黄土高原不同退耕还林植被土壤干燥化效应
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摘要
土壤水分是黄土高原植被恢复的主要限制因子,退耕还林工程在恢复生态环境的同时也造成了区域土壤含水量下降和土壤干燥程度的加剧,土壤干燥化正日益威胁到土壤水资源的持续利用和人工植被建设的成效。选取黄土高原退耕还林试点县吴起境内刺槐、杏树、柠条和沙棘4种分布广泛的退耕植被类型,对照撂荒草地,分析了不同林龄和不同植被类型样地0—500cm的土壤水分特征和土壤干燥化效应,并根据作物耗水量估算土壤干层水分的恢复时间。结果表明:不同退耕还林植被类型样地土壤含水量由表层向深层呈降低趋势,随林龄增加,各植被类型样地土壤含水量、有效储水量逐渐减少。刺槐林土壤含水量较同龄沙棘和柠条林低,而杏树林则较同龄柠条林高。各植被类型样地土壤剖面均不含渗透重力水与极易效水层,随林龄增加,土壤相对湿度及易效水土层厚度占比逐渐减少,中效水、难效—无效水土层厚度逐渐增加。随林龄和土层深度的增加,各植被类型样地土壤干燥化强度、土壤干层厚度逐渐增加,土壤湿度恢复到土壤稳定湿度所需要的时间及难度呈上升趋势。
Soil moisture is the main limiting factor affecting vegetation restoration in the vast Loess Plateau.Since Grain-for-Green Project was conducted in 1999,vegetation coverage has increased significantly,and soil and water loss has been alleviated.However,on the other hand,as ecological water use of vegetation increased,it has resulted in decrease of soil moisture content and aggravated soil desiccation.Soil desiccation has been seriously threatened the sustainable and healthy use of soil water resource as well as the vegetation construction.In the present study,a representative county,Wuqi County,located in northwestern Loess Plateau,was selected.Four different revegetation types(Robinia pseudoacacia,Prunus armeniaca,Caragana korshinskii,Hippophae rhamnoides)with various forest ages(10-year,15-year,18-year,20-year,25-year,30-year,38-year,42-year as well as 50-year)were selected to measure the soil moisture contents and soil desiccation intensity in 0—500 cm soil profiles.Soil moisture availability,together with desiccated soil layers′recovery was also estimated based on annual crop water consumption.The results indicated that soil moisture contents of different revegetation types decreased from surface to deep soil layers,soil moisture in 0—100 cm soil depth varied actively,while below 100 cm it kept relatively stable;as forest age increased,soil moisture contents,available soil moisture storage gradually declined,while soil moisture over consumption showed an increasing tendency;soil moisture content in Robinia pseudoacacia was lower than that in Caragana korshinskii and Hippophae rhamnoides shrub-lands with the same forest age,whereas soil moisture content in Prunus armeniaca was a little higher than even-aged Caragana korshinskii;moreover,there was no infiltration gravitational moisture and most easily available soil moisture in each sampling plot;withthe increase of forest age,relative soil moisture and the ratio of easily available soil moisture to soil profiles decreased,while the thickness of moderately available and hard-unavailable soil moisture gradually increased.In conclusion,soil desiccation intensity and the thickness of desiccated soil layers gradually increased along with the increase of forest age and soil depth,furthermore,both the time and difficulty required for soil desiccation recovery to the stable soil moisture escalated.
Soil moisture is the main limiting factor affecting vegetation restoration in the vast Loess Plateau.Since Grain-for-Green Project was conducted in 1999,vegetation coverage has increased significantly,and soil and water loss has been alleviated.However,on the other hand,as ecological water use of vegetation increased,it has resulted in decrease of soil moisture content and aggravated soil desiccation.Soil desiccation has been seriously threatened the sustainable and healthy use of soil water resource as well as the vegetation construction.In the present study,a representative county,Wuqi County,located in northwestern Loess Plateau,was selected.Four different revegetation types(Robinia pseudoacacia,Prunus armeniaca,Caragana korshinskii,Hippophae rhamnoides)with various forest ages(10-year,15-year,18-year,20-year,25-year,30-year,38-year,42-year as well as 50-year)were selected to measure the soil moisture contents and soil desiccation intensity in 0—500 cm soil profiles.Soil moisture availability,together with desiccated soil layers′recovery was also estimated based on annual crop water consumption.The results indicated that soil moisture contents of different revegetation types decreased from surface to deep soil layers,soil moisture in 0—100 cm soil depth varied actively,while below 100 cm it kept relatively stable;as forest age increased,soil moisture contents,available soil moisture storage gradually declined,while soil moisture over consumption showed an increasing tendency;soil moisture content in Robinia pseudoacacia was lower than that in Caragana korshinskii and Hippophae rhamnoides shrub-lands with the same forest age,whereas soil moisture content in Prunus armeniaca was a little higher than even-aged Caragana korshinskii;moreover,there was no infiltration gravitational moisture and most easily available soil moisture in each sampling plot;withthe increase of forest age,relative soil moisture and the ratio of easily available soil moisture to soil profiles decreased,while the thickness of moderately available and hard-unavailable soil moisture gradually increased.In conclusion,soil desiccation intensity and the thickness of desiccated soil layers gradually increased along with the increase of forest age and soil depth,furthermore,both the time and difficulty required for soil desiccation recovery to the stable soil moisture escalated.
