中国元古界—寒武系油气地质条件与勘探地位
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摘要
四川盆地安岳特大型气田的发现坚定了勘探家在元古界—寒武系找油找气信心。以中新元古代大地构造格局重建与重大地质事件分析为基础,从烃源岩、储集层条件及成藏组合类型和有效性入手,剖析了元古界—寒武系油气地质条件,指出中新元古代—早古生代间冰期低等生物繁盛,有机质富集并形成优质烃源岩;震旦系—寒武系微生物岩和颗粒滩体叠加多期建设性成岩改造作用可形成规模储集层,但早中元古代因缺氧事件,风化作用弱,储集层质量总体偏差,唯后期遭受风化淋滤者才有溶蚀改造型储集层发育机会。中国华北、扬子、塔里木克拉通中新元古代均发育大型裂陷槽(群),烃源灶肯定存在,是否存在良好的源-储成藏组合,则视情况而定。上扬子地区肯定存在震旦系—寒武系有效成藏组合,华北地区成藏组合是否有效取决于两大条件:(1)元古界烃源灶与古、中新生界储集层构成的次生组合的有效性;(2)中新元古界经近纪以来改造形成的储集层与自身源灶晚期生烃能否构成匹配。塔里木盆地需要落实元古界时代归属、原盆地保持之后,再看是否存在有效成藏组合。总之,中国三大克拉通元古界—寒武系是一套潜在勘探新层系,值得研究和探索。
The discovery of the giant Anyue gas field in Sichuan Basin gives petroleum explorers confidence to find oil and gas in Proterozoic to Cambrian. Based on the reconstruction of tectonic setting and the analysis of major geological events in Mesoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic, the petroleum geological conditions of Proterozoic to Cambrian is discussed in this paper from three aspects, i.e. source rocks, reservoir conditions, and the type and efficiency of play. It is found that lower organisms boomed in the interglacial epoch from Mesoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic to Eopaleozoic when the organic matters concentrated and high quality source rocks formed. Sinian-Cambrian microbial rock and grain-stone banks overlapped with multiple-period constructive digenesis may form large-scale reservoir rocks. However, because of the anoxic event and weak weathering effect in Eopaleozoic-Mesoproterozoic, the reservoirs are generally poor in quality, and only the reservoirs that suffered weathering and leaching may have the opportunity to form dissolution-reconstructed reservoirs. There are large rifts formed during Mesoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic in Huabei Craton, Yangtze Craton, and Tarim Craton in China, and definitely source rocks in the rifts, while whether there are favorite source-reservoir plays depends on circumstance. The existence of Sinian-Cambrian effective play has been proved in Upper Yangtze area. The effectiveness of source-reservoir plays in Huabei area depends on two factors:(1) the effectiveness of secondary play formed by Proterozoic source rock and Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic reservoir rocks;(2) the matching between reservoirs formed by reconstruction from MesoproterozoicNeoproterozoic to Eopaleozoic and the inner hydrocarbon kitchens with late hydrocarbon generation. As for Tarim Basin, the time of Proterozoic and the original basin should be analyzed before the evaluation of the effective play. To sum up, Proterozoic to Cambrian in the three craton basins in China is a potential exploration formation, which deserves further investigation and research.
The discovery of the giant Anyue gas field in Sichuan Basin gives petroleum explorers confidence to find oil and gas in Proterozoic to Cambrian. Based on the reconstruction of tectonic setting and the analysis of major geological events in Mesoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic, the petroleum geological conditions of Proterozoic to Cambrian is discussed in this paper from three aspects, i.e. source rocks, reservoir conditions, and the type and efficiency of play. It is found that lower organisms boomed in the interglacial epoch from Mesoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic to Eopaleozoic when the organic matters concentrated and high quality source rocks formed. Sinian-Cambrian microbial rock and grain-stone banks overlapped with multiple-period constructive digenesis may form large-scale reservoir rocks. However, because of the anoxic event and weak weathering effect in Eopaleozoic-Mesoproterozoic, the reservoirs are generally poor in quality, and only the reservoirs that suffered weathering and leaching may have the opportunity to form dissolution-reconstructed reservoirs. There are large rifts formed during Mesoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic in Huabei Craton, Yangtze Craton, and Tarim Craton in China, and definitely source rocks in the rifts, while whether there are favorite source-reservoir plays depends on circumstance. The existence of Sinian-Cambrian effective play has been proved in Upper Yangtze area. The effectiveness of source-reservoir plays in Huabei area depends on two factors:(1) the effectiveness of secondary play formed by Proterozoic source rock and Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic reservoir rocks;(2) the matching between reservoirs formed by reconstruction from MesoproterozoicNeoproterozoic to Eopaleozoic and the inner hydrocarbon kitchens with late hydrocarbon generation. As for Tarim Basin, the time of Proterozoic and the original basin should be analyzed before the evaluation of the effective play. To sum up, Proterozoic to Cambrian in the three craton basins in China is a potential exploration formation, which deserves further investigation and research.
引文
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[4]王铁冠,韩克猷.论中—新元古界的原生油气资源[J].石油学报,2011,32(1):1-7.WANG Tieguan,HAN Keyou.On Meso-Neoproterozoic primary petroleum resources[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2011,32(1):1-7.
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[13]毛光周,刘池洋,张东东,等.铀在Ⅲ型烃源岩生烃演化中作用的实验研究[J].中国科学:地球科学,2014,44(8):1740-1750.MAO Guangzhou,LIU Chiyang,ZHANG Dongdong,et al.Effects of uranium on hydrocarbon generation of hydrocarbon source rocks with type-III kerogen[J].SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences,2014,57(6):1168-1179.
[14]OYEBANJO O M.尼日利亚Gongola盆地地层放射性热产量与生烃潜力[J].石油勘探与开发,2016,43(3):411-416.OYEBANJO O M.Radiogenic heat and hydrocarbon generation potential of sediments,Gongola Basin,Nigeria[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2016,43(3):411-416.
[15]蔡郁文,王华建,王晓梅,等.铀在海相烃源岩中富集的条件及主控因素[J].地球科学进展,2017,32(2):199-208.CAI Yuwen,WANG Huajian,WANG Xiaomei,et al.Formation conditions and main controlling factors of uranium in marine source rocks[J].Advances in Earth Science,2017,32(2):199-208.
[16]翟明国.中国主要古陆与联合大陆的形成:综述与展望[J].中国科学:地球科学,2013,43(10):1583-1606.ZHAI Mingguo.The main old lands in China and assembly of Chinese unified continent[J].SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences,2013,56(11):1829-1852.
[17]管树巍,吴林,任荣,等.中国主要克拉通前寒武纪裂谷分布与油气勘探前景[J].石油学报,2017,38(1):9-22.GUAN Shuwei,WU Lin,REN Rong,et al.Distribution and petroleum prospect of Precambrian rifts in the main cratons,China[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2017,38(1):9-22.
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[19]ROONEY A D,MACDONALD F A,STRAUSS J V,et al.Re-Os geochronology and coupled Os-Sr isotope constraints on the Sturtian snowball Earth[J].Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,2014,111(1):51-56.
[20]ROTHMAN D H,HAYES J M,SUMMONS R E.Dynamics of the Neoproterozoic carbon cycle[J].PNAS,2003,100(14):8124-8129.
[21]BARTLEY J K,KAH L C.Marine carbon reservoir,Corg-Ccarb coupling,and the evolution of the Proterozoic carbon cycle[J].Geology,2004,32(2):129-132.
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