种植年限及密度对渭北旱塬苹果园深层土壤干燥化的影响
|
摘要
为探究种植年限及密度对苹果园土壤干燥化变化的影响,以渭北旱塬洛川县不同种植年限和密度的果园为研究对象,采用烘干法测土样,2008年及2015年分别2次测得不同果园15 m深土层含水量,以自然条件下农田为对照,分析其干燥化变化规律。结果表明:1)2008年测定5、10、15、20、25 a果园的土壤干燥化指数分别为6.46%、32.68%、37.65%、63.33%和62.81%,2015年测定当年果园经过7 a后的12、17、22、27、32 a果园的土壤干燥化指数分别为35.98%、59.65%、42.21%、75.06%和70.09%,随着树龄增大,土壤干燥化指数整体增大,干燥化程度加剧;5 a生苹果幼园土壤干燥化轻微,程度接近自然条件下农田;树龄15 a后的果园土壤干燥化波及深度达11 m左右的古土壤蓄水层,至17 a后渭北旱塬古土壤层的缓冲作用已经丧失,果园产量及果实品质受限于当年降雨。2)研究中株行距密度从3 m×4 m变为4 m×6 m的22、25和32 a果园,干燥化进程得到控制,干燥化速率大幅下降,降低果园密度可以缓解因苹果树树龄增长造成的果园干燥化加剧,间伐措施后的果园降雨有所盈余,可以改善土壤干燥化现状;但在亏水年,间伐后的果园在充分利用降雨时,还需深层土壤水分的弥补,在树龄大的果园尤为常见,单靠间伐措施只能延迟土壤干层的形成。因此,要控制和减缓土壤干燥化的发展,应在干燥化影响波及古土壤层前采取措施,也即种植12 a左右,果园处于中度干燥化程度时采取相应对策最佳。
In order to explore the effects of planting year and density on deep soil desiccation of apple orchards in Weibei dryland, soil moisture deep to 15 m belowground were measured twice for 5 apple orchards with different planting year and density in 2008 and 2015, respectively, and cropland was used as control. The results showed that: 1)the soil desiccation index(SDI) measured in 2008 for 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 a were 6.46%, 32.68%, 37.65%, 63.33% and62.81%, while SDI for the same orchard 7 years later were 35.98%, 59.65%, 42.21%, 75.06% and 70.09%, respectively,indicated that the longer the planting year was, the higher the SDI was. In addition, the degrees of soil desiccation were quickly from 5 to 12 a and 10 to 17 a, the increasing proportion per year were 4.22% and 3.85% averagely, but slowly from 20 to 27 a with an increasing proportion of 1.7%. The soil desiccation of 5 a apple orchard was slight and the soil moisture was close to cropland, and after planting 15 a, the soil desiccation spread to 11 m belowground(paleosol layer), and to 17 a, the buffer function of paleosol layer was lost and if the rainfall in a year cannot meet the water consumption of apple trees, the quality and yields would be limited by and linearly dependent on annual rainfall.2) Thinning could slow the soil desiccation process. The orchards with a planting density of 4 m×6 m(15 a, 25 a) had significantly lower rates of soil desiccation during 7 years, with an average of 0.65% and 0.61% per year, respectively.The soil desiccation index of 22 a orchard was 42.21%, which was 17.44% and 32.85% less compared to orchards of 17 a and 27 a, respectively. In addition, the soil moisture of 2-5 m layer with thinning treatment was higher than the nonthinning treatment, indicating orchards with lower density could compensate soil water in deep layer by rainfall in a wet year. However, in a dry year, even for the orchard with lower density, the water consumption of trees would be inevitable to be compensated by deep soil water, which was more common in old orchard, and thinning can only delay the formation of soil dry layer. Therefore, this study suggested corresponding measures should be taken around 12 a after planting, before the soil desiccation expanded to the paleosol layer.
