围封对荒漠草原区沙芦草群落土壤种子库及地上植被的影响
|
摘要
以宁夏盐池县四墩子荒漠草原沙芦草群落为研究对象,通过室内种子萌发法和地上植被调查法研究了围封对沙芦草群落土壤种子库和地上植被的影响。结果表明:1)围封对沙芦草群落土壤种子库密度具有显著影响,围栏外土壤种子库密度为(1052±273)粒·m-2,围栏内种子库密度为(1885±100)粒·m-2,围封使土壤种子库密度增加了79.0%。围封后,一年生植物种数减少了8.2%,种子库密度却增加了44.0%;2)围栏外地上物种数28种,围栏内为32种,围封使地上植被植物种数增加了14.0%。其中多年生植物增加,一年生植物减少;3)围封后,沙芦草群落土壤种子库和地上植被的Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Simpson优势度指数均有增大趋势,但差异不显著,而其生活型功能群的多样性发生了不同程度的改变;4)围栏内外土壤种子库与其地上植被的Sorensen相似性系数均为中等不相似,封育样地(0.33)略低于未封育样地(0.35)。种子库之间相似性高达0.71,两个样地地上植被之间的相似性为0.62,二者均为中等相似,说明外界干扰对地上植被的影响要大于对种子库的影响。研究结果可为荒漠草原区植被的恢复与治理提供一定的参考。
Impacts of fencing on the soil seed bank(SSB)and the aboveground vegetation characteristics of an Agropyron mongolicum community in Yanchi County,Ningxia,were studied by germination,and vegetation survey techniques,respectively.The results showed that:1)Herbivore exclosure significantly increased the SSB density.The total count of seeds in the SSB outside the enclosures was(1052±273)viable seeds·m-2,but was(1885±100)viable seeds·m-2 inside the enclosures.After herbivore exclosure,the number of annual species decreased by 8.2%,while seed density increased by 44.0%.2)At sampling,there were 28 plant species(8 annuals+20 perennial species)present inside the enclosure and 32 species(7 annuals+25 perennial species)present outside the enclosure.3)After enclosure,values for the Margalef richness index,Shannon-Wiener index,Pielou evenness index and Simpson dominance index of the SSB and the aboveground vegetation showed increasing trends,but the difference was not significant.However,the diversity of life form functional groups changed to some degree.4)The similarity between seed banks of fenced and unfenced areas was 0.71,whereas the similarity between fenced and unfenced aboveground vegetation characteristics was 0.62,indicating that the impact of external disturbance on vegetation was greater than the impact on the seed bank.This study provides reference information useful for the restoration and management of vegetation in desert steppe areas.
Impacts of fencing on the soil seed bank(SSB)and the aboveground vegetation characteristics of an Agropyron mongolicum community in Yanchi County,Ningxia,were studied by germination,and vegetation survey techniques,respectively.The results showed that:1)Herbivore exclosure significantly increased the SSB density.The total count of seeds in the SSB outside the enclosures was(1052±273)viable seeds·m-2,but was(1885±100)viable seeds·m-2 inside the enclosures.After herbivore exclosure,the number of annual species decreased by 8.2%,while seed density increased by 44.0%.2)At sampling,there were 28 plant species(8 annuals+20 perennial species)present inside the enclosure and 32 species(7 annuals+25 perennial species)present outside the enclosure.3)After enclosure,values for the Margalef richness index,Shannon-Wiener index,Pielou evenness index and Simpson dominance index of the SSB and the aboveground vegetation showed increasing trends,but the difference was not significant.However,the diversity of life form functional groups changed to some degree.4)The similarity between seed banks of fenced and unfenced areas was 0.71,whereas the similarity between fenced and unfenced aboveground vegetation characteristics was 0.62,indicating that the impact of external disturbance on vegetation was greater than the impact on the seed bank.This study provides reference information useful for the restoration and management of vegetation in desert steppe areas.
引文
[1]Zhao Y Z.Raising Goat by Planting Grass Technique.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2003.赵有璋.种草养羊技术.北京:中国农业出版社,2003.
[2]Yun J F,Mi F G.Species and distribution of Agropyron.Chinese Journal of Grassland,1989,(3):14-17.云锦凤,米福贵.冰草属牧草的种类与分布.中国草地学报,1989,(3):14-17.
[3]An Y,Wang Y Q,Chen M,et al.Study on the technology and ecological benefit of the sandy grassland.Acta Agrestia Sinica,1997,5(1):33-41.安渊,王育青,陈敏,等.沙地草场补播技术及其生态效益研究.草地学报,1997,5(1):33-41.
