社会流动与居民收入不平等——基于户籍流动、教育流动、职业流动与职务流动的微观证据
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摘要
引入户籍流动、教育流动、职业流动与职务流动等核心变量及其交互项,对Mincer收入模型进行了扩展,对社会流动与居民收入不平等关系进行了实证研究。研究结果表明:(1)户籍流动对居民收入有显著的正向影响;户籍流动与受教育年限、性别交互影响进一步加剧了城乡收入不平等和性别收入不平等。(2)子辈与父辈的受教育年限越长,子辈的收入水平越高;教育流动对居民收入有显著的正向影响;实现教育流动的城镇居民和男性居民,其收入水平显著高于农村居民和女性居民。(3)子辈与父辈的职业等级越高,子辈的收入水平越高;职业向上流动对居民收入有显著的正向影响;职业等级与职业向上流动进一步扩大了教育回报的收入效应,加剧了城乡收入不平等和性别收入不平等。(4)职务等级与职务向上流动对居民收入有显著的正向影响;实现代内职务向上流动的城镇居民和男性居民,其收入水平显著高于农村居民和女性居民。此外,健康状况、社会保险、组织成员对居民收入有显著的正向影响。
This paper puts forward theoretical hypothesis,introduces variables and expands Mincer revenue model.Based on the statistical data collected from 3109 questionnaires,it conducts empirical research on the relationship between social mobility and income inequality of residents.The result shows that:(1)The household registration mobility has a significant positive impact on resident income.The interaction between the household registration mobility and the years of education as well as gender further exaggerates the urban-rural income inequality and gender income inequality;(2)The longer years of education between son generation and farther generation,the higher income level of son generation.Besides,the educational mobility indicates a significant positive effect on the income of residents.The income level of urban residents and male residents who realize educational mobility is significantly higher than that of rural residents and female residents;(3)The higher employment grade between son generation and farther generation,the higher income level of son generation.Occupational upward mobility has a significant positive impact on the income of residents.The employment grade and occupational upward mobility further enlarges the income effect of the educational returns,and then aggravates urban-rural income inequality and gender income inequality;(4)Employment grade and job upward mobility show a significant positive influence on resident income.The income level of urban residents and male residents who achieve job upward mobility within the generation is significantly higher than that of rural residents and female residents.In addition,health status,social insurance and organizational members have a significant positive impact on residents' income level.
This paper puts forward theoretical hypothesis,introduces variables and expands Mincer revenue model.Based on the statistical data collected from 3109 questionnaires,it conducts empirical research on the relationship between social mobility and income inequality of residents.The result shows that:(1)The household registration mobility has a significant positive impact on resident income.The interaction between the household registration mobility and the years of education as well as gender further exaggerates the urban-rural income inequality and gender income inequality;(2)The longer years of education between son generation and farther generation,the higher income level of son generation.Besides,the educational mobility indicates a significant positive effect on the income of residents.The income level of urban residents and male residents who realize educational mobility is significantly higher than that of rural residents and female residents;(3)The higher employment grade between son generation and farther generation,the higher income level of son generation.Occupational upward mobility has a significant positive impact on the income of residents.The employment grade and occupational upward mobility further enlarges the income effect of the educational returns,and then aggravates urban-rural income inequality and gender income inequality;(4)Employment grade and job upward mobility show a significant positive influence on resident income.The income level of urban residents and male residents who achieve job upward mobility within the generation is significantly higher than that of rural residents and female residents.In addition,health status,social insurance and organizational members have a significant positive impact on residents' income level.
引文
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[31]杜妍冬,刘一伟.职业流动对农民工收入的影响及其代际差异---基于我国七城市的调查数据[J].南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2015(4):43-52.
[32]蔡禾,张东.中国城镇劳动力市场中的职业流动及收益---基于CLDS2012年和CLDS2014年数据的实证研究[J].江海学刊,2016(3):94-102.
[33]Fuller S.Job Mobility and Wage Trajectories for Men and Women in the United States[J].American Sociological Review,2008,73(1):158-183.
