生物炭与氮肥配施改善枣区土壤微生物学特性
|
摘要
【目的】探究生物炭与氮肥配施对华北平原枣区土壤微生物学特性的影响,从微生物学角度揭示其对土壤质量的改良状况,为生物炭在果园地区的应用提供科学依据。【方法】2013―2015年,在位于华北平原枣区的河南省濮阳市林科院进行了生物炭与氮肥配合施用的田间定位试验。生物炭用量设0、2.5、5和10 t/hm~2 4个水平(以C_0、C_1、C_2、C_3表示),氮素用量设300、450和600 kg/hm~2 3个水平(以N_1、N_2、N_3表示),加上1个完全空白处理CK(不施生物炭和氮肥),共计13个处理。在红枣收获后,采集0—20 cm土壤样品测定各配施处理下土壤微生物量、酶活性和微生物数量。【结果】生物炭对土壤微生物量碳、氮含量有极显著影响,且微生物量随生物炭用量的增加而增加。所有施生物炭处理的土壤微生物生物量较C_0均显著增加。在2.5 t/hm~2生物炭(C_1)水平下,不同施氮处理间微生物生物量差异不显著;微生物量碳、氮含量分别以C_3N_2和C_3N_3处理增幅最大,分别较对照提高了208.6%和159.4%。与对照相比,土壤脲酶活性随生物炭与氮肥用量的增加而显著增加,最大增幅为91.7%,但生物炭与氮肥配合总体上对土壤碱性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性没有显著影响。生物炭用量、施氮水平及其交互作用对土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌均有极显著影响。与对照相比,细菌、真菌和放线菌的增幅分别为10.9%~80.4%、6.6%~143.1%和50.6%~115.2%。相关性分析表明,土壤微生物生物量、土壤酶活性及微生物数量三者之间存在显著或极显著的正相关关系。【结论】生物炭与氮肥配施总体上提高了枣区土壤微生物生物量、酶活性及微生物数量,三者共同促进了土壤微生物生态系统的改良,配施处理可作为改良枣区土壤质量的有效措施之一。综合试验结果及实际生产成本,10 t/hm~2的生物炭,配施N 300 kg/hm~2的氮肥为该地区最佳配比施肥量。
【Objectives】Application of excess chemical fertilizers and pesticides has deteriorated the soil quality of a jujube orchard in the North Plain of China. Therefore, establishment of a friendly nutrient management is essential for jujube production and maintenance of a favorable soil environment.【Methods】A field experiment was conducted consecutively in the jujube orchard, located in the Puyang Forestry Academy,Henan Province from 2013 to 2015. The experimental treatments were composed of four levels of biochar(0, 2.5,5 and 10 t/hm~2, namely, C_0, C_1, C_2 and C_3), and three levels of nitrogen fertilizer(300, 450 and 600 kg/hm~2,namely, N_1, N_2 and N_3), and a control without biochar and nitrogen application. Soil samples of 0–20 cm depth were collected after jujube harvested, the soil microbial biomass, enzyme activities and microbial communities were analyzed.【Results】Compared with control, application of biochar significantly affected the contents of soil microbial biomass carbon(MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen(MBN) and microbial biomass in soils(P <0.01). Soil microbial biomass in all biochar treatments was higher than that in C_0, but there was no significant difference among the three N rates when biochar was applied at the rate of 2.5 t/hm~2. The two highest increases were in C_3N_2 and C_3N_3 treatments, with increase of 208.6% in MBC and 159.4% in MBN, respectively. The soil urease activities were enhanced with the increasing of biochar and nitrogen rates, with the largest increase of 91.7%(P < 0.05). Neither soil alkaline phosphatase activity nor invertase activity was significantly affected by combined application of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer. The biochar, nitrogen and their interaction significantly altered the community of soil bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes. The numbers of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes were increased by 10.9%–80.4%, 6.6%–143.1% and 50.6%–115.2% compared to the control,respectively. Statistics analysis showed that soil microbial biomass, enzyme activities and microbial quantities had reciprocally significant positive correlations.【Conclusions】Combined application of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer has significant and positive effects to the profiles of microbial properties of soil. In this study, the optimum application rates were 10 t/hm~2 for biochar, and N 300 kg/hm~2 for nitrogen fertilizer according to the feasible production cost.
