黄土丘陵山地全年覆膜下土壤温度、水分运移规律研究
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摘要
【目的】本文研究了全年覆膜条件下土壤温度和水分的运移规律。【方法】在陕北黄土丘陵山地设置白膜、黑膜覆盖,裸地定位试验,研究不同覆膜条件下土壤温度和水分的变化,连续2年观测。【结果】土壤温度在一天中的变化为抛物线,比气温变幅小并滞后于气温。白天最高温度为白膜,出现在16:00,夜间最高温度为黑膜,出现在8:00,裸地白天温度高于黑膜,夜间最低。土壤水分白膜最高,黑膜和裸地基本无差异。土壤水分0～150 cm土层内储水量2种膜覆盖为487.11、452.79 mm,裸地则减少75.69和41.37 mm。剖面土壤水分白膜>黑膜>裸地,其中,白膜和黑膜15 cm土层土壤含水率最高,分别为17.33%和15.96%。剖面温度表现为白膜15 cm以上土层最高,15 cm以下土层2种覆膜措施无显著差异。在植物生育期裸地表层温度受气温影响最大,最高温度达到53.5℃,高出白膜和黑膜覆盖5.3和7.2℃;而裸地表层土壤含水率最低,只有9.49%,显著低于覆膜处理。在冬季裸地表层温度最低,为-10.3℃,土壤含水率最低,只有3.15%,均低于同期覆膜处理。【结论】覆膜在夏季可以降低表层土壤温度,在冬季则能保水保温,抑制蒸发。
【Objective】This paper aimed to explore the movement law of soil temperature and soil water under film mulching. 【Method】 Two colors mulching, which were white film and black film, were set in loess hilly region in north of Shaanxi, and the bare land was comparison to study the changes of soil moisture and soil temperature in different depths with different mulching under 2 years observations. 【Result】The soil temperature during the day was a parabola, and its hysteresis amplitude was smaller than that of the air temperature. The white film mulching had a maximum daytime temperature which appeared at 16 pm, black film mulching had the highest night temperature which appeared at 8 am. The temperature of bare land was higher than that of black film in daytime and the lowest at night. White film plastic had the highest soil moisture while there were almost no difference between black film and bare land in a day. Soil water storage of 0-150 cm soil depth for the two film mulching were 487.11 and 452.79 millimeter when the bare land decreased 75.69 and 41.37 millimeter. In vertical direction, white film had the highest soil moisture and bare land was the lowest, and the soil moisture of white and black film mulching were the highest in 15 centimeter soil depth, which were 17.33 % and 15.96 %. The soil temperature of white film was the highest above 15 centimeter soil depth, and there were no significant difference between two film treatment. In the plant growth stage, the surface temperature of bare land was affected by the temperature obviously, and the maximum temperature reached to 53.5 ℃, which was higher than that of the black and white film. The surface soil moisture of bare land was the lowest, which only 9.49 %, and lower than that of the film mulching significantly. In winter, the surface temperature of bare land was the lowest only-10.3 ℃, and lower than that of the film mulching significantly. 【Conclusion】Film mulching can reduce surface soil temperature in summer, retain water insulation in winter and suppress evaporation.
【Objective】This paper aimed to explore the movement law of soil temperature and soil water under film mulching. 【Method】 Two colors mulching, which were white film and black film, were set in loess hilly region in north of Shaanxi, and the bare land was comparison to study the changes of soil moisture and soil temperature in different depths with different mulching under 2 years observations. 【Result】The soil temperature during the day was a parabola, and its hysteresis amplitude was smaller than that of the air temperature. The white film mulching had a maximum daytime temperature which appeared at 16 pm, black film mulching had the highest night temperature which appeared at 8 am. The temperature of bare land was higher than that of black film in daytime and the lowest at night. White film plastic had the highest soil moisture while there were almost no difference between black film and bare land in a day. Soil water storage of 0-150 cm soil depth for the two film mulching were 487.11 and 452.79 millimeter when the bare land decreased 75.69 and 41.37 millimeter. In vertical direction, white film had the highest soil moisture and bare land was the lowest, and the soil moisture of white and black film mulching were the highest in 15 centimeter soil depth, which were 17.33 % and 15.96 %. The soil temperature of white film was the highest above 15 centimeter soil depth, and there were no significant difference between two film treatment. In the plant growth stage, the surface temperature of bare land was affected by the temperature obviously, and the maximum temperature reached to 53.5 ℃, which was higher than that of the black and white film. The surface soil moisture of bare land was the lowest, which only 9.49 %, and lower than that of the film mulching significantly. In winter, the surface temperature of bare land was the lowest only-10.3 ℃, and lower than that of the film mulching significantly. 【Conclusion】Film mulching can reduce surface soil temperature in summer, retain water insulation in winter and suppress evaporation.