[34]林李月,朱宇.流动人口职业流动的收入效应及其性别差异---基于福建的实证[J].人口与经济,2014(2):3-11.
[35]陈煜婷.职业流动、收入回报与性别不平等的实证研究---基于社会发展与社会建设全国调查样本的实证分析[J].甘肃行政学院学报,2016(5):91-102.
[36]Gustafsson B,Li S.Economic Transformation and the Gender Earnings Gap in Urban China[J].Journal of Population Economics,2000,13(2):305-329.
[37]李实,史泰丽,别雍·古斯塔夫森.中国居民收入分配研究Ⅲ[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2008.
[38]Meng X,Kidd M P.Labor Market Reform and the Changing Structure of Wage Determination in China’s State Sector during the 1980s[J].Journal of Comparative Economics,1997,25(3):403-421.
[39]Ramamurthy S,Sedgley N.Human Capital Choice and the Wage Gap:The Role of Worklife Expectancy and Statistical Discrimination[J].Journal of Labor Research,2015,36(2):175-187.
[40]Liu G G,Dow W H,Fu A Z,et al.Income Productivity in China:on the Role of Health[J].Journal of Health Economics,2008,27(1):27-44.
[41]Wan G,Lu M,Chen Z.The Inequality-Growth Nexus in the Short and Long Run:Empirical Evidence from China[J].Journal of Comparative Economics,2006,34(4):654-667.
[42]孙敬水.居民收入差距适度性测度与预警研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2014.
[43]赵伟锋.健康冲击、家庭支出结构与农户收入[J].中南财经政法大学学报,2017(3):115-124.
[44]Mincer J.Schooling,Experience and Earnings[M].New York:Columbia University Press,1974:218-223.
[2]李实.中国收入分配格局的变化与改革[J].北京工商大学学报(社会科学版),2015,30(4):1-6.
[3]Matras J.Comparative Social Mobility[J].Annual Review of Sociofogy,1980(6):401-431.
[4]Gaer D,Schokkaert E,Martinez M.Three Meanings of Intergenerational Mobility[J].Economica,2001,68(272):519-537.
[5]Piketty T.Social Mobility and Redistributive Politics[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,1995,110(3):551-584.
[6]Benabou R,Ok E A.Social Mobility and the Demand for Redistribution:The Poum Hypothesis[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,2001,116(2):447-487.
[7]Corak M.Income Inequality,Equality of Opportunity,and Intergenerational Mobility[J].Journal of E-conomic Perspectives,2013,27(3):79-102.
[8]Sicular T,Yue X,Gustafsson B,et al.The UrbanRural Income Gap and Inequality in China[J].Review of Income and Wealth,2007,53(1):93-126.
[9]Whalley J,Zhang S.Inequality Change in China and(HUKOU)Labour Mobility Restrictions[R].NBER Working Papers,No.10638,2004:1-30.
[10]蔡昉.为什么劳动力流动没有缩小城乡收入差距?[J].理论前沿,2005(20):20-22.
[11]邢春冰.农民工与城镇职工的收入差距[J].管理世界,2008(5):55-64.
[12]Chen H Y.Household Registration System,Income Inequality and Economic Development---From the Perspective of Human Capital Investment[J].East China Economic Management,2012,26(12):117-120.
[13]Wan H,Shi L.The Effects of Household Registration System Discrimination on Urban-Rural Income Inequality in China[J].Economic Research Journal,2013,48(9):43-55.
[14]万海远,李实.户籍歧视对城乡收入差距的影响[J].经济研究,2013(9):43-55.
[15]温兴祥.户籍获取、工资增长与农民工的经济同化[J].经济评论,2017(1):135-147.
[16]Becker G S.Investment in Human Capital:A Theoretical Analysis[J].Journal of Political Economy,1962,70(5):9-49.
[17]Becker G S,Tomes N.An Equilibrium Theory of the Distribution of Income and Intergenerational Mobility[J].China Labor Economics,2007,87(6):1153-1189.
[18]Becker G S,Tomes N.Human Capital and the Rise and Fall of Families[J].Journal of Labor Economics,1986,4(3):1-39.
