成都市社会空间结构演变研究(2000～2010)
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摘要
以第5次和第6次人口普查数据为基础,运用因子和聚类分析等方法研究了中心城市成都2000～2010年间的社会空间结构演变趋势。研究发现:10年间成都城市社会空间结构的主因子、社会区、结构模式均发生了显著变化。主因子演变特征归纳为一般工薪阶层及专业技术人员因子和产业工人因子呈现较大变化;而外来人口和居住条件因子、高学历人口和少数民族人口因子呈现一定的稳定性和持续性。社会区演变特点归纳为中心老城区空间结构优化与功能定位升级,并向"三降两提"演变;知识分子居住区扩展并与少数民族聚集区分离,呈现出居住分异趋势;外来人口逐渐向二三产业流动且集聚区规模扩大;农业人口聚集区逐渐远郊化及蓝领人口区域的凸显。社会空间结构模式由2000年的单一化和同质化的"圈层+扇形"结构,向2010年的"圈层+扇形+多核心+多组团"格局演变,各类型空间区域扩大,空间异质化更为明晰。
Based on the data of the 5 th and 6 th censuses, factor and cluster analysis and other methods were used to study the evolution trend of social spatial structure in the central city of Chengdu from 2000 to 2010. It is found that the main factors, social areas and structural patterns of urban social spatial structure in Chengdu have changed significantly in the past 10 years. The evolution characteristics of the main factors can be summarized as follows: the factors of general wage earners, professional and technical personnel and industrial workers show great changes; while the factors of immigrants and living conditions, highly educated population and minority population show certain stability and sustainability. The evolution characteristics of social areas can be summarized as the optimization of spatial structure and upgrading of function orientation in the old urban areas, and the evolution towards "three descent and two mention"; the expansion of intellectuals' residential areas and the separation from minority agglomeration areas, showing a trend of residential differentiation; the gradual migration of foreign population to secondary and tertiary industries and the expansion of agglomeration areas; and the agglomeration districts of agricultural population gradually become suburbanized and the prominence of blue-collar population areas. The pattern of social spatial structure has evolved from the single and homogeneous "circle + fan" structure in 2000 to the "circle + fan + multi-core + multi-group" pattern in 2010. Various types of spatial regions have expanded and the spatial heterogeneity has become clearer.
Based on the data of the 5 th and 6 th censuses, factor and cluster analysis and other methods were used to study the evolution trend of social spatial structure in the central city of Chengdu from 2000 to 2010. It is found that the main factors, social areas and structural patterns of urban social spatial structure in Chengdu have changed significantly in the past 10 years. The evolution characteristics of the main factors can be summarized as follows: the factors of general wage earners, professional and technical personnel and industrial workers show great changes; while the factors of immigrants and living conditions, highly educated population and minority population show certain stability and sustainability. The evolution characteristics of social areas can be summarized as the optimization of spatial structure and upgrading of function orientation in the old urban areas, and the evolution towards "three descent and two mention"; the expansion of intellectuals' residential areas and the separation from minority agglomeration areas, showing a trend of residential differentiation; the gradual migration of foreign population to secondary and tertiary industries and the expansion of agglomeration areas; and the agglomeration districts of agricultural population gradually become suburbanized and the prominence of blue-collar population areas. The pattern of social spatial structure has evolved from the single and homogeneous "circle + fan" structure in 2000 to the "circle + fan + multi-core + multi-group" pattern in 2010. Various types of spatial regions have expanded and the spatial heterogeneity has become clearer.
引文
[1] 吴启焰,朱喜钢.城市空间结构研究的回顾与展望[J].地理学与国土研究,2001(2):46-50.WU Q Y,ZHU X G.Review and prospect of the research on urban spatial structure[J].Geography and Territorial Research,2001(2):46-50.
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[3] SHEVKY E,WILLIAMS M.The social areas of Los Angeles[M].Berkeley and Los Angeles:The University of California Press,1949.
[4] MCELRATH D C.The social areas of Rome:A comparative[J].American Sociological Review,1962,27:376-391.
[5] CAREY G W.The regional interpretation of Manhattan population and housing patterns through factor analysis[J].Geographical Review,1966,56(4):551-569.
[6] WAYNE K D DAVIES,G J LEWIS.The urban dimensions of Leicester,England.In:Clark B,Gleav B (eds).Social Pat-terns in Cities.[M] Institute of British Geographers Special Publication,1983(5):71～86.
[7] ALBERT H.Symbolic communities:The persistence and change of Chicago’s local communities[M].Chicago and London:The University of Chicago Press,1982.
