坡耕地间作作物群体水土保持耕作措施
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摘要
为解决云南山区坡耕地作物生态系统中存在的作物栽培技术措施不配套,水土等自然资源不能有效利用与保护的问题,对不同作物搭配间作方式水土保持效应进行了研究,为坡耕地水土流失治理提供了合理可行的保护性作物种植措施。试验选用玉米、辣椒和混播草带搭配成不同间作方式:玉米间作辣椒(行比为2∶2,2∶4,2∶6)、玉米间作草带、辣椒间作草带,研究不同间作群体对坡耕地水土流失的影响。结果表明:作物间作群体总水土流失量均低于作物单作,玉米间作草带总径流量最多比玉米单作减少97.52%,总侵蚀量最多比辣椒单作减少99.49%;玉米间作辣椒群体中,行比为2∶2,2∶4的水土保持效果好于2∶6处理。随着降雨强度增加,间作处理的水土保持效果更明显,玉米间作草带和辣椒间作草带的径流量和侵蚀量均显著小于辣椒单作及玉米单作(p<0.05),在高强度降雨下,玉米间作草带径流量最多比玉米单作减少98.25%,侵蚀量最多减少99.96%。玉米间作辣椒、玉米间作草带和辣椒间作草带均能有效减轻坡耕地水土流失,在高强度降雨下,该间作模式的水土保持效果更明显,有利于山区坡耕地水土资源的持续利用与保护。
Because of the unreasonable cultivation techniques and measures in the ecological system of sloping land in hill, there is inefficient utilization and protection of natural resources such as water and soil in Yunnan Province. Use of the measures of soil and water conservation with different crops and varieties intercropping can provide reasonable and feasible crop protective planting measures for soil and water losses on sloping land. Maize, green pepper and grass strip were selected to form different intercropping patterns(maize and green pepper intercropping, maize and grass strip intercropping, green pepper and grass strip intercropping, in which the row ratio is 2∶2, 2∶4, 2∶6, respectively) in order to analyze the effects of different intercropping system on soil erosion in slope land. Soil erosion of intercropping system was lower than monoculture system. The total runoff of maize and grass strip intercropping was 97.52% lower than maize monoculture, total soil erosion of maize and grass strip intercropping was 99.49% lower than green pepper monoculture, the efficiency of soil and water conservation of 2 rows of maize intercropping with 2 rows of green pepper and 2 rows of maize intercropping with 4 rows of green pepper were better than 2 rows of maize intercropping with 6 rows 0 f green pepper in maize and green pepper intercropping system. Soil and water conservation benefit of intercropping system was more significant with the increase of rainfall intensity. Runoff and soil erosion of maize and grass strip intercropping and green pepper intercropping with grass strip were significantly lower than those of the green pepper monoculture and maize monoculture(p<0.05). In the condition of high intensity rainfall, runoff and soil erosion of maize intercropping with grass strip were 98.25% and 99.96% lower than maize monoculture. So, maize intercropping with grass strips and pepper are effective to reduce the soil erosion on sloping land. Under the high intensity of rainfall, the measures of intercropping are more useful for sustainable use and protection of the soil and water resources on mountainous arable slopping land.