In order to explore the effects of planting year and density on deep soil desiccation of apple orchards in Weibei dryland, soil moisture deep to 15 m belowground were measured twice for 5 apple orchards with different planting year and density in 2008 and 2015, respectively, and cropland was used as control. The results showed that: 1)the soil desiccation index(SDI) measured in 2008 for 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 a were 6.46%, 32.68%, 37.65%, 63.33% and62.81%, while SDI for the same orchard 7 years later were 35.98%, 59.65%, 42.21%, 75.06% and 70.09%, respectively,indicated that the longer the planting year was, the higher the SDI was. In addition, the degrees of soil desiccation were quickly from 5 to 12 a and 10 to 17 a, the increasing proportion per year were 4.22% and 3.85% averagely, but slowly from 20 to 27 a with an increasing proportion of 1.7%. The soil desiccation of 5 a apple orchard was slight and the soil moisture was close to cropland, and after planting 15 a, the soil desiccation spread to 11 m belowground(paleosol layer), and to 17 a, the buffer function of paleosol layer was lost and if the rainfall in a year cannot meet the water consumption of apple trees, the quality and yields would be limited by and linearly dependent on annual rainfall.2) Thinning could slow the soil desiccation process. The orchards with a planting density of 4 m×6 m(15 a, 25 a) had significantly lower rates of soil desiccation during 7 years, with an average of 0.65% and 0.61% per year, respectively.The soil desiccation index of 22 a orchard was 42.21%, which was 17.44% and 32.85% less compared to orchards of 17 a and 27 a, respectively. In addition, the soil moisture of 2-5 m layer with thinning treatment was higher than the nonthinning treatment, indicating orchards with lower density could compensate soil water in deep layer by rainfall in a wet year. However, in a dry year, even for the orchard with lower density, the water consumption of trees would be inevitable to be compensated by deep soil water, which was more common in old orchard, and thinning can only delay the formation of soil dry layer. Therefore, this study suggested corresponding measures should be taken around 12 a after planting, before the soil desiccation expanded to the paleosol layer.
引文
[1]陈洪松,邵明安,王克林.黄土区深层土壤干燥化与土壤水分循环特征[J].生态学报,2005,25(10):2491-2498.Chen Hongsong,Shao Ming’an,Wang Kelin.Desiccation of deep soil layer and soil water cycle characteristics on the Loess Plateau[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2005,25(10):2491-2498.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]李玉山,黄明斌,杨新民.黄土区渭北旱塬苹果基地对区域水循环的影响[J].地理学报,2001,56(1):7-13.Li Yushan,Huang Mingbin,Yang Xinmin.Effect of apple base on regional water cycle in Weibei upland of the Loess Plateau[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2001,56(1):7-13.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]王健,吴发启,孟秦倩.黄土高原丘陵沟壑区坡面果园的土壤水分特征分析[J].西北林学院学报,2006,21(5):65-68,108.Wang Jian,Wu Faqi,Meng Qinqian.Analysis on soil moisture character of dry orchard on hilly and gully regions on the Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2006,21(5):65-68,108.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]车升国,郭胜利,高会议.黄土高原沟壑区果园还耕对土壤水分的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2009,27(4):71-75,89.Che Shengguo,Guo Shengli,Gao Huiyi.Influence of orchard planting-life and returned to cultivated land on soil moisture content in typical gully region of the Loess Plateau[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2009,27(4):71-75,89.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]王军,傅伯杰,邱扬,等.黄土丘陵区土地利用与土壤水分的时空关系[J].自然资源学报,2001,16(6):521-524.Wang Jun,Fu Bojie,Qiu Yang,et al.Spatial and temporal relationships between land use and soil moisture in hilly area of the Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2001,16(6):521-524.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]李敏敏,安贵阳,郭燕,等.不同灌溉方式对渭北果园土壤水分及水分利用的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2011,29(4):174-179.Li Minmin,An Guiyang,Guo Yan,et al.Effects of different irrigation patterns on soil water and WUE in Weibei apple orchard[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2011,29(4):174-179.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]刘继龙,张振华,谢恒星.苹果园表层与深层土壤水分的转换关系研究[J].农业现代化研究,2006,27(4):304-306.Liu Jilong,Zhang Zhenhua,Xie Hengxing.On conversion relation between surface and deep soil water of apple orchard[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,2006,27(4):304-306.