[8] CLARK W A V.Changing residential preferences across income,education,and age:Findings from the multi-city study of urban inequality[J].Urban Affairs Review,2008,44(3):334-355.
[9] BORSDOR A,HILDALGO R,VIDAL-KOPPMANN S.Social segregation and gated communities in Santiago de Chile and Buenos Aires.A comparison[J].Habitat International,2016,54:18-27.
[10] MCDONALD J F.The deconcentration of poverty in Chicago:1990-2000[J].Urban Studies,2004,41(11):2119-2137.
[11] 虞蔚.城市社会空间的研究与规划[J].城市规划,1986,10(6):25-28.YU W.Urban social spatial studies and planning[J].City Planning Review,1986,10(6):25-28.
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[14] 冯健,周一星.转型期北京社会空间分异重构[J].地理学报,2008,63(8):829-844.FENNG J,ZHOU Y X.2008.Restructuring of socio-spatial differentiation in Beijing in the transition period[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2008,63(8):829-844.
[15] 周春山,童新梅,王珏晗,等.2000-2010年广州市人口老龄化空间分异及形成机制[J].地理研究,2018,37(1):103-118.ZHOU C S,TONG X M,WANG Y Z,et al.Spatial differentiation and the formation mechanism of population aging in Guangzhou in 2000- 2010[J].Geographical Research,2018,37(1):103-118.
[16] 陈轶,吕斌,张纯,等.拉萨市河坝林地区回族聚居区社会空间特征及其成因[J].长江流域资源与环境,2013,22(1):32-39.CHEN Y,LV B,ZHANG C,et al.Minority enclave characteristics and mechanism of social space:A case study of the Hebalin Islamic community in Lhasa[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2013,22(1):32-39.
[17] 宣国富,徐建刚,赵静.上海市中心城社会区分析[J].地理研究,2006,25(3):526-538.FU X G,XU J G,ZHAO J.Social areas of the central urban area in Shanghai[J].Geographical Research,2006,25(3):526-538.
[18] 李传武,张小林.转型期合肥城市社会空间结构演变(1982～2000年)[J].地理科学,2015,35(12):1542-1550.LI C W,ZHANG X L.Socio-spatial structure of Hefei and its evolution during the transitional period:1982-2000[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2015,35(12):1541-1550.
[19] 吴连霞,赵媛,吴开亚,等.人口结构与经济重心空间耦合演化及机制探析——以江苏省为例[J].经济问题探索,2017(12):91-101.WU L X,ZHAO Y,WU K Y,et al.Coupling evolution and mechanism of population structure and economic center of gravity:A case study of Jiangsu Province[J].Inquiry into Economic Issues,2017(12):91-101.
[20] 柴宏博,冯健.基于迁居的郊区大型居住区社会空间形成——以北京回龙观居住区为例[J].地域研究与开发,2014,33(5):77-81.CHA H B,FENG J.Formation of social space in suburban large communities based on residents’ intra-urban migration:A case study of Huilongguan in Beijing[J].Areal Research and Development,2014,33(5):77-81.
[21] 冯健,钟奕纯.北京社会空间重构(2000-2010)[J].地理学报,2018,73(4):711-737.FENG J,ZHONG Y C,Restructuring of social space in Beijing from 2000 to 2010[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2018,73(4):711-737.
[22] 章征涛,刘勇.重庆主城区社会空间结构分析[J].人文地理,2015,30(2):43-49.ZHANG Z T,LIU Y.The social spatial structure in the central urban area of Chongqing based on data of census 2000[J].Human Geography,2015,30(2):43-49.
[23] 周春山,胡锦灿,童新梅,等.广州市社会空间结构演变跟踪研究[J].地理学报,2016,71(6):1010-1024.ZHOU C S,HU J Y,TONG X M,et al.The socio-spatial structure of Guangzhou and its evolution[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(6):1010-1024.
[24] 唐子来,陈颂,汪鑫,等.转型新时期上海中心城区社会空间结构与演化格局研究[J].规划师,2016,32(6):105-111.TANG Z L,CHEN S,WANG X,et al.A study on the structure of social space and evolvement pattern of Shanghai downtown in transitional period[J].Planners,2016,32(6):105-111.
(1)由于成都市第五次人口普查数据与第六次人口普查数据统计口径有略微差别,如2000年并未统计租房费用,人口流动性统计也未进行细化分类等,并且笔者获取的2000年数据比较完整基本没有缺失数据;因此,结合数据实际情况,将数据分类为11个一级指标,57个二级指标,大体上与2010年指标类型相似.
(1)成都市第十三次党代会上提出的“东进、南拓、西控、北改、中优”城市空间新格局,其中“中优”主要是优化中心城区的城市功能,实行“三降两提”,即降低中心城区开发强度、降低中心城区建筑尺度、降低人口密度,提高中心城产业的层次、提升城市的品质.
