生物炭对苏打盐碱稻田土壤养分及产量的影响
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摘要
【目的】探明生物炭对苏打盐碱稻田土壤养分和水稻产量的影响。【方法】于2017—2018年在吉林省白城市舍力镇设置连续2 a的定位试验。以长白9水稻品种为供试材料,采用随机区组设计,设0 t/hm~2(C0)、33.75 t/hm~2(C1)、67.5 t/hm~2(C2)、101.25 t/hm~2(C3)4个生物炭处理,分析了施用生物炭后苏打盐碱地稻田土壤养分、稻谷产量及其构成因子的变化。【结果】苏打盐碱稻田土壤全氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质的量均随着生物炭的增加而显著增加(P<0.05),但显著降低了土壤碱解氮、铵态氮的量(P<0.05)。施用生物炭显著提高了水稻生物产量和收获指数,生物炭处理(C1、C2、C3处理)水稻生物产量2个试验年度的均值平均增加48.35%、52.09%、57.47%,收获指数表现为C2处理>C1处理>C3处理>C0处理。添加生物炭显著提高了稻谷产量,其中穗数、千粒质量、结实率的增加是主要原因。【结论】施用生物炭可显著提高苏打盐碱稻田土壤养分,改善土壤养分状况,提高水稻产量。
【Objective】One challenge facing rice growers in soda saline-alkali soil is poor soil nutrients and low yield. This paper presents the results of an experimental study on effectiveness of using biochar to ameliorate these constraints.【Method】A two-year experiment(2017—2018) was conducted at Sheli Town in Baicheng City,Jilin Province; we used the variety of Changbai 9 as the model plant. The soil was amended with biochar at four levels: 0 t/hm~2(CK), 33.75 t/hm~2(C1), 67.5 t/hm~2(C2) and 101.25 t/hm~2(C3). For each treatment, we measured nutrients in 0～20 cm soil, as well as rice yield.【Result】Amending the soda saline-alkaline soil with biochar significantly increased total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and organic matter(P<0.05), yet significantly reduced soil alkaline nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen contents in the top 0～20 cm soil. Compared to CK, C1, C2 and C3 also significantly increased rice yield and the harvest indices by 48.35%, 52.09% and 57.47%respectively; they also improved the panicle number, 1000-grain weight and seed establishing rate.【Conclusion】Amendment of the soda saline-alkali soil with biochar can improve soil nutrients, thereby increasing yield.
【Objective】One challenge facing rice growers in soda saline-alkali soil is poor soil nutrients and low yield. This paper presents the results of an experimental study on effectiveness of using biochar to ameliorate these constraints.【Method】A two-year experiment(2017—2018) was conducted at Sheli Town in Baicheng City,Jilin Province; we used the variety of Changbai 9 as the model plant. The soil was amended with biochar at four levels: 0 t/hm~2(CK), 33.75 t/hm~2(C1), 67.5 t/hm~2(C2) and 101.25 t/hm~2(C3). For each treatment, we measured nutrients in 0～20 cm soil, as well as rice yield.【Result】Amending the soda saline-alkaline soil with biochar significantly increased total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and organic matter(P<0.05), yet significantly reduced soil alkaline nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen contents in the top 0～20 cm soil. Compared to CK, C1, C2 and C3 also significantly increased rice yield and the harvest indices by 48.35%, 52.09% and 57.47%respectively; they also improved the panicle number, 1000-grain weight and seed establishing rate.【Conclusion】Amendment of the soda saline-alkali soil with biochar can improve soil nutrients, thereby increasing yield.
引文
[1]张巍,冯玉杰.松嫩平原盐碱土理化性质与生态恢复[J].土壤学报,2009, 46(1):169-172.
[2]刘奕媺,于洋,方军.盐碱胁迫及植物耐盐碱分子机制研究[J].土壤与作物,2018, 7(2):201-211.
[3] CHAGANTI V N, CROHN D M. Evaluating the relative contribution of physiochemical and biological factors in ameliorating a saline-sodic soil amended with composts and biochar and leached with reclaimed water[J]. Geoderma, 2015, 259/260:45-55.
[4]李彬,王志春,迟春明.吉林省大安市苏打盐碱土碱化参数与特征分析[J].生态与农村环境学报,2006, 22(1):20-23, 28.
[5] CHI C M, ZHAO C W, SUN X J, et al. Reclamation of saline-sodic soil properties and improvement of rice(Oriza sativa L.)growth and yield using desulfurized gypsum in the west of Songnen Plain, Northeast China[J]. Geoderma, 2012, 187/188:24-30.
[6]陈温福,张伟明,孟军,等.生物炭应用技术研究[J].中国工程科学,2011, 13(2):83-89.