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]冉伟,谢永生,郝明德.黄土高原沟壑区不同种植年限果园土壤水分变化[J].西北农业学报,2008,17(4):229-233.Ran Wei,Xie Yongsheng,Hao Mingde.Study on change of soil water in orchards of different planting-life in gully region of Loess Plateau[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,2008,17(4):229-233.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]程立平,刘文兆.黄土塬区土壤水分分布特征及其对不同土地利用方式的响应[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(9):203-207.Cheng Liping,Liu Wenzhao.Soil moisture distribution in deep layers and its response to different land use patterns on Loess Tableland[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2011,27(9):203-207.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]杨文治,田均良.黄土高原土壤干燥化问题探源[J].土壤学报,2004,41(1):1-6.Yang Wenzhi,Tian Junliang.Essential exploration of soil aridization in Loess Plateau[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2004,41(1):1-6.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]曹裕,李军,张社红,等.黄土高原苹果园深层土壤干燥化特征[J].农业工程学报,2012,(15):72-79.Cao Yu,Li Jun,Zhang Shehong,et al.Characteristics of deep soil desiccation of apple orchards in different weather and landform zones on the Loess Plateau in China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(15):72-79.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]樊军,邵明安,郝明德,等.渭北旱塬苹果园土壤深层干燥化与硝酸盐累积[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(7):1213-1216.Fan Jun,Shao Ming’an,Hao Mingde,et al.Desiccation and nitrate accumulation of apple orchard soil on the Weibei dryland[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2004,15(7):1213-1216.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]Chen Hongsong,Shao Ming'an,Li Yuyuan.Soil desiccation in the Loess Plateau of China[J].Geoderma,2008,143:91-100.
[14]刘贤赵,衣华鹏,李世泰.渭北旱塬苹果种植分区土壤水分特征[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(11):2055-2060.Liu Xianzhao,Yi Huapeng,Li Shitai.Soil moisture characteristics of apple-planting subarea in Weibei dry highland,Shaanxi Province[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2004,15(11):2055-2060.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]张义,谢永生,郝明德.黄土高原沟壑区塬面苹果园土壤水分特征分析[J].土壤,2011,43(2):293-298.Zhang Yi,Xie Yongsheng,Hao Mingde.Study on characteristics of apple orchard soil moisture in gully region of Loess Plateau[J].Soils,2011,43(2):293-298.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]王延平,韩明玉,张林森,等.陕西黄土高原苹果园土壤水分分异特征[J].林业科学,2013,49(7):16-25.Wang Yanping,Han Mingyu,Zhang Linsen,et al.Spatial characteristics of soil moisture of apple orchards in the Loess Plateau of Shaanxi Province[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2013,49(7):16-25.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]樊军,郝明德,邵明安.黄土旱塬农业生态系统土壤深层水分消耗与水分生态环境效应[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(1):61-64.Fan Jun,Hao Mingde,Shao Ming’an.Water consumption of deep soil layers and eco-environmental effects of agricultural ecosystem in the Loess Plateau[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2004,20(1):61-64.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]殷淑燕,黄春长.黄土高原苹果基地土壤干燥化原因及其对策[J].干旱区资源与环境,2005,19(2):76-80.Yin Shuyan,Huang Chunchang.Soil dryization of the apple base in the Loess Plateau and its counter measures[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2005,19(2):76-80.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]赵政阳,李会科.黄土高原旱地苹果园生草对土壤水分的影响[J].园艺学报,2006,33(3):481-484.Zhao Zhengyang,Li Huike.The effects of interplant different herbage on soil water in apple orchards in the area of Weibei Plateau[J].Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2006,33(3):481-484.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]李军,陈兵,李小芳,等.黄土高原不同干旱类型区苜蓿草地深层土壤干燥化效应[J].生态学报,2007,27(1):75-89.Li Jun,Chen Bing,Li Xiaofang,et al.Effects of deep soil desiccations on alfalfa grasslands in different rainfall areas of the Loess Plateau of China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(1):75-89.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]邹养军,陈金星,马锋旺,等.渭北旱塬不同种植年限苹果园土壤水分的变化特征[J].干旱地区农业研究,2011,29(1):41-43,47.Zou Yangjun,Chen Jinxing,Ma Fengwang,et al.Characteristics of soil moisture change of apple orchards of different plangting years in Weibei dryland[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2011,29(1):41-43,47.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]王文焰,张建丰,汪志荣,等.砂层在黄土中的阻水性及减渗性的研究[J].农业工程学报,1995,11(1):104-110.Wang Wenyan,Zhang Jianfeng,Wang Zhirong,et al.Experiment and study on water-tightness and infiltration reduction of sand layer in Loess soils[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),1995,11(1):104-110.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]陕西省地方志编纂委员会,陕西省地方志办公室.黄土高原志[Z].http://www.sxsdq.cn/dqzlk/sxsz/htgyz/
