三峡水库干流沉积物及消落带土壤磷形态及其分布特征
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摘要
三峡水库完全运行后,水文节律发生了变化(水位在145~175 m波动),沉积物和消落带土壤磷的空间分布也有可能发生变化.2016年6月采集了11个样点的沉积物及消落带样品,利用沉积物中磷形态的标准测试程序(SMT),对比研究了三峡水库干流表层沉积物及消落带土壤磷形态,分析了磷形态特征及其在横向(沉积物和消落带土壤)和纵向(回水区末端至三峡大坝)的空间分布特征.结果表明,三峡水库回水区末端至三峡坝前,干流沉积物样品总磷(TP)、Na OH-P含量呈增加趋势,HCl-P呈下降趋势,而消落带土壤磷的各形态含量纵向变化规律不明显.沉积物TP、有机磷(OP)、HCl-P和NaOHP均值依次为(859.6±106.8)、(224.6±113.9)、(435.3±77.7)和(101.5±31.6)mg·kg~(-1),均高于消落带土壤含量均值.HCl-P为沉积物和消落带土壤磷的主要形态,占TP的质量分数分别为51.3%和58.2%,Na OH-P占TP的质量分数分别为11.7%和8.1%.与沉积物相比,消落带土壤各形态磷含量变异系数高,具有较高的空间异质性.
Hydrological regimes changed after the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR) became fully operational,with the water level fluctuating between 145 m and 175 m. This has altered phosphorus(P) distribution within sediments and soils of the water-levelfluctuating zone(WLFZ). Eleven field investigations within the main stream were carried out in June 2016. The aim of the study was to determine lateral(sediment and WLFZ soil) and longitudinal variations(from the end of the backwater area to the Three Gorges Dam) of phosphorus species. P fractions were analyzed using a Standards,Measurements,and Testing(SMT) protocol. Results showed that both TP and Na OH-P content in sediment exhibited a clear increasing trend from the end of the backwater area to the Three Gorges Dam,while HCl-P declined. Average of totals P,OP(organic P),HCl-extracted P(HCl-P,calcium-bond P),and Na OHextracted P(Na OH-P,metal oxide-bound P) in sediment were(859. 6 ± 106. 8),(224. 6 ± 113. 9),(435. 3 ± 77. 7),and(101. 5± 31. 6) mg·kg~(-1),respectively. The concentration average of P species in sediment was higher than in WLFZ soil. In both sediment and soil,HCl-P was the main form of P,accounting for 51. 3% and 58. 2% of TP,while the ratio of NaOH-P to TP was 11. 7% and8. 1%,respectively. P fractions with a higher coefficient of variation had greater spatial heterogeneity.
Hydrological regimes changed after the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR) became fully operational,with the water level fluctuating between 145 m and 175 m. This has altered phosphorus(P) distribution within sediments and soils of the water-levelfluctuating zone(WLFZ). Eleven field investigations within the main stream were carried out in June 2016. The aim of the study was to determine lateral(sediment and WLFZ soil) and longitudinal variations(from the end of the backwater area to the Three Gorges Dam) of phosphorus species. P fractions were analyzed using a Standards,Measurements,and Testing(SMT) protocol. Results showed that both TP and Na OH-P content in sediment exhibited a clear increasing trend from the end of the backwater area to the Three Gorges Dam,while HCl-P declined. Average of totals P,OP(organic P),HCl-extracted P(HCl-P,calcium-bond P),and Na OHextracted P(Na OH-P,metal oxide-bound P) in sediment were(859. 6 ± 106. 8),(224. 6 ± 113. 9),(435. 3 ± 77. 7),and(101. 5± 31. 6) mg·kg~(-1),respectively. The concentration average of P species in sediment was higher than in WLFZ soil. In both sediment and soil,HCl-P was the main form of P,accounting for 51. 3% and 58. 2% of TP,while the ratio of NaOH-P to TP was 11. 7% and8. 1%,respectively. P fractions with a higher coefficient of variation had greater spatial heterogeneity.
引文
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[2]张路,范成新,王建军,等.长江中下游湖泊沉积物氮磷形态与释放风险关系[J].湖泊科学,2008,20(3):263-270.Zhang L,Fan C X,Wang J J,et al.Nitrogen and phosphorus forms and release risks of lake sediments from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2008,20(3):263-270.
[3]向速林,陶术平,吴代赦.鄱阳湖沉积物和水界面磷的交换通量[J].湖泊科学,2017,29(2):326-333.Xiang S L,Tao S P,Wu D S.Exchange fluxes of phosphorus at the sediment-water interface in Lake Poyang[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2017,29(2):326-333.
[4]Hongthanat N,Kovar J L,Thompson M L,et al.Phosphorus source-sink relationships of stream sediments in the Rathbun Lake watershed in southern Iowa,USA[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2016,188(8):453.
[5]Zhang B,Fang F,Guo J S,et al.Phosphorus fractions and phosphate sorption-release characteristics relevant to the soil composition of water-level-fluctuating zone of Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Ecological Engineering,2012,40:153-159.
[6]朱强,张志永,胡红青,等.淹没-出露条件下三峡水库小江消落带土壤性质变化研究[J].土壤,2014,46(5):927-932.Zhu Q,Zhang Z Y,Hu H Q,et al.Soil property changes under drain-flooding condition in Xiaojiang water-level-fluctuating belt of the Three-Gorge-Reservoir region[J].Soils,2014,46(5):927-932.
[7]Wu Y H,Wang X X,Zhou J,et al.The fate of phosphorus in sediments after the full operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir,China[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,214:282-289.
[8]潘婷婷,赵雪,袁轶君,等.三峡水库沉积物不同赋存形态磷的时空分布[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(8):2968-2973.Pan T T,Zhao X,Yuan Y J,et al.Spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of different phosphorus forms in sediments from the Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(8):2968-2973.
[9]Zhang W Q,Jin X,Zhu X L,et al.Phosphorus characteristics,distribution,and relationship with environmental factors in surface sediments of river systems in Eastern China[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2016,23(19):19440-19449.
[10]孙文彬,杜斌,赵秀兰,等.三峡库区澎溪河底泥及消落区土壤磷的形态及吸附特性研究[J].环境科学,2013,34(3):1107-1113.Sun W B,Du B,Zhao X L,et al.Fractions and adsorption characteristics of phosphorus on sediments and soils in water level fluctuating zone of the Pengxi River,a tributary of the Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(3):1107-1113.
[11]牛凤霞,肖尚斌,王雨春,等.三峡库区沉积物秋末冬初的磷释放通量估算[J].环境科学,2013,34(4):1308-1314.Niu F X,Xiao S B,Wang Y C,et al.Estimation of releasing fluxes of sediment phosphorous in the Three Gorges Reservoir during late autumn and early winter[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(4):1308-1314.
[12]中国工程院三峡工程试验性蓄水阶段评估项目组.三峡工程试验性蓄水阶段评估报告[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2014.180-187.
[13]张文强,李洁,金鑫,等.基于31P-NMR与SMT方法的海河流域典型河流沉积物中磷形态特征研究[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(6):1891-1900.Zhang W Q,Li J,Jin X,et al.Detection of phosphorus components in the sediments of typical river in the Haihe Basin by SMT and31P-NMR[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(6):1891-1900.
[14]Shan B Q,Li J,Zhang W Q,et al.Characteristics of phosphorus components in the sediments of main rivers into the Bohai sea[J].Ecological Engineering,2016,97:426-433.
[15]Trojanowska A,Jezierski P.Phosphorus in sediments and pore waters of selected Polish dam reservoirs[J].Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies,2011,40(2):72-85.
[16]Liu Q,Liu S L,Zhao H D,et al.The phosphorus speciations in the sediments up-and down-stream of cascade dams along the middle Lancang River[J].Chemosphere,2015,120:653-659.
[17]K7iv T,N7ges T,Laas A.Phosphorus retention as a function of external loading,hydraulic turnover time,area and relative depth in 54 lakes and reservoirs[J].Hydrobiologia,2010,660(1):105-115.
[18]Cunha D G F,Do Carmo Calijuri M,Dodds W K.Trends in nutrient and sediment retention in Great Plains reservoirs(USA)[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2014,186(2):1143-1155.
[19]卓海华,邱光胜,翟婉盈,等.三峡库区表层沉积物营养盐时空变化及评价[J].环境科学,2017,38(12):5020-5031.Zhuo H H,Qiu G S,Zhai W Y,et al.Evaluation of temporal and spatial variation characteristics of nutrients in surface sediment in the Three Gorges Reservoir area[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(12):5020-5031.
[20]金相灿,庞燕,王圣瑞,等.长江中下游浅水湖沉积物磷形态及其分布特征研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(1):279-285.Jin X C,Pang Y,Wang S R,et al.Phosphorus forms and its distribution character in sediment of shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River[J].Journal of AgroEnvironment Science,2008,27(1):279-285.
[21]袁和忠,沈吉,刘恩峰,等.太湖水体及表层沉积物磷空间分布特征及差异性分析[J].环境科学,2010,31(4):954-960.Yuan H Z,Shen J,Liu E F,et al.Space distribution characteristics and diversity analysis of phosphorus from overlying water and surface sediments in Taihu lake[J].Environmental Science,2010,31(4):954-960.
[22]王悦敏,倪兆奎,冯明雷,等.鄱阳湖枯水期沉积物磷释放特征及对水位变化响应[J].环境科学学报,2017,37(10):3804-3812.Wang Y M,Ni Z K,Feng M L,et al.Characteristics of phosphorus release in sediment and its response to the change of water level in Poyang Lake in dry season[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2017,37(10):3804-3812.
[23]叶琛,程晓莉,张全发.三峡库区消落区蓄水前土壤养分分布特征[J].土壤通报,2011,42(6):1404-1410.Ye C,Cheng X L,Zhang Q F.Characteristics of soil nutrient distribution in the water-level-fluctuation zone in the Three Gorges Reservoir,China[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2011,42(6):1404-1410.
[24]张彬,方芳,陈猷鹏,等.三峡水库消落区土壤理化特征及磷赋存形态研究[J].环境科学学报,2012,32(3):713-720.Zhang B,Fang F,Chen Y P,et al.Phosphorus speciation and physical-chemical characteristics in the soils of water-levelfluctuating zone in the central distirict of Three Gorges Reservoir area[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2012,32(3):713-720.
[25]刘娜,李璐璐,魏世强.三峡库区消落带沉积物与土壤磷形态及分配特征研究[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(4):261-267,287.Liu N,Li L L,Wei S Q.Phosphorus forms and distribution characteristics in sediments and soils of water-level-fluctuating zones of Three Gorges Reservoir area[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,30(4):261-267,287.
[26]郭劲松,贺阳,付川,等.三峡库区腹心地带消落区土壤氮磷含量调查[J].长江流域资源与环境,2010,19(3):311-317.Guo J S,He Y,Fu C,et al.Investigation of soil nitrogen and phosphorus in water fluctuation zone in central district of Three Gorges Reservoir area[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2010,19(3):311-317.
[27]徐德星,秦延文,张雷,等.三峡入库河流大宁河回水区沉积物和消落带土壤磷形态及其分布特征研究[J].环境科学,2009,30(5):1337-1344.Xu D X,Qing Y W,Zhang L,et al.Phosphorus forms and its distribution characteristics in sediments and soils of water-levelfluctuating zone of the backwater reach from input river of Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Environmental Science,2009,30(5):1337-1344.
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