[7] AKHTAR S S, ANDERSEN M N, LIU F. Residual effects of biochar on improving growth, physiology and yield of wheat under salt stress[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2015, 158:61-68.
[8] XU G, LV Y, SUN J, et al. Recent advances in biochar applications in agricultural soils:Benefits and environmental implications[J]. Clean-Soil, Air, Water,2012, 40(10):1 093-1 098.
[9]杨放,李心清,刑英,等.生物炭对盐碱土氮淋溶的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2014, 33(5):972-977.
[10] BURRELL L D, ZEHETNER F, RAMPAZZO N, et al. Long-term effects of biochar on soil physical properties[J]. Geoderma, 2016, 282:96-102.
[11] JOSEPH S D, CAMPSARBESTAIN M, LIN Y, et al. An investigation into the reactions of biochar in soil[J]. Soil Research, 2010, 48:501-515.
[12]张伟明,孟军,王嘉宇,等.生物炭对水稻根系形态与生理特性及产量的影响[J].作物学报,2013, 39(8):1 445-1 451.
[13] JIN F, RAN C, ANWARI Q A, et al. Effects of biochar on sodium ion accumulation, yield and quality of rice in saline-sodic soil of the west of Songnen plain, northeast China[J]. Plant Soil Environment, 2018, 64(12):612-618.
[14] LIU Y, LU H H, YANG S M, et al. Impacts of biochar addition on rice yield and soil properties in a cold waterlogged paddy for two crop seasons[J].Field Crops Research, 2016, 191:161-167.
[15]张爱平,刘汝亮,高霁,等.生物炭对灌淤土氮素流失及水稻产量的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(12):2 395-2 403.
[16]张继宁,周胜,李广南,等.秸秆生物炭对水稻生长及滩涂土壤化学性质的影响[J].农业资源与环境学报,2018,35(6):492-499.
[17] LIN X W, XIE Z B, ZHENG J Y, et al. Effects of biochar application on greenhouse gas emissions, carbon sequestration and crop growth in coastal saline soil[J]. European Journal of Soil Science, 2015, 66(2):329-338.
[18] ABRISHAMKESH S, GORJI M, ASADI H, et al. Effects of rice husk biochar application on the properties of alkaline soil and lentil growth[J]. Plant Soil Environment, 2015, 61(11):475-482.
[19] RAYMENT G E, LYONS D J. Soil chemical methods:Australasia[M]. Colling wood:Soil Chemical Methods-Australasia, 2011, 27(1):131.
[20] LIU X Y, ZHENG J F, ZHANG D X, et al. Biochar has no effect on soil respiration across Chinese agricultural soils[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2016, 554/555:259-265.
[21]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000:56-58.
[22]南江宽,王浩,王劲松,等.不同水分条件下秸秆生物炭对高粱生长和养分含量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2018, 24(4):1 027-1 038.
[23]王颖,刘会玲,崔江慧,等.环渤海地区盐渍土养分及盐分离子分布特征[J].江苏农业科学,2016, 44(1):344-348, 356.
[24] NELSON D R, MELE P M. Subtle changes in rhizosphere microbial community structure in response to increased boron and sodium chloride concentrations[J]. Soil Biology&Biochemistry, 2007, 39(1):340-351.
[25] SANGWAN P S, SINGH J P, KUMAR V. Ammonia volitilization losses from surface applied urea in sodic soils[J]. Annals of Biology, 2004, 20(2):157-160.
[26]李卓瑞,韦高玲.不同生物炭添加量对土壤中氮磷淋溶损失的影响[J].生态环境学报,2016, 25(2):333-338.
[27]韩剑宏,李艳伟,张连科,等.生物炭和脱硫石膏对盐碱土壤基本理化性质及玉米生长的影响[J].环境工程学报,2017, 11(9):5 291-5 297.
[28] OLMO M, VILLAR R, SALAZAR P, et al. Changes in soil nutrient availability explain biochar's impact on wheat root development[J]. Plant&Soil,2016, 399(1/2):1-11.
[29] BHADURI D, SAHA A, DESAI D, et al. Restoration of carbon and microbial activity in salt-induced soil by application of peanut shell biochar during short-term incubation study[J]. Chemosphere, 2016, 148(4):86-98.
[30] WANG H, AHAN J, WU Z H, et al. Alteration of nitrogen metabolism in rice variety\"Nipponbare\"induced by alkali stress[J]. Plant and Soil, 2012,355(1/2):131-147.
[31] STEINER C, GLASER B, GERALDES T W, et al. Nitrogen retention and plant uptake on a highly weathered central Amazonian Ferralsol amended with compost and charcoal[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 2008, 171(6):893-899.
[32] NAIDU R, SYERS J K, TILLMAN R W, et al. Assessment of plant-available phosphate in limed, acid soils using several soil-testing procedures[J].Fertilizer Research, 1991, 30(1):47-53.