[24]郭正,李军,张玉娇,等.密度对苹果园产量和土壤水分利用影响的模拟[J].北方园艺,2015,(16):27-33.Guo Zheng,Li Jun,Zhang Yujiao,et al.Simulation of water productivity and soil water use of different planting density apple orchard[J].Northern Horticulture,2015,(16):27-33.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]朱喜,何志斌,杜军,等.间伐对祁连山青海云杉人工林土壤水分的影响[J].林业科学研究,2015,28(1):55-60.Zhu Xi,He Zhibin,Du Jun,et al.Effects of thinning on the soil moisture of the Picea crassifolia plantation in Qilian Mountains[J].Forest Research,2015,28(1):55-60.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]李玉山,黄明斌,杨新民.黄土区渭北旱塬苹果基地对区域水循环的影响[J].地理学报,2001,56(1):7-13.Li Yushan,Huang Mingbin,Yang Xinmin.Effect of apple base on regional water cycle in Weibei upland of the Loess Plateau[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2001,56(1):7-13.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]王健,吴发启,孟秦倩.黄土高原丘陵沟壑区坡面果园的土壤水分特征分析[J].西北林学院学报,2006,21(5):65-68,108.Wang Jian,Wu Faqi,Meng Qinqian.Analysis on soil moisture character of dry orchard on hilly and gully regions on the Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2006,21(5):65-68,108.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]车升国,郭胜利,高会议.黄土高原沟壑区果园还耕对土壤水分的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2009,27(4):71-75,89.Che Shengguo,Guo Shengli,Gao Huiyi.Influence of orchard planting-life and returned to cultivated land on soil moisture content in typical gully region of the Loess Plateau[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2009,27(4):71-75,89.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]王军,傅伯杰,邱扬,等.黄土丘陵区土地利用与土壤水分的时空关系[J].自然资源学报,2001,16(6):521-524.Wang Jun,Fu Bojie,Qiu Yang,et al.Spatial and temporal relationships between land use and soil moisture in hilly area of the Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2001,16(6):521-524.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]李敏敏,安贵阳,郭燕,等.不同灌溉方式对渭北果园土壤水分及水分利用的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2011,29(4):174-179.Li Minmin,An Guiyang,Guo Yan,et al.Effects of different irrigation patterns on soil water and WUE in Weibei apple orchard[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2011,29(4):174-179.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]刘继龙,张振华,谢恒星.苹果园表层与深层土壤水分的转换关系研究[J].农业现代化研究,2006,27(4):304-306.Liu Jilong,Zhang Zhenhua,Xie Hengxing.On conversion relation between surface and deep soil water of apple orchard[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,2006,27(4):304-306.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]冉伟,谢永生,郝明德.黄土高原沟壑区不同种植年限果园土壤水分变化[J].西北农业学报,2008,17(4):229-233.Ran Wei,Xie Yongsheng,Hao Mingde.Study on change of soil water in orchards of different planting-life in gully region of Loess Plateau[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,2008,17(4):229-233.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]程立平,刘文兆.黄土塬区土壤水分分布特征及其对不同土地利用方式的响应[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(9):203-207.Cheng Liping,Liu Wenzhao.Soil moisture distribution in deep layers and its response to different land use patterns on Loess Tableland[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2011,27(9):203-207.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]杨文治,田均良.黄土高原土壤干燥化问题探源[J].土壤学报,2004,41(1):1-6.Yang Wenzhi,Tian Junliang.Essential exploration of soil aridization in Loess Plateau[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2004,41(1):1-6.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]曹裕,李军,张社红,等.黄土高原苹果园深层土壤干燥化特征[J].农业工程学报,2012,(15):72-79.Cao Yu,Li Jun,Zhang Shehong,et al.Characteristics of deep soil desiccation of apple orchards in different weather and landform zones on the Loess Plateau in China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(15):72-79.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]樊军,邵明安,郝明德,等.渭北旱塬苹果园土壤深层干燥化与硝酸盐累积[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(7):1213-1216.Fan Jun,Shao Ming’an,Hao Mingde,et al.Desiccation and nitrate accumulation of apple orchard soil on the Weibei dryland[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2004,15(7):1213-1216.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]Chen Hongsong,Shao Ming'an,Li Yuyuan.Soil desiccation in the Loess Plateau of China[J].Geoderma,2008,143:91-100.