【Objectives】Application of excess chemical fertilizers and pesticides has deteriorated the soil quality of a jujube orchard in the North Plain of China. Therefore, establishment of a friendly nutrient management is essential for jujube production and maintenance of a favorable soil environment.【Methods】A field experiment was conducted consecutively in the jujube orchard, located in the Puyang Forestry Academy,Henan Province from 2013 to 2015. The experimental treatments were composed of four levels of biochar(0, 2.5,5 and 10 t/hm~2, namely, C_0, C_1, C_2 and C_3), and three levels of nitrogen fertilizer(300, 450 and 600 kg/hm~2,namely, N_1, N_2 and N_3), and a control without biochar and nitrogen application. Soil samples of 0–20 cm depth were collected after jujube harvested, the soil microbial biomass, enzyme activities and microbial communities were analyzed.【Results】Compared with control, application of biochar significantly affected the contents of soil microbial biomass carbon(MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen(MBN) and microbial biomass in soils(P <0.01). Soil microbial biomass in all biochar treatments was higher than that in C_0, but there was no significant difference among the three N rates when biochar was applied at the rate of 2.5 t/hm~2. The two highest increases were in C_3N_2 and C_3N_3 treatments, with increase of 208.6% in MBC and 159.4% in MBN, respectively. The soil urease activities were enhanced with the increasing of biochar and nitrogen rates, with the largest increase of 91.7%(P < 0.05). Neither soil alkaline phosphatase activity nor invertase activity was significantly affected by combined application of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer. The biochar, nitrogen and their interaction significantly altered the community of soil bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes. The numbers of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes were increased by 10.9%–80.4%, 6.6%–143.1% and 50.6%–115.2% compared to the control,respectively. Statistics analysis showed that soil microbial biomass, enzyme activities and microbial quantities had reciprocally significant positive correlations.【Conclusions】Combined application of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer has significant and positive effects to the profiles of microbial properties of soil. In this study, the optimum application rates were 10 t/hm~2 for biochar, and N 300 kg/hm~2 for nitrogen fertilizer according to the feasible production cost.
引文
[1]郭裕新.枣[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1982.Guo Y X.Jujube[M].Beijing:China Forest Press,1982.
[2]党维勤,郑妍,卜晓峰,等.谈黄土丘陵沟壑区红枣产业的发展[J].中国水土保持,2007,(5):52–54.Dang W Q,Zheng Y,Bo X F,et al.Discussion on the development of Chinese date industry in gullied rolling loess area[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2007,(5):52–54.
[3]Young I M,Crawford J W,Nunan N,et al.Microbial distribution in soils:physics and scaling[J].Advances in Agronomy,2008,100:81–121.
[4]Joergensen R G,Emmerling C.Methods for evaluating human impact on soil microorganisms based on their activity,biomass,and diversity in agricultural soils[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2006,169(3):295–309.
[5]周玉祥,宋子岭,孔涛,等.不同秸秆生物炭对露天煤矿排土场土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响[J].环境化学,2017,36(1):106–113.Zhou Y X,Song Z L,Kong T,et al.Effect of straw biochar on soil microbe number and soil enzyme activities in opencast coal mine dump[J].Environmental Chemistry,2017,36(1):106–113.
[6]Doran J W,Sarrantonio M,Liebig M A.Soil health and sustainability[J].Advance in Agronomy,1996,56:1–54.
[7]Liu E K,Zhao B Q,Mei X R,et al.Effects of no-tillage management on soil biochemical characteristics in Northern China[J].Journal of Agricultural Science,2010,148:217–223.
[8]Joseph S D,Campsarbestain M,Lin Y,et al.An investigation into the reactions of biochar in soil[J].Australian Journal of Soil Research,2010,48(7):501–515.
[9]Anyika C,Abdul M Z,Ibrahim Z,et al.The impact of biochars on sorption and biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils-a review[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research International,2015,22(5):3314–3341.
[10]Kasozi G N,Zimmerman A R,Nkedikizza P,et al.Catechol and humic acid sorption onto a range of laboratory-produced black carbons(Biochars)[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2010,44(16):6189–6195.
[11]Belyaeva O N,Haynes R J.Comparison of the effects of conventional organic amendments and biochar on the chemical,physical and microbial properties of coal fly ash as a plant growth medium[J].Environment Earth Sciences,2012,66:1987–1997.
[12]Liang B,Lehmann J,Sohi S P,et al.Black carbon affects the cycling of non-black carbon in soil[J].Organic Geochemistry,2010,41(2):206–213.
[13]Knicker H.How does fire affect the nature and stability of soil organic nitrogen and carbon?A review[J].Biogeochemistry,2007,85(1):91–118.
[14]韩光明.生物炭对不同类型土壤理化性质和微生物多样性的影响[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学博士学位论文,2013.Han G M.Effect of biochar on soil physicochemical property and microbial diversity in different soil type[D].Shenyang:Ph D Dissertation of Shenyang Agricultural University,2013.
[15]Makoto K,Tamai Y,Kim Y S,et al.Buried charcoal layer and ectomycorrhizae cooperatively promote the growth of Larix gmelinii seedlings[J].Plant and Soil,2010,327(1/2):143–152.
[16]Solaiman Z M,Blackwell P,Abbott L K,et al.Direct and residual effect of biochar application on mycorrhizal root colonization,growth and nutrition of wheat[J].Soil Research,2010,48(7):546–554.
[17]Dempster D N,Gleeson D B,Solaiman Z M,et al.Decreased soil microbial biomass and nitrogen mineralisation with Eucalyptus biochar addition to a coarse textured soil[J].Plant and Soil,2012,354:311–324.
[18]Luo Y,Durenkamp M,Nobili M D,et al.Microbial biomass growth,following incorporation of biochars produced at 350℃or 700℃,in a silty-clay loam soil of high and low p H[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2013,57:513–523.
[19]宋大利,习向银,黄绍敏.秸秆生物炭配施氮肥对潮土土壤碳氮含量及作物产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(2):369–379.Song D L,Xi X Y,Huang S M,et al.Effects of combined application of straw biochar and nitrogen on soil carbon and nitrogen contents and crop yields in a fluvo-aquic soil[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2017,23(2):369–379.
[20]李明,李忠佩,刘明,等.不同秸秆生物炭对红壤性水稻土养分及微生物群落结构的影响[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(7):1361–1369.Li M,Li Z P,Liu M,et al.Effects of different straw biochar on nutrient and microbial community structure of a red paddy soil[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2015,48(7):1361–1369.
[21]Mankasingh U,Choi P C,Ragnarsdottir V.Biochar application in a tropical,agricultural region:A plot scale study in Tamil Nadu,India[J].Applied Geochemistry,2011,26:218–221.
[22]王群,李飞跃,曹心德,等.植物基与固废基生物炭的结构性质差异[J].环境科学与技术,2013,36(8):1–5.Wang Q,Li F Y,Cao X D,et al.Different between characteristics of biochars derived from plant and solid waste[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2013,36(8):1–5.
[23]吴金水,林启美,黄巧云,等.土壤微生物生物量测定方法及其应用[M].北京:气象出版社,2006.Wu J S,Lin Q M,Huang Q Y,et al.Soil microbial biomass-methods and application[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,2006.
[24]周礼恺.土壤酶学[M].北京:科学出版社,1987.Zhou L K.Soil enzymology[M].Beijing:Science Press,1987.
[25]Dick R P.Methods of soil enzymology[M].Madison:Soil Science Society of America,2011:163–168.
[26]关松荫.土壤酶及研究方法[M].北京:北京农业出版社,1986.Guan S Y.Soil enzyme and its research methods[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1986.
[27]程丽娟,薛泉宏.微生物学实验技术[M].西安:世界图书出版公司,2000.Cheng L J,Xue Q H.Laboratory manual of microbiology[M].Xi’an:World Publishing Corporation Press,2000.
[28]刘恩科,赵秉强,李秀英,等.长期施肥对土壤微生物量及土壤酶活性的影响[J].植物生态学报,2008,32(1):176–182.Liu E K,Zhao B Q,Li X Y,et al.Biological properties and enzymatic activity of arable soils affected by long-term different fertilization systems[J].Journal of Plant Ecology,2008,32(1):176–182.
[29]Xu N,Tan G C,Wang H Y,et al.Effect of biochar additions to soil on nitrogen leaching,microbial biomass and bacterial community structure[J].European Journal of Soil Biology,2016,74:1–8.
[30]Liang F,Li G T,Lin Q M,et al.Crop yield and soil properties in the first 3 years after biochar application to a calcareous soil[J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2014,13:525–532.
[31]Kolb S E,Fermanich,K J,Dornbush M E.Effect of charcoal quantity on microbial biomass and activity in temperate soils[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2009,73:1173–1181.
[32]Malcolm F.Black carbon sequestration as an alternative to bioenergy[J].Biomass Bioenergy,2007,31:426–432.
[33]Knicker H.How does fire affect the nature and stability of soil organic nitrogen and carbon?A review[J].Biogeochemistry,2007,85:91–118.
[34]袁晶晶,同延安,卢绍辉,等.生物炭与氮肥配施对土壤肥力及红枣产量、品质的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(2):468–475.Yuan J J,Tong Y A,Lu S H,et al.Effects of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer application on soil fertility and jujube yield and quality[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2017,23(2):468–475.
[35]袁晶晶,同延安,卢绍辉,等.生物炭与氮肥配施对枣园土壤培肥效应的综合评价[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(1):134–140.Yuan J J,Tong Y A,Lu S H,et al.Comprehensive evaluation on soil fertility quality of jujube orchard under combined application of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2018,34(1):134–140.
[36]陈心想,耿增超,王森.施用生物炭后土土壤微生物及酶活性变化特征[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(4):751–758.Chen X X,Geng Z C,Wang S,et al.Effects of biochar amendment on microbial biomass and enzyme activities in loess soil[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2014,33(4):751–758.
[37]Chan K Y,Zwieten L V,Meszaros I,et al.Agronomic values of green waste biochar as a soil amendment[J].Soil Research,2007,45(8):629–634.
[38]Nannipieri P,Giagnoni L,Renella G,et al.Soil enzymology:classical and molecular approaches[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,2012,48:743–762.
[39]Yanai Y,Toyota K,Okazaki M.Effects of charcoal addition on N2O emissions from soil resulting from rewetting air-dried soil in shortterm laboratory experiments[J].Soil Science&Plant Nutrition,2007,53(2):181–188.
[40]Yu O Y,Raichle B,Sink S.Impact of biochar on the water holding capacity of loamy sand soil[J].International Journal of Energy&Environmental Engineering,2013,4(1):1–9.
[41]杨招弟,蔡立群,张仁陟,等.不同耕作方式对旱地土壤酶活性的影响[J].土壤通报,2008,39(3):514–517.Yang Z D,Cai L Q,Zhang R Z,et al.Soil enzymatic activities under different tillages practices in dryland[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2008,39(3):514–517.
[42]Sardans J,Pe?uelas J,Estiarte M.Changes in soil enzymes related to C and N cycle and in soil C and N content under prolonged warming and drought in a Mediterranean shrub land[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2008,39:223–235.
[43]Govaerts B,Mezzalama M,Unno Y,et al.Influence of tillage,residue management,and crop rotation on soil microbial biomass and catabolic diversity[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2007,37:18–30.
[44]陈蓓,张仁陟.免耕和覆盖对土壤微生物数量及组成的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2004,39(6):634–638.Chen B,Zhang R Z.Effects of no-tillage and mulch on soil microbial quantity and composition[J].Journal of Gansu Agricultural University,2004,39(6):634–638.
[45]沙涛,程立忠,王国华,等.秸杆还田对植烟土壤中微生物结构和数量的影响[J].中国烟草科学,2000,(3):40–42.Sha T,Cheng L Z,Wang G H,et al.Effects of applying crop straw on the microbial composition and quantity in tobacco cultivated soil[J].Chinese Tobacco Science,2000,(3):40–42.
[46]贾志红,杨珍平,张永清,等.麦田土壤微生物三大类群数量的研究[J].麦类作物学报,2004,24(3):54–56.Jia Z H,Yang Z P,Zhang Y Q,et al.Study on the quantity of three main colony of soil microbe in wheat farmland[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2004,24(3):54–56.
[47]Petersen S O,Frohne P S,Kennedya C.Dynamics of a microbial community under spring wheat[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2002,66:826–833.
[48]袁晶晶,同延安,卢绍辉,等.生物炭与氮肥配施改善团聚体结构提高红枣产量[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(3):159–165.Yuan J J,Tong Y A,Lu S H,et al.Biochar and nitrogen amendments improving soil aggregate structure and jujube yields[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2018,34(3):159 –165.
[2]党维勤,郑妍,卜晓峰,等.谈黄土丘陵沟壑区红枣产业的发展[J].中国水土保持,2007,(5):52–54.Dang W Q,Zheng Y,Bo X F,et al.Discussion on the development of Chinese date industry in gullied rolling loess area[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2007,(5):52–54.
[3]Young I M,Crawford J W,Nunan N,et al.Microbial distribution in soils:physics and scaling[J].Advances in Agronomy,2008,100:81–121.
[4]Joergensen R G,Emmerling C.Methods for evaluating human impact on soil microorganisms based on their activity,biomass,and diversity in agricultural soils[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2006,169(3):295–309.
[5]周玉祥,宋子岭,孔涛,等.不同秸秆生物炭对露天煤矿排土场土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响[J].环境化学,2017,36(1):106–113.Zhou Y X,Song Z L,Kong T,et al.Effect of straw biochar on soil microbe number and soil enzyme activities in opencast coal mine dump[J].Environmental Chemistry,2017,36(1):106–113.
[6]Doran J W,Sarrantonio M,Liebig M A.Soil health and sustainability[J].Advance in Agronomy,1996,56:1–54.
[7]Liu E K,Zhao B Q,Mei X R,et al.Effects of no-tillage management on soil biochemical characteristics in Northern China[J].Journal of Agricultural Science,2010,148:217–223.
[8]Joseph S D,Campsarbestain M,Lin Y,et al.An investigation into the reactions of biochar in soil[J].Australian Journal of Soil Research,2010,48(7):501–515.
[9]Anyika C,Abdul M Z,Ibrahim Z,et al.The impact of biochars on sorption and biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils-a review[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research International,2015,22(5):3314–3341.
[10]Kasozi G N,Zimmerman A R,Nkedikizza P,et al.Catechol and humic acid sorption onto a range of laboratory-produced black carbons(Biochars)[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2010,44(16):6189–6195.
[11]Belyaeva O N,Haynes R J.Comparison of the effects of conventional organic amendments and biochar on the chemical,physical and microbial properties of coal fly ash as a plant growth medium[J].Environment Earth Sciences,2012,66:1987–1997.
[12]Liang B,Lehmann J,Sohi S P,et al.Black carbon affects the cycling of non-black carbon in soil[J].Organic Geochemistry,2010,41(2):206–213.
[13]Knicker H.How does fire affect the nature and stability of soil organic nitrogen and carbon?A review[J].Biogeochemistry,2007,85(1):91–118.
[14]韩光明.生物炭对不同类型土壤理化性质和微生物多样性的影响[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学博士学位论文,2013.Han G M.Effect of biochar on soil physicochemical property and microbial diversity in different soil type[D].Shenyang:Ph D Dissertation of Shenyang Agricultural University,2013.
[15]Makoto K,Tamai Y,Kim Y S,et al.Buried charcoal layer and ectomycorrhizae cooperatively promote the growth of Larix gmelinii seedlings[J].Plant and Soil,2010,327(1/2):143–152.
[16]Solaiman Z M,Blackwell P,Abbott L K,et al.Direct and residual effect of biochar application on mycorrhizal root colonization,growth and nutrition of wheat[J].Soil Research,2010,48(7):546–554.
[17]Dempster D N,Gleeson D B,Solaiman Z M,et al.Decreased soil microbial biomass and nitrogen mineralisation with Eucalyptus biochar addition to a coarse textured soil[J].Plant and Soil,2012,354:311–324.
[18]Luo Y,Durenkamp M,Nobili M D,et al.Microbial biomass growth,following incorporation of biochars produced at 350℃or 700℃,in a silty-clay loam soil of high and low p H[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2013,57:513–523.
[19]宋大利,习向银,黄绍敏.秸秆生物炭配施氮肥对潮土土壤碳氮含量及作物产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(2):369–379.Song D L,Xi X Y,Huang S M,et al.Effects of combined application of straw biochar and nitrogen on soil carbon and nitrogen contents and crop yields in a fluvo-aquic soil[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2017,23(2):369–379.
[20]李明,李忠佩,刘明,等.不同秸秆生物炭对红壤性水稻土养分及微生物群落结构的影响[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(7):1361–1369.Li M,Li Z P,Liu M,et al.Effects of different straw biochar on nutrient and microbial community structure of a red paddy soil[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2015,48(7):1361–1369.
[21]Mankasingh U,Choi P C,Ragnarsdottir V.Biochar application in a tropical,agricultural region:A plot scale study in Tamil Nadu,India[J].Applied Geochemistry,2011,26:218–221.
[22]王群,李飞跃,曹心德,等.植物基与固废基生物炭的结构性质差异[J].环境科学与技术,2013,36(8):1–5.Wang Q,Li F Y,Cao X D,et al.Different between characteristics of biochars derived from plant and solid waste[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2013,36(8):1–5.
[23]吴金水,林启美,黄巧云,等.土壤微生物生物量测定方法及其应用[M].北京:气象出版社,2006.Wu J S,Lin Q M,Huang Q Y,et al.Soil microbial biomass-methods and application[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,2006.
[24]周礼恺.土壤酶学[M].北京:科学出版社,1987.Zhou L K.Soil enzymology[M].Beijing:Science Press,1987.
[25]Dick R P.Methods of soil enzymology[M].Madison:Soil Science Society of America,2011:163–168.
[26]关松荫.土壤酶及研究方法[M].北京:北京农业出版社,1986.Guan S Y.Soil enzyme and its research methods[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1986.
[27]程丽娟,薛泉宏.微生物学实验技术[M].西安:世界图书出版公司,2000.Cheng L J,Xue Q H.Laboratory manual of microbiology[M].Xi’an:World Publishing Corporation Press,2000.
[28]刘恩科,赵秉强,李秀英,等.长期施肥对土壤微生物量及土壤酶活性的影响[J].植物生态学报,2008,32(1):176–182.Liu E K,Zhao B Q,Li X Y,et al.Biological properties and enzymatic activity of arable soils affected by long-term different fertilization systems[J].Journal of Plant Ecology,2008,32(1):176–182.
[29]Xu N,Tan G C,Wang H Y,et al.Effect of biochar additions to soil on nitrogen leaching,microbial biomass and bacterial community structure[J].European Journal of Soil Biology,2016,74:1–8.
[30]Liang F,Li G T,Lin Q M,et al.Crop yield and soil properties in the first 3 years after biochar application to a calcareous soil[J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2014,13:525–532.
[31]Kolb S E,Fermanich,K J,Dornbush M E.Effect of charcoal quantity on microbial biomass and activity in temperate soils[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2009,73:1173–1181.
[32]Malcolm F.Black carbon sequestration as an alternative to bioenergy[J].Biomass Bioenergy,2007,31:426–432.