[33]耿玉辉,柴立涛.不同碱性条件对苏打盐碱土无机磷组分的影响[J].水土保持学报,2016, 30(6):226-229.
[34] WONG V N L, GREENE R S B, DALAL R C, et al. Soil carbon dynamics in saline and sodic soils:a review[J]. Soil Use and Management, 2010, 26(1):2-11.
[35]贾俊香,谢英荷.生物炭对采煤塌陷复垦区土壤养分与酶活性的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2016, 35(11):88-91.
[36] SUN J, HE F, SHAO H, et al. Effects of biochar application on Suaeda salsa growth and saline soil properties[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences, 2016, 75(8):630.
[37]武爱莲,丁玉川,焦晓燕,等.玉米秸秆生物炭对褐土微生物功能多样性及细菌群落的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2016, 24(6):736-743.
[38]邢英,李心清,房彬,等.生物炭添加对两种类型土壤DOC淋失影响[J].地球与环境,2015, 43(2):133-137.
[39]张瑞珍,邵玺文,童淑媛,等.盐碱胁迫对水稻源库与产量的影响[J].中国水稻科学,2006(1):116-118.
[40] HASEGAWN P M, BRESSAN R A, ZHU J K, et al. Plant cellular and molecular responses to high salinity[J]. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 2000, 51(1):463-499.
[41] RANA M, MARK T. Mechanisms of Salinity Tolerance[J]. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 2008, 59(1):651-681.
[42]徐晨,刘晓龙,李前,等.氮水平对不同时期盐胁迫下水稻生长及生理特性的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2018, 37(6):48-53.
[43] THOMAS S C, FRYE S, GALE N, et al. Biochar mitigates negative effects of salt additions on two herbaceous plant species[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2013, 129(18):62-68.
[2]刘奕媺,于洋,方军.盐碱胁迫及植物耐盐碱分子机制研究[J].土壤与作物,2018, 7(2):201-211.
[3] CHAGANTI V N, CROHN D M. Evaluating the relative contribution of physiochemical and biological factors in ameliorating a saline-sodic soil amended with composts and biochar and leached with reclaimed water[J]. Geoderma, 2015, 259/260:45-55.
[4]李彬,王志春,迟春明.吉林省大安市苏打盐碱土碱化参数与特征分析[J].生态与农村环境学报,2006, 22(1):20-23, 28.
[5] CHI C M, ZHAO C W, SUN X J, et al. Reclamation of saline-sodic soil properties and improvement of rice(Oriza sativa L.)growth and yield using desulfurized gypsum in the west of Songnen Plain, Northeast China[J]. Geoderma, 2012, 187/188:24-30.
[6]陈温福,张伟明,孟军,等.生物炭应用技术研究[J].中国工程科学,2011, 13(2):83-89.
[7] AKHTAR S S, ANDERSEN M N, LIU F. Residual effects of biochar on improving growth, physiology and yield of wheat under salt stress[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2015, 158:61-68.
[8] XU G, LV Y, SUN J, et al. Recent advances in biochar applications in agricultural soils:Benefits and environmental implications[J]. Clean-Soil, Air, Water,2012, 40(10):1 093-1 098.
[9]杨放,李心清,刑英,等.生物炭对盐碱土氮淋溶的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2014, 33(5):972-977.
[10] BURRELL L D, ZEHETNER F, RAMPAZZO N, et al. Long-term effects of biochar on soil physical properties[J]. Geoderma, 2016, 282:96-102.
[11] JOSEPH S D, CAMPSARBESTAIN M, LIN Y, et al. An investigation into the reactions of biochar in soil[J]. Soil Research, 2010, 48:501-515.
[12]张伟明,孟军,王嘉宇,等.生物炭对水稻根系形态与生理特性及产量的影响[J].作物学报,2013, 39(8):1 445-1 451.
[13] JIN F, RAN C, ANWARI Q A, et al. Effects of biochar on sodium ion accumulation, yield and quality of rice in saline-sodic soil of the west of Songnen plain, northeast China[J]. Plant Soil Environment, 2018, 64(12):612-618.
[14] LIU Y, LU H H, YANG S M, et al. Impacts of biochar addition on rice yield and soil properties in a cold waterlogged paddy for two crop seasons[J].Field Crops Research, 2016, 191:161-167.
[15]张爱平,刘汝亮,高霁,等.生物炭对灌淤土氮素流失及水稻产量的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(12):2 395-2 403.
[16]张继宁,周胜,李广南,等.秸秆生物炭对水稻生长及滩涂土壤化学性质的影响[J].农业资源与环境学报,2018,35(6):492-499.