引文
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[3]Wang Z Q,Liu B Y,Zhang Y.Soil moisture of different vegetation types on the Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2009,19(6):707-718.
[4]Wang Yunqiang,Shao Ming’an,Zhu Yuanjun,et al.Impacts of land use and plant characteristics on dried soil layers in different climatic regions on the Loess Plateau of China[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2011,151:437-448.
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[7]卫新东,汪星,汪有科,等.黄土丘陵区红枣经济林根系分布与土壤水分关系研究[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(4):88-97.
[8]刘晓丽,汪有科,马理辉,等.密植枣林地深层土壤水分垂直变化与根系分布关系[J].农业机械学报,2013,44(7):90-96.
[9]白盛元,汪有科,马建鹏,等.黄土高原半干旱区降雨入渗试验研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2016,34(2):218-231.
[10]牛涛,汪有科,吴普特,等.不同保墒措施对枣园土壤温、湿度及枣树生长特征的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2008,27(1):35-38.
[11]Hadrian F.Cook,Gerardo B.Valdes,Howard C Lee.Mulch effects on rainfall interception,soil physical characteristics and temperature under Zeamays[J].Soil & Tillage Research,2006,91(12):227-235.
[12]殷涛,何文清,严昌荣,等.地膜秸秆双覆盖对免耕种植玉米田土壤水热效应的影响[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(19):78-87.
[13]陈林,杨新国,翟德苹,等.柠条秸秆和地膜覆盖对土壤水分和玉米产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(2):108-116.
[14]Schoneck M W,Evanylo G K.Input and tilth-related properties[J].Journal of Sustainable Agriculture,1998,13(1):83-100.
[15]Wang Yajun,Xie Zhongkui,Sukhdev S,et al.Effects of rainfall harvesting and mulching technologies on water use efficiency and crop yield in the semi-arid Loess Plateau,China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2009,96(3):374-382.
[16]周玉红,董建国,汪有科,等.几种典型覆盖下的土壤水分恢复研究[J].水土保持研究,2015,22(2):334-339.
[17]马军,雷江,李发永,等.不同覆盖措施对滴灌枣园土壤水热及矿质但素的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2016,34(1):147-153.
[18]官情,王俊,宋淑亚,等.黄土旱塬区不同覆盖措施对土壤水分及冬小麦水分利用效率的影响[J].地下水,2011,33(1):21-24.
[19]靳姗姗,汪星,汪有科,等.不同覆盖措施对减少枣林休眠期土壤水分损失的影响[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(14):153-160.
[20]翟胜,王巨媛,梁银丽.地膜覆盖对温室黄瓜生产及水分利用效率的影响[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(10):129-130.
[21]员学锋,吴普特,汪有科.地膜覆盖保墒灌溉的土壤水热以及作物效应研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2006,25(1):25-29.
[22]毕继业,王秀芬,朱道林.2008地膜覆盖对农作物产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(11):172-175.
[23]Niu J Y,Y T,Zhang,J.Wet.Postanthes is dry matter accumulation and redistribution in spring wheat mulched with plastic flim[J].Crop Sci.,1998,38:1562-1568.
[24]李明思,康绍忠,扬海梅.地膜覆盖对滴灌土壤湿润区及棉花耗水与生长的影响[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(6):49-54.
[25]M.M.Moreno,A.Moreno.Effect of different biodegradable and polyethylene mulches on soil properties and production in a tomato crop[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2008,116:256-263.
[26]Chung S,Horton R.Soil heat and water flow with a partial surface mulch[J].Water Resources Research,1997,23(12):2175-2186.
[27]李仙岳,彭遵原,史海滨,等.不同类型地膜覆盖对土壤水热与葵花生长的影响[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(2):97-103.
[28]张杰,任小龙,罗诗峰,等.环保地膜覆盖对土壤水分及玉米产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(6):14-19.
[29]许树宁,吴建明,黄杏,等.不同地膜覆盖对土壤温度、水分及甘蔗生长和产量的影响[J].南方农业学报,2014,45(12):2137-2142.
[30]Skierucha W,Wilczek A,Alokhina O.Calibration of a TDR probe for low soil water content measurements[J].Sensors and Actuators Physical,2008,147(2):544-552.
[31]杨涛,宫辉力,李小娟,等.土壤水分遥感监测研究进展[J].生态学报,2010,30(22):6264-6277.
[32]缪凌,董建国,汪有科,等.黄土丘陵区不同土地利用类型下的深层土壤水分变化特征[J].水土保持研究,2016,23(2):13-18.
[2]Chen H S,Shao M A,Li Y Y.Soil desiccation in the Loess Plateau of China[J].Geoderma,2008,1439(1/2):91-100.
[3]Wang Z Q,Liu B Y,Zhang Y.Soil moisture of different vegetation types on the Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2009,19(6):707-718.
[4]Wang Yunqiang,Shao Ming’an,Zhu Yuanjun,et al.Impacts of land use and plant characteristics on dried soil layers in different climatic regions on the Loess Plateau of China[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2011,151:437-448.
[5]Qiu Y,Fu B,Wang J,et al.Spatial variability of soil moisture content and its relation to environmental indices in a semiarid gully catchment of the Loess Plateau,China[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2001,49(4):723-750.
[6]何小武,刘广全,郭孟华.黄土高原植被建设的水资源环境及对策[J].水利学报,2008,39(7):843-847.
[7]卫新东,汪星,汪有科,等.黄土丘陵区红枣经济林根系分布与土壤水分关系研究[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(4):88-97.
[8]刘晓丽,汪有科,马理辉,等.密植枣林地深层土壤水分垂直变化与根系分布关系[J].农业机械学报,2013,44(7):90-96.
[9]白盛元,汪有科,马建鹏,等.黄土高原半干旱区降雨入渗试验研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2016,34(2):218-231.
[10]牛涛,汪有科,吴普特,等.不同保墒措施对枣园土壤温、湿度及枣树生长特征的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2008,27(1):35-38.
[11]Hadrian F.Cook,Gerardo B.Valdes,Howard C Lee.Mulch effects on rainfall interception,soil physical characteristics and temperature under Zeamays[J].Soil & Tillage Research,2006,91(12):227-235.
[12]殷涛,何文清,严昌荣,等.地膜秸秆双覆盖对免耕种植玉米田土壤水热效应的影响[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(19):78-87.
[13]陈林,杨新国,翟德苹,等.柠条秸秆和地膜覆盖对土壤水分和玉米产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(2):108-116.
[14]Schoneck M W,Evanylo G K.Input and tilth-related properties[J].Journal of Sustainable Agriculture,1998,13(1):83-100.
[15]Wang Yajun,Xie Zhongkui,Sukhdev S,et al.Effects of rainfall harvesting and mulching technologies on water use efficiency and crop yield in the semi-arid Loess Plateau,China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2009,96(3):374-382.
[16]周玉红,董建国,汪有科,等.几种典型覆盖下的土壤水分恢复研究[J].水土保持研究,2015,22(2):334-339.
[17]马军,雷江,李发永,等.不同覆盖措施对滴灌枣园土壤水热及矿质但素的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2016,34(1):147-153.
[18]官情,王俊,宋淑亚,等.黄土旱塬区不同覆盖措施对土壤水分及冬小麦水分利用效率的影响[J].地下水,2011,33(1):21-24.
[19]靳姗姗,汪星,汪有科,等.不同覆盖措施对减少枣林休眠期土壤水分损失的影响[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(14):153-160.
[20]翟胜,王巨媛,梁银丽.地膜覆盖对温室黄瓜生产及水分利用效率的影响[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(10):129-130.
[21]员学锋,吴普特,汪有科.地膜覆盖保墒灌溉的土壤水热以及作物效应研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2006,25(1):25-29.
[22]毕继业,王秀芬,朱道林.2008地膜覆盖对农作物产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(11):172-175.
[23]Niu J Y,Y T,Zhang,J.Wet.Postanthes is dry matter accumulation and redistribution in spring wheat mulched with plastic flim[J].Crop Sci.,1998,38:1562-1568.
[24]李明思,康绍忠,扬海梅.地膜覆盖对滴灌土壤湿润区及棉花耗水与生长的影响[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(6):49-54.
[25]M.M.Moreno,A.Moreno.Effect of different biodegradable and polyethylene mulches on soil properties and production in a tomato crop[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2008,116:256-263.
[26]Chung S,Horton R.Soil heat and water flow with a partial surface mulch[J].Water Resources Research,1997,23(12):2175-2186.
[27]李仙岳,彭遵原,史海滨,等.不同类型地膜覆盖对土壤水热与葵花生长的影响[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(2):97-103.
[28]张杰,任小龙,罗诗峰,等.环保地膜覆盖对土壤水分及玉米产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(6):14-19.
[29]许树宁,吴建明,黄杏,等.不同地膜覆盖对土壤温度、水分及甘蔗生长和产量的影响[J].南方农业学报,2014,45(12):2137-2142.
[30]Skierucha W,Wilczek A,Alokhina O.Calibration of a TDR probe for low soil water content measurements[J].Sensors and Actuators Physical,2008,147(2):544-552.
[31]杨涛,宫辉力,李小娟,等.土壤水分遥感监测研究进展[J].生态学报,2010,30(22):6264-6277.
[32]缪凌,董建国,汪有科,等.黄土丘陵区不同土地利用类型下的深层土壤水分变化特征[J].水土保持研究,2016,23(2):13-18.
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