Because of the unreasonable cultivation techniques and measures in the ecological system of sloping land in hill, there is inefficient utilization and protection of natural resources such as water and soil in Yunnan Province. Use of the measures of soil and water conservation with different crops and varieties intercropping can provide reasonable and feasible crop protective planting measures for soil and water losses on sloping land. Maize, green pepper and grass strip were selected to form different intercropping patterns(maize and green pepper intercropping, maize and grass strip intercropping, green pepper and grass strip intercropping, in which the row ratio is 2∶2, 2∶4, 2∶6, respectively) in order to analyze the effects of different intercropping system on soil erosion in slope land. Soil erosion of intercropping system was lower than monoculture system. The total runoff of maize and grass strip intercropping was 97.52% lower than maize monoculture, total soil erosion of maize and grass strip intercropping was 99.49% lower than green pepper monoculture, the efficiency of soil and water conservation of 2 rows of maize intercropping with 2 rows of green pepper and 2 rows of maize intercropping with 4 rows of green pepper were better than 2 rows of maize intercropping with 6 rows 0 f green pepper in maize and green pepper intercropping system. Soil and water conservation benefit of intercropping system was more significant with the increase of rainfall intensity. Runoff and soil erosion of maize and grass strip intercropping and green pepper intercropping with grass strip were significantly lower than those of the green pepper monoculture and maize monoculture(p<0.05). In the condition of high intensity rainfall, runoff and soil erosion of maize intercropping with grass strip were 98.25% and 99.96% lower than maize monoculture. So, maize intercropping with grass strips and pepper are effective to reduce the soil erosion on sloping land. Under the high intensity of rainfall, the measures of intercropping are more useful for sustainable use and protection of the soil and water resources on mountainous arable slopping land.
引文
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[5]金龙,吴志祥,杨川,等.间作作物收获后胶园土壤肥力对比研究[J].热带农业科学,2014,34(8)8:1-7,16.
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[10]刘慧,魏永霞,刘超,等.黑土区坡耕地水土保持技术模式对降雨径流过程的影响[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(5):50-55.
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[12]Almas M, Jamal T. Nutrients loss through sediments and runoff under upland banana-pineapple intercropping system[J]. Pakistan Journal of Soil Science, 1999,2:689-692.
[13]杨大晋.旱地玉米覆盖秸秆的增产效应研究[J].贵州农业科学,1996(5):15-20.
[14]蒋定生.黄土高原水土流失与治理模式[M].1版.北京:中国水利水电出版社,1997.
[15]郑海金,杨洁,汤崇军,等.不同水土保持耕作措施对径流泥沙与土壤碳库的影响[J].水土保持通报,2011,31(6):1-4.
[16]刘昌红.水土保持耕作措施在小流域综合治理中的作用[J].中国水土保持,2009(9):29-30,38.
[17]晏清洪,原翠萍,雷廷武,等.降雨类型和水土保持对黄土区小流域水土流失的影响[J].农业机械学报,2014,45(2):169-175.
[18]付兴涛,张丽萍.红壤丘陵区坡长对作物覆盖坡耕地土壤侵蚀的影响[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(5):91-98.
[19]韩学坤,吴伯志,安曈昕,等.溅蚀研究进展[J].水土保持研究,2010,17(4):46-51.
[20]Larson W E, Pierce F J. The dynamics of soil quality as a measure of sustainable management [M]//Doran J W, Coleman D C, Bezdicek D F, et al. Defining Soil Quality for A Sustainable Environment. Madison, USA: Soil Science Society of America, Inc, 1994.
[21]Miao Z, Vicari A, Capri E, et al. Modeling the effects of tillage management practices on herbicide runoff in northern Italy[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2004,33(5):1720-1732.
[22]安曈昕,贺佳,杨友琼,等.坡耕地甜玉米地膜覆盖间作模式水土保持效应[J]水土保持通报,2014,34(1):31-33.
[23]安瞳昕,李彩虹,吴伯志,等.玉米不同间作方式对坡耕地水土流失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2007(5):18-20,24.
[24]常玉,余新晓,陈丽华,等.模拟降雨条件下林下枯落物层减流减沙效应[J].北京林业大学学报,2014,36(3):69-74.
[25]吴伯志,刘立光,郑毅,等.不同耕种措施对坡地红壤侵蚀率的影响[J].耕作与栽培,1996(5):17-20.
[26]张光辉,卫海燕,刘宝元.坡面流水动力学特性研究[J].水土保持学报,2001,15(1):58-61.
[27]陈奇伯,齐实,孙立达.土壤容许流失量研究的进展与趋势[J].水土保持通报,2000,20(1):9-13.
[2]和俊.云南省坡耕地水土流失综合治理的探索与实践[J].中国水土保持,2011(2):11-13.