[17] LIN X W, XIE Z B, ZHENG J Y, et al. Effects of biochar application on greenhouse gas emissions, carbon sequestration and crop growth in coastal saline soil[J]. European Journal of Soil Science, 2015, 66(2):329-338.
[18] ABRISHAMKESH S, GORJI M, ASADI H, et al. Effects of rice husk biochar application on the properties of alkaline soil and lentil growth[J]. Plant Soil Environment, 2015, 61(11):475-482.
[19] RAYMENT G E, LYONS D J. Soil chemical methods:Australasia[M]. Colling wood:Soil Chemical Methods-Australasia, 2011, 27(1):131.
[20] LIU X Y, ZHENG J F, ZHANG D X, et al. Biochar has no effect on soil respiration across Chinese agricultural soils[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2016, 554/555:259-265.
[21]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000:56-58.
[22]南江宽,王浩,王劲松,等.不同水分条件下秸秆生物炭对高粱生长和养分含量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2018, 24(4):1 027-1 038.
[23]王颖,刘会玲,崔江慧,等.环渤海地区盐渍土养分及盐分离子分布特征[J].江苏农业科学,2016, 44(1):344-348, 356.
[24] NELSON D R, MELE P M. Subtle changes in rhizosphere microbial community structure in response to increased boron and sodium chloride concentrations[J]. Soil Biology&Biochemistry, 2007, 39(1):340-351.
[25] SANGWAN P S, SINGH J P, KUMAR V. Ammonia volitilization losses from surface applied urea in sodic soils[J]. Annals of Biology, 2004, 20(2):157-160.
[26]李卓瑞,韦高玲.不同生物炭添加量对土壤中氮磷淋溶损失的影响[J].生态环境学报,2016, 25(2):333-338.
[27]韩剑宏,李艳伟,张连科,等.生物炭和脱硫石膏对盐碱土壤基本理化性质及玉米生长的影响[J].环境工程学报,2017, 11(9):5 291-5 297.
[28] OLMO M, VILLAR R, SALAZAR P, et al. Changes in soil nutrient availability explain biochar's impact on wheat root development[J]. Plant&Soil,2016, 399(1/2):1-11.
[29] BHADURI D, SAHA A, DESAI D, et al. Restoration of carbon and microbial activity in salt-induced soil by application of peanut shell biochar during short-term incubation study[J]. Chemosphere, 2016, 148(4):86-98.
[30] WANG H, AHAN J, WU Z H, et al. Alteration of nitrogen metabolism in rice variety\"Nipponbare\"induced by alkali stress[J]. Plant and Soil, 2012,355(1/2):131-147.
[31] STEINER C, GLASER B, GERALDES T W, et al. Nitrogen retention and plant uptake on a highly weathered central Amazonian Ferralsol amended with compost and charcoal[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 2008, 171(6):893-899.
[32] NAIDU R, SYERS J K, TILLMAN R W, et al. Assessment of plant-available phosphate in limed, acid soils using several soil-testing procedures[J].Fertilizer Research, 1991, 30(1):47-53.
[33]耿玉辉,柴立涛.不同碱性条件对苏打盐碱土无机磷组分的影响[J].水土保持学报,2016, 30(6):226-229.
[34] WONG V N L, GREENE R S B, DALAL R C, et al. Soil carbon dynamics in saline and sodic soils:a review[J]. Soil Use and Management, 2010, 26(1):2-11.
[35]贾俊香,谢英荷.生物炭对采煤塌陷复垦区土壤养分与酶活性的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2016, 35(11):88-91.
[36] SUN J, HE F, SHAO H, et al. Effects of biochar application on Suaeda salsa growth and saline soil properties[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences, 2016, 75(8):630.
[37]武爱莲,丁玉川,焦晓燕,等.玉米秸秆生物炭对褐土微生物功能多样性及细菌群落的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2016, 24(6):736-743.
[38]邢英,李心清,房彬,等.生物炭添加对两种类型土壤DOC淋失影响[J].地球与环境,2015, 43(2):133-137.
[39]张瑞珍,邵玺文,童淑媛,等.盐碱胁迫对水稻源库与产量的影响[J].中国水稻科学,2006(1):116-118.
[40] HASEGAWN P M, BRESSAN R A, ZHU J K, et al. Plant cellular and molecular responses to high salinity[J]. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 2000, 51(1):463-499.
[41] RANA M, MARK T. Mechanisms of Salinity Tolerance[J]. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 2008, 59(1):651-681.
[42]徐晨,刘晓龙,李前,等.氮水平对不同时期盐胁迫下水稻生长及生理特性的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2018, 37(6):48-53.
[43] THOMAS S C, FRYE S, GALE N, et al. Biochar mitigates negative effects of salt additions on two herbaceous plant species[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2013, 129(18):62-68.