[33]Knicker H.How does fire affect the nature and stability of soil organic nitrogen and carbon?A review[J].Biogeochemistry,2007,85:91–118.
[34]袁晶晶,同延安,卢绍辉,等.生物炭与氮肥配施对土壤肥力及红枣产量、品质的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(2):468–475.Yuan J J,Tong Y A,Lu S H,et al.Effects of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer application on soil fertility and jujube yield and quality[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2017,23(2):468–475.
[35]袁晶晶,同延安,卢绍辉,等.生物炭与氮肥配施对枣园土壤培肥效应的综合评价[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(1):134–140.Yuan J J,Tong Y A,Lu S H,et al.Comprehensive evaluation on soil fertility quality of jujube orchard under combined application of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2018,34(1):134–140.
[36]陈心想,耿增超,王森.施用生物炭后土土壤微生物及酶活性变化特征[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(4):751–758.Chen X X,Geng Z C,Wang S,et al.Effects of biochar amendment on microbial biomass and enzyme activities in loess soil[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2014,33(4):751–758.
[37]Chan K Y,Zwieten L V,Meszaros I,et al.Agronomic values of green waste biochar as a soil amendment[J].Soil Research,2007,45(8):629–634.
[38]Nannipieri P,Giagnoni L,Renella G,et al.Soil enzymology:classical and molecular approaches[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,2012,48:743–762.
[39]Yanai Y,Toyota K,Okazaki M.Effects of charcoal addition on N2O emissions from soil resulting from rewetting air-dried soil in shortterm laboratory experiments[J].Soil Science&Plant Nutrition,2007,53(2):181–188.
[40]Yu O Y,Raichle B,Sink S.Impact of biochar on the water holding capacity of loamy sand soil[J].International Journal of Energy&Environmental Engineering,2013,4(1):1–9.
[41]杨招弟,蔡立群,张仁陟,等.不同耕作方式对旱地土壤酶活性的影响[J].土壤通报,2008,39(3):514–517.Yang Z D,Cai L Q,Zhang R Z,et al.Soil enzymatic activities under different tillages practices in dryland[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2008,39(3):514–517.
[42]Sardans J,Pe?uelas J,Estiarte M.Changes in soil enzymes related to C and N cycle and in soil C and N content under prolonged warming and drought in a Mediterranean shrub land[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2008,39:223–235.
[43]Govaerts B,Mezzalama M,Unno Y,et al.Influence of tillage,residue management,and crop rotation on soil microbial biomass and catabolic diversity[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2007,37:18–30.
[44]陈蓓,张仁陟.免耕和覆盖对土壤微生物数量及组成的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2004,39(6):634–638.Chen B,Zhang R Z.Effects of no-tillage and mulch on soil microbial quantity and composition[J].Journal of Gansu Agricultural University,2004,39(6):634–638.
[45]沙涛,程立忠,王国华,等.秸杆还田对植烟土壤中微生物结构和数量的影响[J].中国烟草科学,2000,(3):40–42.Sha T,Cheng L Z,Wang G H,et al.Effects of applying crop straw on the microbial composition and quantity in tobacco cultivated soil[J].Chinese Tobacco Science,2000,(3):40–42.
[46]贾志红,杨珍平,张永清,等.麦田土壤微生物三大类群数量的研究[J].麦类作物学报,2004,24(3):54–56.Jia Z H,Yang Z P,Zhang Y Q,et al.Study on the quantity of three main colony of soil microbe in wheat farmland[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2004,24(3):54–56.
[47]Petersen S O,Frohne P S,Kennedya C.Dynamics of a microbial community under spring wheat[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2002,66:826–833.
[48]袁晶晶,同延安,卢绍辉,等.生物炭与氮肥配施改善团聚体结构提高红枣产量[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(3):159–165.Yuan J J,Tong Y A,Lu S H,et al.Biochar and nitrogen amendments improving soil aggregate structure and jujube yields[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2018,34(3):159 –165.