1568年陕西高陵地震考证与发震构造
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摘要
研究历史地震事件是认识地震活动规律、分析发震构造的重要途径之一。1568年5月25日(隆庆二年四月十九日申时),在西安东北高陵地区发生一次强烈地震,造成各类建筑物倒塌毁坏"尽如平地","人畜伤亡甚众"。此前的地震目录将这次地震命名为陕西西安东北地震,震级为6级,极震区烈度为Ⅸ。文中通过对历史地震资料的再考证及野外调查,认为该次地震的极震区位于在泾河以北的泾阳县东南的永乐镇、高庄镇北部至高陵县及其东南姬家乡、张卜乡一带,并命名为陕西高陵地震,烈度为Ⅸ+(Ⅸ～Ⅹ)度,估算其震级可达7级。同时,对震害进行了细致分析并重绘制了该地震的等震线图,得到其极震区的位置,同时发现其等震线长轴为NWW向,与渭南-泾阳断裂相吻合。该断裂为全新世活动正断层,沿断裂地貌保留了部分断错阶地陡坎,断层剖面中可见砂土液化、张性构造裂缝等新活动遗迹,最晚活动时间为(180±30) a BP至(1 600±30) a BP之间。文中分析认为1568年陕西高陵7级地震的发震构造为渭南-泾阳断裂,该断裂与渭南塬前断裂、华山山前断裂共同构成渭河盆地东南缘的重要边界活动断裂带。
Study of historical earthquake is one of the important methods to understand the seismic activities and analyze the seismogenic faults. On the May 25 th,1568 AD,a destructive earthquake occurred to the northeast of the present-day city of Xi' an,Shaanxi Province. Because this earthquake happened shortly after the 1556 M8 earthquake and was regarded as an aftershock,it has received little attention in previous studies. Previous earthquake catalogue agreed in assigning a magnitude 6 to this earthquake but had different epicentral locations and seismic intensity,and the seismogenic structure remains ambiguous.Based on textual research of historical earthquake and field investigation,the Jingyang County,Gaoling County,and Xianning County,were the worst hit area by the earthquake,and the areas,including Yongle Town,Gaozhuang Town at southeastern Jingyang County to Gaoling County and its southeastern present-day Jijia and Zhangbu,should be the mesoseismal area of this earthquake. The epicenter intensity of this earthquake is Ⅸ+( 9～10 degrees),and the magnitude is estimated to be 7.The isoseismal lines were drawn to exhibit the various intensities of the areas damaged during the event,with its major axis directed NWW. Intensities reached Ⅸ+in the zone extending west-northwest parallel to the Weinan-Jingyang Fault. This fault,characterized by a normal fault that developed during the Cenozoic extensional history of the Weihe Basin,dipping to the north at an angle of 60° ～80°,is one part of the southern boundary faults in Weihe graben. There are geomorphological and geological evidences of recent activity of the fault during( 180±30) a BP to( 1 600±30) a BP. At T1-T2 fluvial terraces on the north bank of Weihe River,the scarps were faulted during Ming Dynasty,and sandy soil liquefaction, dense structural tensional fissures and faulted strata are noted in stratigraphic profiles and trenches. Thus,we suggest that this fault can reliably be regarded as being active during Holocene,and re-name the earthquake as the Shaanxi Gaoling earthquake.
Study of historical earthquake is one of the important methods to understand the seismic activities and analyze the seismogenic faults. On the May 25 th,1568 AD,a destructive earthquake occurred to the northeast of the present-day city of Xi' an,Shaanxi Province. Because this earthquake happened shortly after the 1556 M8 earthquake and was regarded as an aftershock,it has received little attention in previous studies. Previous earthquake catalogue agreed in assigning a magnitude 6 to this earthquake but had different epicentral locations and seismic intensity,and the seismogenic structure remains ambiguous.Based on textual research of historical earthquake and field investigation,the Jingyang County,Gaoling County,and Xianning County,were the worst hit area by the earthquake,and the areas,including Yongle Town,Gaozhuang Town at southeastern Jingyang County to Gaoling County and its southeastern present-day Jijia and Zhangbu,should be the mesoseismal area of this earthquake. The epicenter intensity of this earthquake is Ⅸ+( 9～10 degrees),and the magnitude is estimated to be 7.The isoseismal lines were drawn to exhibit the various intensities of the areas damaged during the event,with its major axis directed NWW. Intensities reached Ⅸ+in the zone extending west-northwest parallel to the Weinan-Jingyang Fault. This fault,characterized by a normal fault that developed during the Cenozoic extensional history of the Weihe Basin,dipping to the north at an angle of 60° ～80°,is one part of the southern boundary faults in Weihe graben. There are geomorphological and geological evidences of recent activity of the fault during( 180±30) a BP to( 1 600±30) a BP. At T1-T2 fluvial terraces on the north bank of Weihe River,the scarps were faulted during Ming Dynasty,and sandy soil liquefaction, dense structural tensional fissures and faulted strata are noted in stratigraphic profiles and trenches. Thus,we suggest that this fault can reliably be regarded as being active during Holocene,and re-name the earthquake as the Shaanxi Gaoling earthquake.
