF. Choking under pressure:selfconsciousness and paradoxical effects of incentives on skillful performance[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1985,46(3):610-620.
[28] WALLACE HM,BAUMEISTER RF,VOHS KD.Audience support and choking under pressure:a home disadvantage?[J]. Journal of Sports Sciences,2007,23(4):429-438.
[29] ENGLERT C,OUDEJANS RRD. Is choking under pressure a consequence of skill-focus or increased distractibility? Results from a tennis serve task[J].Psychology,2014,5(9):1035-1043.
[30] HILL DM,HANTON S,MATTHEWS N,et al.Choking in sport:a review[J]. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology,2010,3(1):24-39.
[31] OUDEJANS RRD,PIJPERS JR. Training with anxiety has a positive effect on expert perceptual-motor performance under pressure[J]. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,2009,62(8):1631-1647.
[32] JORDET G. When superstars flop:public status and chocking under pressure in international soccer penalty shootouts[J]. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,2009,21(2):125-130.
[33] DATAR A. Does delaying kindergarten entrance give children a head start?[J]. Economics of Education Review,2006,25(1):43-62.
[34] PUHANI PA,WEBER AM. Does the early bird catch the worm? Instrumental variable estimates of educational effects of age of school entry in Germany[J]. Empirical Economics,2007,32(2):359-386.
[35] SPRIETSMA M. The effect of relative age in the first grade of primary school on long-term scholastic results:international comparative evidence using PISA 2003[J]. Education Economics,2010,18(1):1-32.
[36] SCHIMANK U,VOLKMANN U.konomisierung der gesellschaft[M]. Handbuch der Wirtschaftssoziologie.Wiesbaden:Andrea Maurer(Hg.), 2008:382-393.
[37] BEILOCK SL,CARR TH. When high-powered people fail-working memory and “choking under pressure”in math[J]. Psychological Science,2005,16(2):101-105.
[2] MUSCH J,GRONDIN S. Unequal competition as an impediment to personal development:a review of the relative age effect in sport[J]. Developmental Review,2001,21(2):147-167.
[3] TILL K,COBLEY S,WATTIE N,et al. The prevalence, influential factors and mechanisms of relative age effects in UK Rugby League[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine&Science in Sports,2011,20(2):320-329.
[4] SCHORER J,COBLEY S,BSCH D,et al. Influences of competition level,gender,player nationality,career stage and playing position on relative age effect[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine&Science in Sports,2008,19(5):720-730.
[5] BAKER J,SCHORER J,COBLEY S,et al. Gender,depth of competition and relative age effects in team sports[J]. Asian Journal of Exercise&Sports Science,2009,6(1):1-7.
[6] HELSEN WF,VAN WJ,WILLIAMS AM. The relative age effect in youth soccer across europe[J].Journal of Sports Sciences,2005,23(6):629-636.
[7] BAXTER-JONES AD,HELMS PJ,MAFFULLI N,et al. Growth and development of male gymnasts,swimmers,soccer and tennis players:a longitudinal study[J]. Annuals of Human Biology,1995,22(5):381-394.
[8] WILLIAMS AM. Perceptual skill in soccer:implications for talent identification and development[J].Journal of Sports Sciences,2000,18(9):737-750.
[9] DIPRETE T,EIRICH G. Cumulative advantage as a mechanism for inequality:a review of theory and evidence[J]. Annual Review of Sociology,2006,32:271-297.
[10] COBLEY SP,SCHORER J,BAKER J. Relative age effects in professional German soccer:a historical analysis[J]. Journal of Sports Sciences,2008,26(14):1531-1538.
[11] FRICK B,PRINZ J. Crisis? What crisis? The financial situation of professional soccer in Germany[J]. Journal of Sports Economics,2006,7(1):60-75.
[12] SCHILHANECK M. Nutzen-oder gewinnmaximierung?Eine diskussion der zielfunktion im professionellen teamsport[J]. Spectrum der Sportwissenschaften,2006,18(2):100-117.
[13] PAWLOWSKI T,BREUER C,HOVEMANN A.Top clubs'performance and the competitive situation in european domestic football competitions[J].Journal of Sports Economics,2010,11(2):186-202.
[14] GERHARDS J,MUTZ M,WAGNER GG. Die berechnung des siegers:der einfluss von marktwert,ungleichheit,diversitt und routine auf die leistung professioneller fuballteams[J]. Zeitschrift für Soziologie,2014,43(3):231-250.
[15] HERM S,CALLSEN-BRACKER HM,KREIS H.When the crowd evaluates soccer players'market values:accuracy and evaluation attributes of an online community[J]. Sport Management Review,2014,17(4):484-492.
[16] GERHARDS J,MUTZ M. Who wins the championship? Market value and team composition as predictors of success in the top european football leagues[J]. European Societies,2017,19(3):223-242.
[17] BORLAND J,MACDONALD R. Demand for sport[J]. Oxford Review of Economic Policy,2003,19(4):478-502.
[18] ROTTMANN H,SEITZ F. Wer und was bestimmen die Zuschauerzahlen in der Fuballbundesliga?[J]. Schmollers Jahrbuch. Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts-und Sozialwissenschaften,2008,128(2):291-306.
[19] FORREST D,SIMMONS R,BURAIMO B. Outcome uncertainty and the couch potato audience[J]. Scottish Journal of Political Economy,2005,52(4):641-661.
[20] MUTZ M,WAHNSCHAFFE K. The television viewer's quest for excitement:does the course of a soccer game affect TV ratings?[J]. European Journal for Sport and Society,2016,13(4):325-341.
[21] DOHMEN T. Do professionals choke under pressure?[J]. Journal of Economic Behavior&Organization,2008,65(3-4):636-653.
[22] NOL B,FURLEY P,HTTERMANN S,et al.Einflussfaktoren auf erfolg und misserfolg beim elfmeterschieen. Eine empiriegeleitete retrospektive analyse der Europa-und weltmeisterschaften von1982 bis 2012[J]. Zeitschrift für Sportpsychologie,2014,21(2):51-62.
[23] MEMMERT D,HTTERMANN S,HAGEMANN N,et al. Dueling in the penalty box:evidence based recommendations on how shooters and goalkeepers can win penalty shootouts in soccer[J]. International Review of Sport&Exercise Psychology,2013,6(1):209-229.
[24] POLLARD R,POLLARD G. Long term trends in home advantage in professional team sports in North America and England(1876-2003)[J]. Journal of Sports Sciences,2005,23(4):337-350.
[25] BOYKO RH,BOYKO AR,BOYKO MG. Referee bias contributes to home advantage in English Premiership Football[J]. Journal of Sports Sciences,2007,25(11):1185-1194.
[26] NEAVE N,WOLFSON S. Testosterone,territoriality,and the “home advantage”[J]. Physiology&Behavior,2003,78(2):269-275.
[27] BAUMEISTER RF. Choking under pressure:selfconsciousness and paradoxical effects of incentives on skillful performance[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1985,46(3):610-620.
[28] WALLACE HM,BAUMEISTER RF,VOHS KD.Audience support and choking under pressure:a home disadvantage?[J]. Journal of Sports Sciences,2007,23(4):429-438.
[29] ENGLERT C,OUDEJANS RRD. Is choking under pressure a consequence of skill-focus or increased distractibility? Results from a tennis serve task[J].Psychology,2014,5(9):1035-1043.
[30] HILL DM,HANTON S,MATTHEWS N,et al.Choking in sport:a review[J]. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology,2010,3(1):24-39.
[31] OUDEJANS RRD,PIJPERS JR. Training with anxiety has a positive effect on expert perceptual-motor performance under pressure[J]. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,2009,62(8):1631-1647.
[32] JORDET G. When superstars flop:public status and chocking under pressure in international soccer penalty shootouts[J]. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,2009,21(2):125-130.
[33] DATAR A. Does delaying kindergarten entrance give children a head start?[J]. Economics of Education Review,2006,25(1):43-62.
[34] PUHANI PA,WEBER AM. Does the early bird catch the worm? Instrumental variable estimates of educational effects of age of school entry in Germany[J]. Empirical Economics,2007,32(2):359-386.
[35] SPRIETSMA M. The effect of relative age in the first grade of primary school on long-term scholastic results:international comparative evidence using PISA 2003[J]. Education Economics,2010,18(1):1-32.
[36] SCHIMANK U,VOLKMANN U.konomisierung der gesellschaft[M]. Handbuch der Wirtschaftssoziologie.Wiesbaden:Andrea Maurer(Hg.), 2008:382-393.
[37] BEILOCK SL,CARR TH. When high-powered people fail-working memory and “choking under pressure”in math[J]. Psychological Science,2005,16(2):101-105.