[19]Solon G,Corak M.A Model of Intergenerational Mobility Variation over Time and Place[J].Generational Income Mobility in North America and Europe,2004(16):38-47.
[20]郭丛斌,闵维方.中国城镇居民教育与收入代际流动的关系研究[J].教育研究,2007(5):3-14.
[21]Yang J,Qiu M.The Impact of Education on Income Inequality and Intergenerational Mobility[J].China Economic Review,2016(37):110-125.
[22]亓寿伟.中国代际收入传递趋势及教育在传递中的作用[J].统计研究,2016,33(5):77-86.
[23]李龙杰,李梦玲,李嘉楠.子代受教育程度与代际收入流动性---基于中国家庭居民收入的实证研究[J].经济资料译丛,2018(1):40-50.
[24]Becker G S.Investment in Human Capital:A Theoretical Analysis[J].Journal of Political Economy,1962,70(5):9-49.
[25]Parsons D O.Specific Human Capital:An Application to Quit Rates and Layoff Rates[J].Journal of Political Economy,1972,80(6):1120-1143.
[26]Burdett K.A Theory of Employee Job Search and Quit Rates[J].American Economic Review,1978,68(1):212-220.
[27]Jovanovic B.Job Matching and the Theory of Turnover[J].Journal of Political Economy,1979,87(5):972-990.
[28]Nelson P.Information and Consumer Behavior[J].Journal of Political Economy,1970,78(2):311-329.
[29]Erikson R,Goldthorpe J H.The Constant Flux:AStudy of Class Mobility in Industrial Societies[M].New York:Oxford University Press,1992.
[30]Monsueto S E,Bichara J D S,Cunha A M.Occupational Mobility and Income Differential:The Experience of Brazil between 2002and 2010[J].Cepal Review,2014(113):140-155.
[31]杜妍冬,刘一伟.职业流动对农民工收入的影响及其代际差异---基于我国七城市的调查数据[J].南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2015(4):43-52.
[32]蔡禾,张东.中国城镇劳动力市场中的职业流动及收益---基于CLDS2012年和CLDS2014年数据的实证研究[J].江海学刊,2016(3):94-102.
[33]Fuller S.Job Mobility and Wage Trajectories for Men and Women in the United States[J].American Sociological Review,2008,73(1):158-183.
[34]林李月,朱宇.流动人口职业流动的收入效应及其性别差异---基于福建的实证[J].人口与经济,2014(2):3-11.
[35]陈煜婷.职业流动、收入回报与性别不平等的实证研究---基于社会发展与社会建设全国调查样本的实证分析[J].甘肃行政学院学报,2016(5):91-102.
[36]Gustafsson B,Li S.Economic Transformation and the Gender Earnings Gap in Urban China[J].Journal of Population Economics,2000,13(2):305-329.
[37]李实,史泰丽,别雍·古斯塔夫森.中国居民收入分配研究Ⅲ[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2008.
[38]Meng X,Kidd M P.Labor Market Reform and the Changing Structure of Wage Determination in China’s State Sector during the 1980s[J].Journal of Comparative Economics,1997,25(3):403-421.
[39]Ramamurthy S,Sedgley N.Human Capital Choice and the Wage Gap:The Role of Worklife Expectancy and Statistical Discrimination[J].Journal of Labor Research,2015,36(2):175-187.
[40]Liu G G,Dow W H,Fu A Z,et al.Income Productivity in China:on the Role of Health[J].Journal of Health Economics,2008,27(1):27-44.
[41]Wan G,Lu M,Chen Z.The Inequality-Growth Nexus in the Short and Long Run:Empirical Evidence from China[J].Journal of Comparative Economics,2006,34(4):654-667.
[42]孙敬水.居民收入差距适度性测度与预警研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2014.
[43]赵伟锋.健康冲击、家庭支出结构与农户收入[J].中南财经政法大学学报,2017(3):115-124.
[44]Mincer J.Schooling,Experience and Earnings[M].New York:Columbia University Press,1974:218-223.