引文
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[14]李军,陈兵,李小芳,等.黄土高原不同干旱类型区苜蓿草地深层土壤干燥化效应[J].生态学报,2007,27(1):75-89.
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[16]刘沛松,贾志宽,李军,等.宁南山区紫花苜蓿土壤干层水分动态及粮草轮作恢复效应[J].生态学报,2008,28(1):183-191.
[17]石建华,喻理飞,孙保平.陕北地区退耕还林生态健康评价分析研究:以吴起县为例[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(6):332-336.
[18]Zhang B,Wang D.Exploration of eco-economic development in ecological fragile region:A case study on Wuqi County in Shaanxi Province[J].Agricultural Science&Technology,2012,13(7):1524-1531.
[19]卢纪元,朱清科,陈文思,等.陕北黄土区植被特征对坡面微地形的响应[J].中国水土保持科学,2016,14(1):53-60.
[20]伍玉容,王洁,郭建英,等.黄土丘陵植被恢复区不同植被类型对土壤物理性质的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2009,28(3):96-98.
[21]杨文治,邵明安.黄土高原土壤水分研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.
[22]Fan J,Shao M A,Wang Q J,et al.Toward sustainable soil and water resources use in China′s highly erodible semi-arid Loess Plateau[J].Geoderma,2010,55(1/2):93-100.
[23]Li J,Chen B,Li X F,et al.Effects of deep soil desiccation on artificial forestlands in different vegetation zones on the Loess Plateau of China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(4):1429-1445.
[24]穆兴民,徐学选,陈霁巍.黄土高原生态水文研究[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2001.
[25]郭忠升,邵明安.黄土丘陵半干旱区柠条锦鸡儿人工林对土壤水分的影响[J].林业科学,2010,46(12):1-7.
[26]卢建利,陈云明,张亚莉,等.黄土丘陵半干旱区沙棘生长对土壤水分及养分的影响[J].水土保持研究,2008,15(3):137-145.
[27]Yao X L,Fu B J,LüY H,et al.The multi-scale spatial variance of soil moisture in the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,2012,12(5):694-703.
[28]常译方,毕华兴,许华森,等.晋西黄土区不同密度刺槐林对土壤水分的影响[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(6):227-232.
[29]莫保儒,王子婷,蔡国军,等.半干旱黄土区成熟柠条林地剖面土壤水分环境及影响因子研究[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(6):1207-1215.
[30]程积民,万惠娥,王静,等.半干旱区柠条生长与土壤水分消耗过程研究[J].林业科学,2005,41(2):37-41.
[31]梁海斌.晋西北黄土丘陵区不同林龄柠条林地土壤水分特征研究[D].太原:山西大学,2014.
[32]吕文强,王立,党宏忠,等.黄土高原坡面带状植被土壤水分有效性的空间分异特征[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(6):233-240.
[2]LüY H,Fu B J,Feng X M,et al.A policy-driven large scale ecological restoration:quantifying ecosystem services changes in the Loess Plateau of China[J].Plos One,2012,7(2):e31782.
[3]Wang S,Fu B J,Gao G Y,et al.Responses of soil moisture in different land cover types to rainfall events in a re-vegetation catchment area of the Loess Plateau,China[J].Catena,2013,101(3):122-128.
[4]Yang L,Chen L D,Wei W,et al.Comparison of deep soil moisture in two re-vegetation watersheds in semi-arid regions[J].Journal of Hydrology,2014,513(1):314-321.
[5]Deng L,Yan W M,Zhang Y W,et al.Severe depletion of soil moisture following land-use changes for ecological restoration:Evidence from northern China[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2016,366:1-10.