[4]Liu W Q,Wang G X.Experimental study on mixed artificial grassland desertification grassland under dry conditions.Chinese Journal of Grassland,2003,25(2):69-71.刘文清,王国贤.沙化草地旱作条件下混播人工草地的试验研究.中国草地学报,2003,25(2):69-71.
[5]Yang Y,Liu A J,Li L H,et al.Effects of fencing on vegetation community characteristics and soil properties of a typical steppe in Inner Mongolia.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2016,25(5):21-29.杨勇,刘爱军,李兰花,等.围封对内蒙古典型草原群落特征及土壤性状的影响.草业学报,2016,25(5):21-29.
[6]Yan Y C,Tang H P,Xin X P,et al.Advances in research on the effects of exclosure on grasslands.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(9):5039-5046.闫玉春,唐海萍,辛晓平,等.围封对草地的影响研究进展.生态学报,2009,29(9):5039-5046.
[7]Wu J B,Bao X Y,Li J,et al.Influence of fencing duration on community and population of Stipagrandis in a typical steppe.Acta Agrestia Sinica,2010,18(4):490-495.吴建波,包晓影,李洁,等.不同围封年限对典型草原群落及大针茅种群特征的影响.草地学报,2010,18(4):490-495.
[8]Sternberg M,Gutman M,Perevolotsky A,et al.Vegetation response to grazing management in a Mediterranean herbaceous community:a functional group approach.Journal of Applied Ecology,2000,37(2):224-237.
[9]Loeser M R,Sisk T D,Crews T E.Impact of grazing intensity during drought in an Arizona grassland.Conservation Biology,2007,21(1):87-97.
[10]Chao Z G,Wang S P,Xu G P,et al.Effect of fencing on community structure and distribution patterns of main populations in degraded Kobresia humilis meadow.Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2008,28(11):2320-2326.晁增国,汪诗平,徐广平,等.围封对退化矮嵩草草甸群落结构和主要种群空间分布格局的影响.西北植物学报,2008,28(11):2320-2326.
[11]Simpson R L.Ecology of Soi1Seed Bank.San Diego:Academic Press,1989:149-209.
[12]Wang X R,Cheng R M,Xiao W F,et al.Relationship between standing vegetation and soil seed bank in water-level-fluctuating zone of Three Gorges reservoir at the beginning after charging water.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(21):5821-5831.王晓荣,程瑞梅,肖文发,等.三峡库区消落带水淹初期地上植被与土壤种子库的关系.生态学报,2010,30(21):5821-5831.
[13]Moles T A.Drake R D.Potential contributions of the seed rain and seed bank to regeneration of native forest under plantation pine in New Zealand.New Zealand Journal of Botany,1999,37(1):83-93.
[14]Liu H,Jiang Q,Wang Z J,et al.A study on soil seed bank in desert steppe of different enclosing years in Ningxia.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,18(5):96-98.刘华,蒋齐,王占军,等.不同封育年限宁夏荒漠草原土壤种子库研究.水土保持研究,2011,18(5):96-98.
[15]Ma M J,Zhou X H,LüZ W,et al.A comparison of the soil seed bank in an enclosed vs a degraded alpine meadow in the eastern Tibetan Plateau.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(7):3658-3664.马妙君,周显辉,吕正文,等.青藏高原东缘封育和退化高寒草甸种子库差异.生态学报,2009,29(7):3658-3664.
[16]Zhao L Y,Li Z H,Zhao J H,et al.Comparison on the difference in soil seed sank between grazed and enclosed grassland in Horqin sandy land.Journal of Plant Ecology,2006,30(4):617-623.赵丽娅,李兆华,赵锦慧,等.科尔沁沙质草地放牧和围封条件下的土壤种子库.植物生态学报,2006,30(4):617-623.
[17]Schneider R L,Sharitz R R.Seed bank dynamics in a southeastern riverine swamp.American Journal of Botany,1986,73(7):1022-1030.
[18]Ge B J,Yang Y C,Li H Q.Spatial and temporal patterns of natural forest soil seed banks on Tiantong Mountain.Biodiversity Science,2010,18(5):489-496.葛斌杰,杨永川,李宏庆.天童山森林土壤种子库的时空格局.生物多样性,2010,18(5):489-496.
[19]Wang G D,Middleton B A,LüX G,et al.Effects of farming on wetland soil seed banks in the Sanjiang Plain and wetland restoration potential.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(1):205-213.王国栋,Middleton B A,吕宪国,等.农田开垦对三江平原湿地土壤种子库影响及湿地恢复潜力.生态学报,2013,33(1):205-213.
[20]Jha P,Norsworthy J K.Soybean canopy and tillage effects on emergence of Amaranthus palmeri from a natural seed bank.Weed Science,2009,57(6):644-651.
[21]Shao W S,Li G Q,Chen K Y,et al.Comparative studies on soil enzymic activities of four kinds of common plant communities in desert steppe.Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2016,36(3):579-587.邵文山,李国旗,陈科元,等.荒漠草原4种常见植物群落土壤酶活性比较.西北植物学报,2016,36(3):579-587.
[22]Sun R Y,Li B,Zhu G Y,et al.General Ecology.Beijing:Higher Education Press,1993.孙儒泳,李博,诸葛阳,等.普通生态学.北京:高等教育出版社,1993.
[23]Arroyo M T K,Humana A M.Persistent seed bank and standing vegetation in a high alpine site in the central Chilean Andes.Oecologia,1999,119(1):126-132.
[24]Zhai Y X,Zang J C,Su C.Effects of different tillage methods Linzhi city on community characteristics of soil fauna.Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2017,30(1):141-147.翟云霞,臧建成,苏成.西藏林芝市不同耕作方式对农田土壤动物群落特征的影响.西南农业学报,2017,30(1):141-147.
[25]Liu F C,Li H L,Dong Z,et al.Advances in research on enclosure effects on vegetation restoration and soil physicochemical property of degraded grassland.Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,10(5):116-122.刘凤婵,李红丽,董智,等.封育对退化草原植被恢复及土壤理化性质影响的研究进展.中国水土保持科学,2012,10(5):116-122.
[26]Kinucan R J,Smeins F E.Soil seed bank of a semiarid Texas grassland under 3long-term(36-years)grazing regimes.American Mdlandi Naturalist,1992,128:11-21.
[27]Huang X Y,Wang K,Wang Y T,et al.Soil seed bank dynamics during natural restoration by fencing a typical steppe of Inner Mongolia.Acta Agrestia Sinica,2011,19(1):38-42.黄欣颖,王堃,王宇通,等.典型草原封育过程中土壤种子库的变化特征.草地学报,2011,19(1):38-42.
[28]Zhan X M,Li L H,Li X,et al.Effects of grazing on the soil seed bank of a Stipa krylovii steppe community.Journal of Plant Ecology,2005,29(5):747-752.詹学明,李凌浩,李鑫,等.放牧和围封条件下克氏针茅草原土壤种子库的比较.植物生态学报,2005,29(5):747-752.
[29]Sun J H,Wang Y R,Zeng Y J.Characteristics of the soil seed banks in degenerated grasslands under grazing and grazing suspension.Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2005,25(10):2035-2042.孙建华,王彦荣,曾彦军.封育和放牧条件下退化荒漠草地土壤种子库特征.西北植物学报,2005,25(10):2035-2042.
[30]Sudebilige H,Li Y H,Yong S P,et al.Germinable soil seed bank of Artemisia frigida grassland and its response to grazing.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2000,20(1):43-48.
[31]Rachel A M,Jose M F.Effects of sheep exclusion on the soil seed bank and annual vegetation in chenopod shrublands of South Australia.Journal of Arid Environments,1999,42(2):117-128.
[32]Kelt D A,Valone T J.Effects of grazing on the abundance and diversity of annual plants in Chihuahuan desert scrub habitat.Oecologia,1995,103(2):191-195.
[33]Waser N M,Price M V.Effects of grazing on diversity of annual plants in the Sonoran Desert.Oecologia,1981,50(3):407-411.
[34]Sun S X,Wei Z J,LüS J,et al.Characteristics of plant community and its functional groups in desert grassland under effects of seasonal regulation of grazing intensity.Chinese Journal of Ecology,2013,32(10):2703-2710.孙世贤,卫智军,吕世杰,等.放牧强度季节调控下荒漠草原植物群落与功能群特征.生态学杂志,2013,32(10):2703-2710.
[35]Liu J,Zhang K B,Cheng Z Q,et al.Influences of fencing on vegetation and soil properties in sandy grassland.Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,31(4):180-184.刘建,张克斌,程中秋,等.围栏封育对沙化草地植被及土壤特性的影响.水土保持通报,2011,31(4):180-184.
[36]Zuo W Q,Wang Y H,Wang F Y,et al.Effects of enclosure on the community characteristics of Leymus chinensis in degenerated steppe.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2009,18(3):12-19.左万庆,王玉辉,王风玉,等.围栏封育措施对退化羊草草原植物群落特征影响研究.草业学报,2009,18(3):12-19.
[37]Westoby M.Opportunistic management for range lands not at equilibrium.Journal of Range Management,1989,42(4):266-274.
[38]LüS J,Liu H M,Wu Y L,et al.Effects of grazing on spatial distribution relationships between constructive and dominant species in Stipa breviflora desert steppe.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(12):3469-3474.吕世杰,刘红梅,吴艳玲,等.放牧对短花针茅荒漠草原建群种与优势种空间分布关系的影响.应用生态学报,2014,25(12):3469-3474.
[39]Tong C,Feng X,Zhang Y M,et al.Soil seed banks in different grazing exclusion restoring succession stages in the Xiligole degraded steppe.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(5):1991-2002.仝川,冯秀,张远鸣,等.锡林郭勒退化草原不同禁牧恢复演替阶段土壤种子库比较.生态学报,2008,28(5):1991-2002.
[40]Levassor C,Ortega M,Peco B.Seed bank dynamics of Mediterranean pastures subjected to mechanical disturbance.Journal of Vegetation Science,1990,1(3):339-344.
[41]Bertiller M B.Seasonal variation in the seed bank of a Patagonian grassland in relation to grazing and topography.Journal of Vegetation Science,1992,3(1):47-54.
[42]Hm J B E.Seed banks of grazed and ungrazed Baltic seashore meadows.Journal of Vegetation Science,1998,9(3):395-408.
[43]Li F R,Zhao L Y,Wang S F,et al.Effects of enclosure management on the structure of soil seed bank and standing vegetation in degraded sandy grasslands of eastern Inner Mongolia.Acta Pratacultural Science,2003,12(4):90-99.李锋瑞,赵丽娅,王树芳,等.封育对退化沙质草地土壤种子库与地上群落结构的影响.草业学报,2003,12(4):90-99.
[2]Yun J F,Mi F G.Species and distribution of Agropyron.Chinese Journal of Grassland,1989,(3):14-17.云锦凤,米福贵.冰草属牧草的种类与分布.中国草地学报,1989,(3):14-17.
[3]An Y,Wang Y Q,Chen M,et al.Study on the technology and ecological benefit of the sandy grassland.Acta Agrestia Sinica,1997,5(1):33-41.安渊,王育青,陈敏,等.沙地草场补播技术及其生态效益研究.草地学报,1997,5(1):33-41.
[4]Liu W Q,Wang G X.Experimental study on mixed artificial grassland desertification grassland under dry conditions.Chinese Journal of Grassland,2003,25(2):69-71.刘文清,王国贤.沙化草地旱作条件下混播人工草地的试验研究.中国草地学报,2003,25(2):69-71.
[5]Yang Y,Liu A J,Li L H,et al.Effects of fencing on vegetation community characteristics and soil properties of a typical steppe in Inner Mongolia.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2016,25(5):21-29.杨勇,刘爱军,李兰花,等.围封对内蒙古典型草原群落特征及土壤性状的影响.草业学报,2016,25(5):21-29.
[6]Yan Y C,Tang H P,Xin X P,et al.Advances in research on the effects of exclosure on grasslands.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(9):5039-5046.闫玉春,唐海萍,辛晓平,等.围封对草地的影响研究进展.生态学报,2009,29(9):5039-5046.
[7]Wu J B,Bao X Y,Li J,et al.Influence of fencing duration on community and population of Stipagrandis in a typical steppe.Acta Agrestia Sinica,2010,18(4):490-495.吴建波,包晓影,李洁,等.不同围封年限对典型草原群落及大针茅种群特征的影响.草地学报,2010,18(4):490-495.
[8]Sternberg M,Gutman M,Perevolotsky A,et al.Vegetation response to grazing management in a Mediterranean herbaceous community:a functional group approach.Journal of Applied Ecology,2000,37(2):224-237.
[9]Loeser M R,Sisk T D,Crews T E.Impact of grazing intensity during drought in an Arizona grassland.Conservation Biology,2007,21(1):87-97.
[10]Chao Z G,Wang S P,Xu G P,et al.Effect of fencing on community structure and distribution patterns of main populations in degraded Kobresia humilis meadow.Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2008,28(11):2320-2326.晁增国,汪诗平,徐广平,等.围封对退化矮嵩草草甸群落结构和主要种群空间分布格局的影响.西北植物学报,2008,28(11):2320-2326.
[11]Simpson R L.Ecology of Soi1Seed Bank.San Diego:Academic Press,1989:149-209.
[12]Wang X R,Cheng R M,Xiao W F,et al.Relationship between standing vegetation and soil seed bank in water-level-fluctuating zone of Three Gorges reservoir at the beginning after charging water.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(21):5821-5831.王晓荣,程瑞梅,肖文发,等.三峡库区消落带水淹初期地上植被与土壤种子库的关系.生态学报,2010,30(21):5821-5831.
[13]Moles T A.Drake R D.Potential contributions of the seed rain and seed bank to regeneration of native forest under plantation pine in New Zealand.New Zealand Journal of Botany,1999,37(1):83-93.
[14]Liu H,Jiang Q,Wang Z J,et al.A study on soil seed bank in desert steppe of different enclosing years in Ningxia.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,18(5):96-98.刘华,蒋齐,王占军,等.不同封育年限宁夏荒漠草原土壤种子库研究.水土保持研究,2011,18(5):96-98.
[15]Ma M J,Zhou X H,LüZ W,et al.A comparison of the soil seed bank in an enclosed vs a degraded alpine meadow in the eastern Tibetan Plateau.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(7):3658-3664.马妙君,周显辉,吕正文,等.青藏高原东缘封育和退化高寒草甸种子库差异.生态学报,2009,29(7):3658-3664.
[16]Zhao L Y,Li Z H,Zhao J H,et al.Comparison on the difference in soil seed sank between grazed and enclosed grassland in Horqin sandy land.Journal of Plant Ecology,2006,30(4):617-623.赵丽娅,李兆华,赵锦慧,等.科尔沁沙质草地放牧和围封条件下的土壤种子库.植物生态学报,2006,30(4):617-623.
[17]Schneider R L,Sharitz R R.Seed bank dynamics in a southeastern riverine swamp.American Journal of Botany,1986,73(7):1022-1030.
[18]Ge B J,Yang Y C,Li H Q.Spatial and temporal patterns of natural forest soil seed banks on Tiantong Mountain.Biodiversity Science,2010,18(5):489-496.葛斌杰,杨永川,李宏庆.天童山森林土壤种子库的时空格局.生物多样性,2010,18(5):489-496.
[19]Wang G D,Middleton B A,LüX G,et al.Effects of farming on wetland soil seed banks in the Sanjiang Plain and wetland restoration potential.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(1):205-213.王国栋,Middleton B A,吕宪国,等.农田开垦对三江平原湿地土壤种子库影响及湿地恢复潜力.生态学报,2013,33(1):205-213.
[20]Jha P,Norsworthy J K.Soybean canopy and tillage effects on emergence of Amaranthus palmeri from a natural seed bank.Weed Science,2009,57(6):644-651.
[21]Shao W S,Li G Q,Chen K Y,et al.Comparative studies on soil enzymic activities of four kinds of common plant communities in desert steppe.Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2016,36(3):579-587.邵文山,李国旗,陈科元,等.荒漠草原4种常见植物群落土壤酶活性比较.西北植物学报,2016,36(3):579-587.
[22]Sun R Y,Li B,Zhu G Y,et al.General Ecology.Beijing:Higher Education Press,1993.孙儒泳,李博,诸葛阳,等.普通生态学.北京:高等教育出版社,1993.
[23]Arroyo M T K,Humana A M.Persistent seed bank and standing vegetation in a high alpine site in the central Chilean Andes.Oecologia,1999,119(1):126-132.
[24]Zhai Y X,Zang J C,Su C.Effects of different tillage methods Linzhi city on community characteristics of soil fauna.Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2017,30(1):141-147.翟云霞,臧建成,苏成.西藏林芝市不同耕作方式对农田土壤动物群落特征的影响.西南农业学报,2017,30(1):141-147.
[25]Liu F C,Li H L,Dong Z,et al.Advances in research on enclosure effects on vegetation restoration and soil physicochemical property of degraded grassland.Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,10(5):116-122.刘凤婵,李红丽,董智,等.封育对退化草原植被恢复及土壤理化性质影响的研究进展.中国水土保持科学,2012,10(5):116-122.
[26]Kinucan R J,Smeins F E.Soil seed bank of a semiarid Texas grassland under 3long-term(36-years)grazing regimes.American Mdlandi Naturalist,1992,128:11-21.
[27]Huang X Y,Wang K,Wang Y T,et al.Soil seed bank dynamics during natural restoration by fencing a typical steppe of Inner Mongolia.Acta Agrestia Sinica,2011,19(1):38-42.黄欣颖,王堃,王宇通,等.典型草原封育过程中土壤种子库的变化特征.草地学报,2011,19(1):38-42.
[28]Zhan X M,Li L H,Li X,et al.Effects of grazing on the soil seed bank of a Stipa krylovii steppe community.Journal of Plant Ecology,2005,29(5):747-752.詹学明,李凌浩,李鑫,等.放牧和围封条件下克氏针茅草原土壤种子库的比较.植物生态学报,2005,29(5):747-752.
[29]Sun J H,Wang Y R,Zeng Y J.Characteristics of the soil seed banks in degenerated grasslands under grazing and grazing suspension.Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2005,25(10):2035-2042.孙建华,王彦荣,曾彦军.封育和放牧条件下退化荒漠草地土壤种子库特征.西北植物学报,2005,25(10):2035-2042.
[30]Sudebilige H,Li Y H,Yong S P,et al.Germinable soil seed bank of Artemisia frigida grassland and its response to grazing.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2000,20(1):43-48.
[31]Rachel A M,Jose M F.Effects of sheep exclusion on the soil seed bank and annual vegetation in chenopod shrublands of South Australia.Journal of Arid Environments,1999,42(2):117-128.
[32]Kelt D A,Valone T J.Effects of grazing on the abundance and diversity of annual plants in Chihuahuan desert scrub habitat.Oecologia,1995,103(2):191-195.
[33]Waser N M,Price M V.Effects of grazing on diversity of annual plants in the Sonoran Desert.Oecologia,1981,50(3):407-411.
[34]Sun S X,Wei Z J,LüS J,et al.Characteristics of plant community and its functional groups in desert grassland under effects of seasonal regulation of grazing intensity.Chinese Journal of Ecology,2013,32(10):2703-2710.孙世贤,卫智军,吕世杰,等.放牧强度季节调控下荒漠草原植物群落与功能群特征.生态学杂志,2013,32(10):2703-2710.
[35]Liu J,Zhang K B,Cheng Z Q,et al.Influences of fencing on vegetation and soil properties in sandy grassland.Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,31(4):180-184.刘建,张克斌,程中秋,等.围栏封育对沙化草地植被及土壤特性的影响.水土保持通报,2011,31(4):180-184.
[36]Zuo W Q,Wang Y H,Wang F Y,et al.Effects of enclosure on the community characteristics of Leymus chinensis in degenerated steppe.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2009,18(3):12-19.左万庆,王玉辉,王风玉,等.围栏封育措施对退化羊草草原植物群落特征影响研究.草业学报,2009,18(3):12-19.
[37]Westoby M.Opportunistic management for range lands not at equilibrium.Journal of Range Management,1989,42(4):266-274.
[38]LüS J,Liu H M,Wu Y L,et al.Effects of grazing on spatial distribution relationships between constructive and dominant species in Stipa breviflora desert steppe.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(12):3469-3474.吕世杰,刘红梅,吴艳玲,等.放牧对短花针茅荒漠草原建群种与优势种空间分布关系的影响.应用生态学报,2014,25(12):3469-3474.
[39]Tong C,Feng X,Zhang Y M,et al.Soil seed banks in different grazing exclusion restoring succession stages in the Xiligole degraded steppe.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(5):1991-2002.仝川,冯秀,张远鸣,等.锡林郭勒退化草原不同禁牧恢复演替阶段土壤种子库比较.生态学报,2008,28(5):1991-2002.
[40]Levassor C,Ortega M,Peco B.Seed bank dynamics of Mediterranean pastures subjected to mechanical disturbance.Journal of Vegetation Science,1990,1(3):339-344.
[41]Bertiller M B.Seasonal variation in the seed bank of a Patagonian grassland in relation to grazing and topography.Journal of Vegetation Science,1992,3(1):47-54.
[42]Hm J B E.Seed banks of grazed and ungrazed Baltic seashore meadows.Journal of Vegetation Science,1998,9(3):395-408.
[43]Li F R,Zhao L Y,Wang S F,et al.Effects of enclosure management on the structure of soil seed bank and standing vegetation in degraded sandy grasslands of eastern Inner Mongolia.Acta Pratacultural Science,2003,12(4):90-99.李锋瑞,赵丽娅,王树芳,等.封育对退化沙质草地土壤种子库与地上群落结构的影响.草业学报,2003,12(4):90-99.