[3]王洪中,张忠武,贾秋鸿.云南坡耕地农业持续发展研究[J],水土保持通报,1999(4):18-20.
[4]陈小强,范茂攀,王自林,等.不同种植模式对云南省中部坡耕地水土保持的影响[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(4):48-52,65.
[5]金龙,吴志祥,杨川,等.间作作物收获后胶园土壤肥力对比研究[J].热带农业科学,2014,34(8)8:1-7,16.
[6]张少良,张兴义,刘晓冰,等.典型黑土侵蚀区自然植被恢复措施水土保持功效研究[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(1):73-77.
[7]赵雨森,魏永霞.坡耕地保护性耕作措施的水土保持效应[J].中国水土保持科学,2009,3(3):86-90.
[8]谢颂华,曾建玲,杨洁,等.南方红壤坡地不同耕作措施的水土保持效应[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(9):81-86.
[9]杨勤,刘永红,柯国华,等.坡耕地麦玉薯三熟保护性耕作水土保持效应的研究[J].西南农业学报,2008(2):305-308.
[10]刘慧,魏永霞,刘超,等.黑土区坡耕地水土保持技术模式对降雨径流过程的影响[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(5):50-55.
[11]Khan F, Bhatti A U. Soil and nutrient losses through sediment and surface runoff under maize mono-cropping and maize-legume, intercropping from up-land sloping field[J]. Pakistan Journal of Soil Science, 2001,19:32-40.
[12]Almas M, Jamal T. Nutrients loss through sediments and runoff under upland banana-pineapple intercropping system[J]. Pakistan Journal of Soil Science, 1999,2:689-692.
[13]杨大晋.旱地玉米覆盖秸秆的增产效应研究[J].贵州农业科学,1996(5):15-20.
[14]蒋定生.黄土高原水土流失与治理模式[M].1版.北京:中国水利水电出版社,1997.
[15]郑海金,杨洁,汤崇军,等.不同水土保持耕作措施对径流泥沙与土壤碳库的影响[J].水土保持通报,2011,31(6):1-4.
[16]刘昌红.水土保持耕作措施在小流域综合治理中的作用[J].中国水土保持,2009(9):29-30,38.
[17]晏清洪,原翠萍,雷廷武,等.降雨类型和水土保持对黄土区小流域水土流失的影响[J].农业机械学报,2014,45(2):169-175.
[18]付兴涛,张丽萍.红壤丘陵区坡长对作物覆盖坡耕地土壤侵蚀的影响[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(5):91-98.
[19]韩学坤,吴伯志,安曈昕,等.溅蚀研究进展[J].水土保持研究,2010,17(4):46-51.
[20]Larson W E, Pierce F J. The dynamics of soil quality as a measure of sustainable management [M]//Doran J W, Coleman D C, Bezdicek D F, et al. Defining Soil Quality for A Sustainable Environment. Madison, USA: Soil Science Society of America, Inc, 1994.
[21]Miao Z, Vicari A, Capri E, et al. Modeling the effects of tillage management practices on herbicide runoff in northern Italy[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2004,33(5):1720-1732.
[22]安曈昕,贺佳,杨友琼,等.坡耕地甜玉米地膜覆盖间作模式水土保持效应[J]水土保持通报,2014,34(1):31-33.
[23]安瞳昕,李彩虹,吴伯志,等.玉米不同间作方式对坡耕地水土流失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2007(5):18-20,24.
[24]常玉,余新晓,陈丽华,等.模拟降雨条件下林下枯落物层减流减沙效应[J].北京林业大学学报,2014,36(3):69-74.
[25]吴伯志,刘立光,郑毅,等.不同耕种措施对坡地红壤侵蚀率的影响[J].耕作与栽培,1996(5):17-20.
[26]张光辉,卫海燕,刘宝元.坡面流水动力学特性研究[J].水土保持学报,2001,15(1):58-61.
[27]陈奇伯,齐实,孙立达.土壤容许流失量研究的进展与趋势[J].水土保持通报,2000,20(1):9-13.