[6]Wang L,Wang Q J,Wei S P,et al.Soil desiccation for Loess soils on natural and regrown areas[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2008,255(7):2467-2477.
[7]Chen H S,Shao M A,Li Y Y.Soil desiccation in the Loess Plateau of China[J].Geoderma,2008,143(1):91-100.
[8]Wang Y Q,Shao M A,Zhu Y J,et al.Impacts of land use and plant characteristics on dried soil layers in different climatic regions on the Loess Plateau of China[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2011,151(4):437-448.
[9]Wang X C,Muhammad T N,Hao M D,et al.Sustainable recovery of soil desiccation in semi-humid region on the Loess Plateau[J].Agricultural Water Management,2011,98(8):1262-1270.
[10]Fan J,Gao Y,Wang Q J,et al.Mulching effects on water storage in soil and its depletion by alfalfa in the Loess Plateau of northwestern China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2014,138(22):10-16.
[11]Wang Y Q,Shao M A,Liu Z P.Large-scale spatial variability of dried soil layers and related factors across the entire Loess Plateau of China[J].Geoderma,2010,159(1):99-108.
[12]Wang Y Q,Shao M A,Liu Z P,et al.Regional spatial pattern of deep soil water content and its influencing factors[J].Hydrological Sciences Journal,2012,57(2):265-281.
[13]万素梅,贾志宽,韩清芳,等.黄土高原半湿润区苜蓿草地土壤干层形成及水分恢复[J].生态学报,2008,28(3):1045-1051.
[14]李军,陈兵,李小芳,等.黄土高原不同干旱类型区苜蓿草地深层土壤干燥化效应[J].生态学报,2007,27(1):75-89.
[15]王志强,刘宝元,路炳军.黄土高原半干旱区土壤干层水分恢复研究[J].生态学报,2003,23(8):1944-1950.
[16]刘沛松,贾志宽,李军,等.宁南山区紫花苜蓿土壤干层水分动态及粮草轮作恢复效应[J].生态学报,2008,28(1):183-191.
[17]石建华,喻理飞,孙保平.陕北地区退耕还林生态健康评价分析研究:以吴起县为例[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(6):332-336.
[18]Zhang B,Wang D.Exploration of eco-economic development in ecological fragile region:A case study on Wuqi County in Shaanxi Province[J].Agricultural Science&Technology,2012,13(7):1524-1531.
[19]卢纪元,朱清科,陈文思,等.陕北黄土区植被特征对坡面微地形的响应[J].中国水土保持科学,2016,14(1):53-60.
[20]伍玉容,王洁,郭建英,等.黄土丘陵植被恢复区不同植被类型对土壤物理性质的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2009,28(3):96-98.
[21]杨文治,邵明安.黄土高原土壤水分研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.
[22]Fan J,Shao M A,Wang Q J,et al.Toward sustainable soil and water resources use in China′s highly erodible semi-arid Loess Plateau[J].Geoderma,2010,55(1/2):93-100.
[23]Li J,Chen B,Li X F,et al.Effects of deep soil desiccation on artificial forestlands in different vegetation zones on the Loess Plateau of China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(4):1429-1445.
[24]穆兴民,徐学选,陈霁巍.黄土高原生态水文研究[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2001.
[25]郭忠升,邵明安.黄土丘陵半干旱区柠条锦鸡儿人工林对土壤水分的影响[J].林业科学,2010,46(12):1-7.
[26]卢建利,陈云明,张亚莉,等.黄土丘陵半干旱区沙棘生长对土壤水分及养分的影响[J].水土保持研究,2008,15(3):137-145.
[27]Yao X L,Fu B J,LüY H,et al.The multi-scale spatial variance of soil moisture in the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,2012,12(5):694-703.
[28]常译方,毕华兴,许华森,等.晋西黄土区不同密度刺槐林对土壤水分的影响[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(6):227-232.
[29]莫保儒,王子婷,蔡国军,等.半干旱黄土区成熟柠条林地剖面土壤水分环境及影响因子研究[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(6):1207-1215.
[30]程积民,万惠娥,王静,等.半干旱区柠条生长与土壤水分消耗过程研究[J].林业科学,2005,41(2):37-41.
[31]梁海斌.晋西北黄土丘陵区不同林龄柠条林地土壤水分特征研究[D].太原:山西大学,2014.
[32]吕文强,王立,党宏忠,等.黄土高原坡面带状植被土壤水分有效性的空间分异特征[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(6):233-240.
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