引文
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谢毓寿.1992.1556年关中大地震的震级[J].灾害学,7(1):10-13.XIE Yu-shou.1992.On magnitude of 1556 Guanzhong great earthquake[J].Journal of Catastrophology,7(1):10-13(in Chinese).
原廷宏,冯希杰.2010.一五五六年华县特大地震[M].北京:地震出版社.YUAN Ting-hong,FENG Xi-jie.2010.The 1556 Great Huaxian Earthquake[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
张安良,米丰收,种瑾.1989.1556年陕西华县大地震形变遗迹及华山山前断裂古地震研究[J].地震地质,11(3):73-81.ZHANG An-liang,MI Feng-shou,CHONG Jin.1989.Deformation relics of the 1556 Huaxian(Shaanxi China)great earthquake and the study of palaeoseismicity on the frontal fault zone of the Huashan Mts[J].Seismology and Geology,11(3):73-81(in Chinese).
张猛刚.2003.渭河中下游河流阶地的演化模式[D].西安:西北大学.ZHANG Meng-gang.2003.Evolution model of river terrace in the middle and lower Weihe[D].Northwest University,Xi'an(in Chinese).
(1)陕西省地震局,2011,西安市活断层探测与地震危险性评价工程报告。
(1)陕西省地震局,2011,西安市活断层探测与地震危险性评价工程报告。
(1)陕西省地震局,2016,渭南市活断层探测与地震危险性评价工程报告。
(1)陕西省地震局,2016,渭南市活断层探测与地震危险性评价工程报告。
高孟潭.2015.GB 18306-2015《中国地震动参数区划图》宣贯教材[M].北京:中国质检出版社.GAO Meng-tan.2015.GB18306-2015,Publicity Materials for Seismic Ground Motion Parameter Zonation Map of China[M].China Zhijian Publishing House,Beijing(in Chinese).
顾功叙.1983.中国地震目录(公元前1831-1969年)[Z].北京:科学出版社.GU Gong-xu.1983.Catalogue of Chinese Earthquakes(1831BC-1969AD)[Z].Science Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
国家地震局“鄂尔多斯周缘活动断裂系”课题组.1988.鄂尔多斯周缘活动断裂系[M].北京:地震出版社.The Research Group on“Active Fault System around Ordos Massif”,State Seismological Bureau.1998.Active Fault System around Ordos Massif[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
国家地震局震害防御司.1995.中国历史强震目录(公元前23世纪-公元1911年)[Z].北京:地震出版社。Department of Earthquake Disaster Prevention,State Seismological Bureau.1995.The Catalogue of Chinese Historical Strong Earthquakes(23th Century BC-1911AD)[Z].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
郭增建.1957.1556年1月23日关中大地震[J].地球物理学报,6(1):59-68.GUO Zeng-jian.1957.On the Shensi earthquake of January 23,1556[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,6(1):59-68(in Chinese).
潘岳怡,俞言祥,肖亮.2017.中国地震烈度评定值的统计检验[J].地球物理学报,60(2):593-603.PAN Yue-yi,YU Yan-xiang,XIAO Liang.2017.Statistical tests of seismic intensity ratings in China[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,60(2):593-603(in Chinese).
宋立胜.1989.陕西省志·地震志[M].北京:地震出版社.SONG Li-sheng.1989.Annuals of Shaanxi Province:Annuals of Earthquake[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
谢毓寿.1992.1556年关中大地震的震级[J].灾害学,7(1):10-13.XIE Yu-shou.1992.On magnitude of 1556 Guanzhong great earthquake[J].Journal of Catastrophology,7(1):10-13(in Chinese).
原廷宏,冯希杰.2010.一五五六年华县特大地震[M].北京:地震出版社.YUAN Ting-hong,FENG Xi-jie.2010.The 1556 Great Huaxian Earthquake[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
张安良,米丰收,种瑾.1989.1556年陕西华县大地震形变遗迹及华山山前断裂古地震研究[J].地震地质,11(3):73-81.ZHANG An-liang,MI Feng-shou,CHONG Jin.1989.Deformation relics of the 1556 Huaxian(Shaanxi China)great earthquake and the study of palaeoseismicity on the frontal fault zone of the Huashan Mts[J].Seismology and Geology,11(3):73-81(in Chinese).
张猛刚.2003.渭河中下游河流阶地的演化模式[D].西安:西北大学.ZHANG Meng-gang.2003.Evolution model of river terrace in the middle and lower Weihe[D].Northwest University,Xi'an(in Chinese).
(1)陕西省地震局,2011,西安市活断层探测与地震危险性评价工程报告。
(1)陕西省地震局,2011,西安市活断层探测与地震危险性评价工程报告。
(1)陕西省地震局,2016,渭南市活断层探测与地震危险性评价工程报告。
(1)陕西省地震局,2016,渭南市活断层探测与地震危险性评价工程报告。