[14]刘贤赵,衣华鹏,李世泰.渭北旱塬苹果种植分区土壤水分特征[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(11):2055-2060.Liu Xianzhao,Yi Huapeng,Li Shitai.Soil moisture characteristics of apple-planting subarea in Weibei dry highland,Shaanxi Province[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2004,15(11):2055-2060.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]张义,谢永生,郝明德.黄土高原沟壑区塬面苹果园土壤水分特征分析[J].土壤,2011,43(2):293-298.Zhang Yi,Xie Yongsheng,Hao Mingde.Study on characteristics of apple orchard soil moisture in gully region of Loess Plateau[J].Soils,2011,43(2):293-298.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]王延平,韩明玉,张林森,等.陕西黄土高原苹果园土壤水分分异特征[J].林业科学,2013,49(7):16-25.Wang Yanping,Han Mingyu,Zhang Linsen,et al.Spatial characteristics of soil moisture of apple orchards in the Loess Plateau of Shaanxi Province[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2013,49(7):16-25.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]樊军,郝明德,邵明安.黄土旱塬农业生态系统土壤深层水分消耗与水分生态环境效应[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(1):61-64.Fan Jun,Hao Mingde,Shao Ming’an.Water consumption of deep soil layers and eco-environmental effects of agricultural ecosystem in the Loess Plateau[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2004,20(1):61-64.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]殷淑燕,黄春长.黄土高原苹果基地土壤干燥化原因及其对策[J].干旱区资源与环境,2005,19(2):76-80.Yin Shuyan,Huang Chunchang.Soil dryization of the apple base in the Loess Plateau and its counter measures[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2005,19(2):76-80.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]赵政阳,李会科.黄土高原旱地苹果园生草对土壤水分的影响[J].园艺学报,2006,33(3):481-484.Zhao Zhengyang,Li Huike.The effects of interplant different herbage on soil water in apple orchards in the area of Weibei Plateau[J].Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2006,33(3):481-484.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]李军,陈兵,李小芳,等.黄土高原不同干旱类型区苜蓿草地深层土壤干燥化效应[J].生态学报,2007,27(1):75-89.Li Jun,Chen Bing,Li Xiaofang,et al.Effects of deep soil desiccations on alfalfa grasslands in different rainfall areas of the Loess Plateau of China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(1):75-89.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]邹养军,陈金星,马锋旺,等.渭北旱塬不同种植年限苹果园土壤水分的变化特征[J].干旱地区农业研究,2011,29(1):41-43,47.Zou Yangjun,Chen Jinxing,Ma Fengwang,et al.Characteristics of soil moisture change of apple orchards of different plangting years in Weibei dryland[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2011,29(1):41-43,47.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]王文焰,张建丰,汪志荣,等.砂层在黄土中的阻水性及减渗性的研究[J].农业工程学报,1995,11(1):104-110.Wang Wenyan,Zhang Jianfeng,Wang Zhirong,et al.Experiment and study on water-tightness and infiltration reduction of sand layer in Loess soils[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),1995,11(1):104-110.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]陕西省地方志编纂委员会,陕西省地方志办公室.黄土高原志[Z].http://www.sxsdq.cn/dqzlk/sxsz/htgyz/
[24]郭正,李军,张玉娇,等.密度对苹果园产量和土壤水分利用影响的模拟[J].北方园艺,2015,(16):27-33.Guo Zheng,Li Jun,Zhang Yujiao,et al.Simulation of water productivity and soil water use of different planting density apple orchard[J].Northern Horticulture,2015,(16):27-33.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]朱喜,何志斌,杜军,等.间伐对祁连山青海云杉人工林土壤水分的影响[J].林业科学研究,2015,28(1):55-60.Zhu Xi,He Zhibin,Du Jun,et al.Effects of thinning on the soil moisture of the Picea crassifolia plantation in Qilian Mountains[J].Forest Research,2015,28(1):55-60.(in Chinese with English abstract)
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |