三峡库区典型城郊防护林土壤饱和导水率特征研究
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摘要
【目的】分析三峡库区土壤剖面饱和导水率的变化特征,了解土壤水分在不同土壤深度的运动规律,为改善防护林造林模式提供科学参考。【方法】选取位于三峡库区尾端的针叶纯林、针叶混交林、阔叶混交林、针阔混交林等典型人工林及荒地,采用恒定水头法测定土壤饱和导水率(Ks),探讨库区典型人工林土壤饱和导水率的特征及其与影响因子之间的关系。【结果】土壤饱和导水率随土层加深呈现出负指数形式的递减规律,各林分土壤饱和导水率由高到低为:针阔混交林>阔叶混交林>针叶混交林>针叶纯林>荒地。土壤有机质含量与土壤饱和导水率呈二次曲线关系,随着土壤有机质含量的增加,平均饱和导水率逐渐增加,但增加速率逐渐降低,当土壤有机质含量达到最大值(18. 596 g/kg)以后其增加速率趋于平缓。土壤密度和孔隙度是影响土壤饱和导水率的最主要因素,机械组成为次要因素,其他物理因子的相关性较小。【结论】各土壤理化因子对土壤饱和导水率的影响作用不同,土壤饱和导水率越大,对延缓地表径流的作用越强。在防护林建设过程中适合营造针阔复合型防护林,有利于保持水土、防风固沙、改善环境和维持生态平衡。
【Objective】The change of characteristics in the soil profile saturated hydraulic conductivity was analyzed and the law of movement of soil moisture at different soil depths was understood,which provided a scientific reference for improving the afforestation model of shelter forest.【Method】In this paper,four artificial forests,including coniferous pure forest,mixed coniferous forest,mixed broadleaf forest,mixed coniferous-broadleaf forest and wasteland,were chosen to discuss the characteristics of soil saturated hydraulic conductivity in these four kinds of artifical forests and the relationship of its impact factors with the method of determining soil saturated hydraulic conductivity at the fixed water level.【Result】Soil saturated hydraulic conductivity exhibited a negative exponent as the depth of soil increased and soil saturated hydraulic conductivities of various forests ranked in descending order were as follows: mixed coniferous-broadleaf forest > mixed broadleaf forest > mixed coniferous forest > coniferous pure forest > wasteland. Soil organic matter content and soil saturated hydraulic conductivity are in a quadratic curve. The higher the species richness,the greater the saturation of the soil. As the content of organic matter increased,the average soil saturated hydraulic conductivity increased,but the rapid increase began to slow gradually. When the content of organic matters reached the maximum( 18. 596 g/kg),the rapid increase became increasingly gentle. Unit weight of soil and porosity are the main impact factors of soil saturated hydraulic conductivity. Mechanical composition is the secondary factor. Other physical factors have no large impact.【Conclusion】Different soil physical and chemical factors have different effects on soil saturated hydraulic conductivity. The higher the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity,the stronger the effect on delay of surface runoff. Therefore,in the construction of the protection forest,it is suitable to build a compound protective forest,which can help to maintain soil and water,wind proof and sand fixing,and improve environment and maintain ecological balance.
【Objective】The change of characteristics in the soil profile saturated hydraulic conductivity was analyzed and the law of movement of soil moisture at different soil depths was understood,which provided a scientific reference for improving the afforestation model of shelter forest.【Method】In this paper,four artificial forests,including coniferous pure forest,mixed coniferous forest,mixed broadleaf forest,mixed coniferous-broadleaf forest and wasteland,were chosen to discuss the characteristics of soil saturated hydraulic conductivity in these four kinds of artifical forests and the relationship of its impact factors with the method of determining soil saturated hydraulic conductivity at the fixed water level.【Result】Soil saturated hydraulic conductivity exhibited a negative exponent as the depth of soil increased and soil saturated hydraulic conductivities of various forests ranked in descending order were as follows: mixed coniferous-broadleaf forest > mixed broadleaf forest > mixed coniferous forest > coniferous pure forest > wasteland. Soil organic matter content and soil saturated hydraulic conductivity are in a quadratic curve. The higher the species richness,the greater the saturation of the soil. As the content of organic matter increased,the average soil saturated hydraulic conductivity increased,but the rapid increase began to slow gradually. When the content of organic matters reached the maximum( 18. 596 g/kg),the rapid increase became increasingly gentle. Unit weight of soil and porosity are the main impact factors of soil saturated hydraulic conductivity. Mechanical composition is the secondary factor. Other physical factors have no large impact.【Conclusion】Different soil physical and chemical factors have different effects on soil saturated hydraulic conductivity. The higher the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity,the stronger the effect on delay of surface runoff. Therefore,in the construction of the protection forest,it is suitable to build a compound protective forest,which can help to maintain soil and water,wind proof and sand fixing,and improve environment and maintain ecological balance.
引文
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[5]李保国,胡克林,陈德立,等.农田土壤表层饱和导水率的条件模拟[J].水利学报,2002(2):36-40,46. DOI:10. 3321/j. issn:0559-9350. 2002. 02. 006.LI B G,HU K L,CHEN D L,et al. Conditional simulation of soil surface saturated hydraulic conductivity at field scale[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2002(2):36-40,46.
[6]牛海山,李香真,陈佐忠,等.放牧率对土壤饱和导水率及其空间变异的影响[J].草地学报,1999,7(3):211-216. DOI:10. 11733/j. issn. 1007-0435. 1999. 03. 006.NIU H S,LI X Z,CHEN Z Z,et al. Effects of stocking rate on soil saturated hydraulic conductivity and its spatial variation[J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica,1999,7(3):211-216.
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[8]GREEN R E,CORY J C. Calculation of hydraulic conductivity:a further evaluation of some predictive methods[J]. Soil Sci Soc Am J,1971,35(1):3-8.
[9]MUALEM Y. A new model for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated porous media[J]. Water Resour Res,1976,12(3):513-522.
[10]VON GENUCHTEN MTH. A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of usaturated soils[J]. Soil Sci Soc Am J,1980,44(5):892-898.
[11]胡伟,邵明安,王全九,等.取样尺寸对土壤饱和导水率测定结果的影响[J].土壤学报,2005,42(6):1040-1043. DOI:10. 3321/j. issn:0564-3929. 2005. 06. 025.HU W,SHAO M A,WANG Q J,et al. Effects of sampling size on measurements of soil saturated hydraulic conductivity[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2005,42(6):1040-1043.
[12]阮芯竹,张洪江,程金花,等.重庆市四面山不同土地利用类型饱和导水率[J].水土保持通报,2015,35(1):79-84.RUAN X Z,ZHANG H J,CHENG J H,et al. Saturated hydraulic conductivity of different land use types in Simian Mountain of Chongqing City[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,35(1):79-84.
[13]张川,陈洪松.喀斯特坡面表层土壤含水量、密度和饱和导水率的空间变异特征[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(6):1585-1591.ZHANG C,CHEN H S. Spatial variation characteristics of surface soil water content,bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity on Karst slopes[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(6):1585-1591.
[14]胡克林,李保国,陈研,等.表层土壤饱和导水率的空间变异对农田水分渗漏的影响[J].水利学报,2006,37(10):1217-1223. DOI:10. 3321/j. issn:0559-9350. 2006. 10. 011.HU K L,LI B G,CHEN Y,et al. Effect of spatial variability of surface soil saturated hydraulic conductivity on water drainage at field scale[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2006,37(10):1217-1223.
[15]吕殿青,邵明安,刘春平.密度对土壤饱和水分运动参数的影响[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(3):154-157. DOI:10.3321/j. issn:1009-2242. 2006. 03. 037.LYU D Q,SHAO M A,LIU C P. Effect of bulk density on soil saturated water movement parameters[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,20(3):154-157.
[16]张希彪,上官周平.人为干扰对黄土高原子午岭油松人工林土壤物理性质的影响[J].生态学报,2006,26(11):3685-3695. doi:10. 3321/j. issn:1000-0933. 2006. 11. 022.ZHANG X B,SHANGGUAN Z P. Effect of human-induced disturbance on physical properties of soil in artificial Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. forests of the Loess Plateau[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(11):3685-3695.
[17]汤旭,冯彦,王慧,等.湖南省县域森林生态安全评价与时空分析[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2018,42(4):61-67. DOI:10. 3969/j. issn. 1000-2006. 201705039.TANG X,FENG Y,WANG H,et al. Countyforest ecological security evaluation and spatial-temporal analysis in Hunan Province[J]. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University(Natural Sciences Edition),2018,42(4):61-67.
[18]龚子同,张甘霖,陈志诚,等.土壤发生与系统分类[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.GONG Z T,ZHANG G L,CHEN Z C,et al. Pedogenesis and soil taxonomy[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2007.
[19]王伟,张洪江,李猛,等.重庆市四面山林地土壤水分入渗特性研究与评价[J].水土保持学报,2008,22(4):95-99.DOI:10. 3321/j. issn:1009-2242. 2008. 04. 021.WANG W,ZHANG H J,LI M,et al. Research and evaluation on infiltration characteristic of forest soil in Simian Mountain of Chongqing[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,22(4):95-99.
[20]中国科学院南京土壤所.土壤理化分析[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1978.Institute of Soil Science,Chinese Academy of Sciences. Soil physicochemical analysis[M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Science and Technology Press,1978.
[21]邵明安,王全九,黄明斌,等.土壤物理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006.SHAO M A,WANG Q J,HUANG M B,et al. Soil physics[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2006.
[22]迟春明,王志春.沙粒对碱土饱和导水率和盐分淋洗的影响[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(1):99-102,106. DOI:10.3321/j. issn:1009-2242. 2009. 01. 021.CHI C M,WANG Z C. Effect of sand on saturated hydraulic conductivity and salts leaching of sodic soil[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,23(1):99-102,106.
[23]石辉,王峰,李秧秧.黄土丘陵区人工油松林地土壤大孔隙定量研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2007,15(1):28-32.SHI H,WANG F,LI Y Y. Quantitative studies on soil macropores under artificial Chinese pine(Pinus tabuleaformis Carr.)forest in loess hilly[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2007,15(1):28-32.
[24]龚振平,王雪松,宋秋来,等.不同有机质含量土壤CO2排放季节变化规律及差异研究[J].东北农业大学学报,2016,47(3):31-37. DOI:10. 3969/j. issn. 1005-9369. 2016. 03. 005.GONG Z P,WANG X S,SONG Q L,et al. Study on seasonal variation of soil carbon dioxide emissions under different contents of soil organic matter[J]. Journal of Northeast Agricultural University,2016,47(3):31-37.
[25]王海燕,张洪江,杨平,等.不同水土保持林地土壤有机碳研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2010,19(5):535-539.WANG H Y,ZHANG H J,YANG P,et al. Study on soil organic carbon in different soil conservation[J]. Resources and Environment in The Yangtze Basin,2010,19(5):535-539.
[26]王贤,张洪江,程金花,等.重庆市四面山典型林分土壤饱和导水率研究[J].水土保持通报,2012,32(2):29-34.WANG X,ZHANG H J,CHENG J H,et al. Saturated hydraulic conductivity in soils under typical forests in Simian Mountains in Chongqing City[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,32(2):29-34.
[2] WOOLHISER D A,SMITH R E,GIRALDEZ J V. Effects of spatial variability of saturated hydraulic conductivity on hortonian overland flow[J]. Water Resource Research,1995,32(3):671-678.
[3]梁向锋,赵世伟,张扬,等.子午岭植被恢复对土壤饱和导水率的影响[J].生态学报,2009,29(2):636-642. DOI:10.3321/j. issn:1000-0933. 2009. 02. 011.LIANG X F,ZHAO S W,ZHANG Y,et al. Effects of vegetation rehabilitation on soil saturated hydraulic conductivity in Ziwuling forest area[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(2):636-642.
[4]郑纪勇,邵明安,张兴昌.黄土区坡面表层土壤密度和饱和导水率空间变异特征[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(3):53-56. DOI:10. 3321/j. issn:1009-2242. 2004. 03. 014.ZHENG J Y,SHAO M A,ZHANG X C. Spatial variation of surface soil's bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity on slope in Loess Region[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2004,18(3):53-56.
[5]李保国,胡克林,陈德立,等.农田土壤表层饱和导水率的条件模拟[J].水利学报,2002(2):36-40,46. DOI:10. 3321/j. issn:0559-9350. 2002. 02. 006.LI B G,HU K L,CHEN D L,et al. Conditional simulation of soil surface saturated hydraulic conductivity at field scale[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2002(2):36-40,46.
[6]牛海山,李香真,陈佐忠,等.放牧率对土壤饱和导水率及其空间变异的影响[J].草地学报,1999,7(3):211-216. DOI:10. 11733/j. issn. 1007-0435. 1999. 03. 006.NIU H S,LI X Z,CHEN Z Z,et al. Effects of stocking rate on soil saturated hydraulic conductivity and its spatial variation[J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica,1999,7(3):211-216.
[7]BROOKS R H,COREY A T. Properties of porous media affecting fluid flow[J]. J Irring Drain Div Am Soc Civil Lang,1996,92(2):61-88.
[8]GREEN R E,CORY J C. Calculation of hydraulic conductivity:a further evaluation of some predictive methods[J]. Soil Sci Soc Am J,1971,35(1):3-8.
[9]MUALEM Y. A new model for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated porous media[J]. Water Resour Res,1976,12(3):513-522.
[10]VON GENUCHTEN MTH. A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of usaturated soils[J]. Soil Sci Soc Am J,1980,44(5):892-898.
[11]胡伟,邵明安,王全九,等.取样尺寸对土壤饱和导水率测定结果的影响[J].土壤学报,2005,42(6):1040-1043. DOI:10. 3321/j. issn:0564-3929. 2005. 06. 025.HU W,SHAO M A,WANG Q J,et al. Effects of sampling size on measurements of soil saturated hydraulic conductivity[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2005,42(6):1040-1043.
[12]阮芯竹,张洪江,程金花,等.重庆市四面山不同土地利用类型饱和导水率[J].水土保持通报,2015,35(1):79-84.RUAN X Z,ZHANG H J,CHENG J H,et al. Saturated hydraulic conductivity of different land use types in Simian Mountain of Chongqing City[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,35(1):79-84.
[13]张川,陈洪松.喀斯特坡面表层土壤含水量、密度和饱和导水率的空间变异特征[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(6):1585-1591.ZHANG C,CHEN H S. Spatial variation characteristics of surface soil water content,bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity on Karst slopes[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(6):1585-1591.
[14]胡克林,李保国,陈研,等.表层土壤饱和导水率的空间变异对农田水分渗漏的影响[J].水利学报,2006,37(10):1217-1223. DOI:10. 3321/j. issn:0559-9350. 2006. 10. 011.HU K L,LI B G,CHEN Y,et al. Effect of spatial variability of surface soil saturated hydraulic conductivity on water drainage at field scale[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2006,37(10):1217-1223.
[15]吕殿青,邵明安,刘春平.密度对土壤饱和水分运动参数的影响[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(3):154-157. DOI:10.3321/j. issn:1009-2242. 2006. 03. 037.LYU D Q,SHAO M A,LIU C P. Effect of bulk density on soil saturated water movement parameters[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,20(3):154-157.
[16]张希彪,上官周平.人为干扰对黄土高原子午岭油松人工林土壤物理性质的影响[J].生态学报,2006,26(11):3685-3695. doi:10. 3321/j. issn:1000-0933. 2006. 11. 022.ZHANG X B,SHANGGUAN Z P. Effect of human-induced disturbance on physical properties of soil in artificial Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. forests of the Loess Plateau[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(11):3685-3695.
[17]汤旭,冯彦,王慧,等.湖南省县域森林生态安全评价与时空分析[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2018,42(4):61-67. DOI:10. 3969/j. issn. 1000-2006. 201705039.TANG X,FENG Y,WANG H,et al. Countyforest ecological security evaluation and spatial-temporal analysis in Hunan Province[J]. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University(Natural Sciences Edition),2018,42(4):61-67.
[18]龚子同,张甘霖,陈志诚,等.土壤发生与系统分类[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.GONG Z T,ZHANG G L,CHEN Z C,et al. Pedogenesis and soil taxonomy[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2007.
[19]王伟,张洪江,李猛,等.重庆市四面山林地土壤水分入渗特性研究与评价[J].水土保持学报,2008,22(4):95-99.DOI:10. 3321/j. issn:1009-2242. 2008. 04. 021.WANG W,ZHANG H J,LI M,et al. Research and evaluation on infiltration characteristic of forest soil in Simian Mountain of Chongqing[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,22(4):95-99.
[20]中国科学院南京土壤所.土壤理化分析[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1978.Institute of Soil Science,Chinese Academy of Sciences. Soil physicochemical analysis[M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Science and Technology Press,1978.
[21]邵明安,王全九,黄明斌,等.土壤物理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006.SHAO M A,WANG Q J,HUANG M B,et al. Soil physics[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2006.
[22]迟春明,王志春.沙粒对碱土饱和导水率和盐分淋洗的影响[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(1):99-102,106. DOI:10.3321/j. issn:1009-2242. 2009. 01. 021.CHI C M,WANG Z C. Effect of sand on saturated hydraulic conductivity and salts leaching of sodic soil[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,23(1):99-102,106.
[23]石辉,王峰,李秧秧.黄土丘陵区人工油松林地土壤大孔隙定量研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2007,15(1):28-32.SHI H,WANG F,LI Y Y. Quantitative studies on soil macropores under artificial Chinese pine(Pinus tabuleaformis Carr.)forest in loess hilly[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2007,15(1):28-32.
[24]龚振平,王雪松,宋秋来,等.不同有机质含量土壤CO2排放季节变化规律及差异研究[J].东北农业大学学报,2016,47(3):31-37. DOI:10. 3969/j. issn. 1005-9369. 2016. 03. 005.GONG Z P,WANG X S,SONG Q L,et al. Study on seasonal variation of soil carbon dioxide emissions under different contents of soil organic matter[J]. Journal of Northeast Agricultural University,2016,47(3):31-37.
[25]王海燕,张洪江,杨平,等.不同水土保持林地土壤有机碳研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2010,19(5):535-539.WANG H Y,ZHANG H J,YANG P,et al. Study on soil organic carbon in different soil conservation[J]. Resources and Environment in The Yangtze Basin,2010,19(5):535-539.
[26]王贤,张洪江,程金花,等.重庆市四面山典型林分土壤饱和导水率研究[J].水土保持通报,2012,32(2):29-34.WANG X,ZHANG H J,CHENG J H,et al. Saturated hydraulic conductivity in soils under typical forests in Simian Mountains in Chongqing City[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,32(2):29-34.