[2] JACKSON P.Social geography:Convergence and compromise[J].Progress in Human Geography,1996,20(2).27-34.
[3] SHEVKY E,WILLIAMS M.The social areas of Los Angeles[M].Berkeley and Los Angeles:The University of California Press,1949.
[4] MCELRATH D C.The social areas of Rome:A comparative[J].American Sociological Review,1962,27:376-391.
[5] CAREY G W.The regional interpretation of Manhattan population and housing patterns through factor analysis[J].Geographical Review,1966,56(4):551-569.
[6] WAYNE K D DAVIES,G J LEWIS.The urban dimensions of Leicester,England.In:Clark B,Gleav B (eds).Social Pat-terns in Cities.[M] Institute of British Geographers Special Publication,1983(5):71～86.
[7] ALBERT H.Symbolic communities:The persistence and change of Chicago’s local communities[M].Chicago and London:The University of Chicago Press,1982.
[8] CLARK W A V.Changing residential preferences across income,education,and age:Findings from the multi-city study of urban inequality[J].Urban Affairs Review,2008,44(3):334-355.
[9] BORSDOR A,HILDALGO R,VIDAL-KOPPMANN S.Social segregation and gated communities in Santiago de Chile and Buenos Aires.A comparison[J].Habitat International,2016,54:18-27.
[10] MCDONALD J F.The deconcentration of poverty in Chicago:1990-2000[J].Urban Studies,2004,41(11):2119-2137.
[11] 虞蔚.城市社会空间的研究与规划[J].城市规划,1986,10(6):25-28.YU W.Urban social spatial studies and planning[J].City Planning Review,1986,10(6):25-28.
[12] 吴启焰,任东明,杨荫凯,等.城市居住空间分异的理论基础与研究层次[J].人文地理,2003(3):1-5.WU Q Y,REN D M,YANG Y K,et al.The theoretical basis of urban residential differentiation and its research field[J].Human Geography,2003(3):1-5.
[13] 李志刚,吴缚龙.转型期上海社会空间分异研究[J].地理学报,2006(2):199-211.LI Z G,WU F L.Sociospatial differentiation in transitional Shanghai[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2006,61(2):199-211.
[14] 冯健,周一星.转型期北京社会空间分异重构[J].地理学报,2008,63(8):829-844.FENNG J,ZHOU Y X.2008.Restructuring of socio-spatial differentiation in Beijing in the transition period[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2008,63(8):829-844.
[15] 周春山,童新梅,王珏晗,等.2000-2010年广州市人口老龄化空间分异及形成机制[J].地理研究,2018,37(1):103-118.ZHOU C S,TONG X M,WANG Y Z,et al.Spatial differentiation and the formation mechanism of population aging in Guangzhou in 2000- 2010[J].Geographical Research,2018,37(1):103-118.
[16] 陈轶,吕斌,张纯,等.拉萨市河坝林地区回族聚居区社会空间特征及其成因[J].长江流域资源与环境,2013,22(1):32-39.CHEN Y,LV B,ZHANG C,et al.Minority enclave characteristics and mechanism of social space:A case study of the Hebalin Islamic community in Lhasa[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2013,22(1):32-39.
[17] 宣国富,徐建刚,赵静.上海市中心城社会区分析[J].地理研究,2006,25(3):526-538.FU X G,XU J G,ZHAO J.Social areas of the central urban area in Shanghai[J].Geographical Research,2006,25(3):526-538.
[18] 李传武,张小林.转型期合肥城市社会空间结构演变(1982～2000年)[J].地理科学,2015,35(12):1542-1550.LI C W,ZHANG X L.Socio-spatial structure of Hefei and its evolution during the transitional period:1982-2000[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2015,35(12):1541-1550.
[19] 吴连霞,赵媛,吴开亚,等.人口结构与经济重心空间耦合演化及机制探析——以江苏省为例[J].经济问题探索,2017(12):91-101.WU L X,ZHAO Y,WU K Y,et al.Coupling evolution and mechanism of population structure and economic center of gravity:A case study of Jiangsu Province[J].Inquiry into Economic Issues,2017(12):91-101.
[20] 柴宏博,冯健.基于迁居的郊区大型居住区社会空间形成——以北京回龙观居住区为例[J].地域研究与开发,2014,33(5):77-81.CHA H B,FENG J.Formation of social space in suburban large communities based on residents’ intra-urban migration:A case study of Huilongguan in Beijing[J].Areal Research and Development,2014,33(5):77-81.
[21] 冯健,钟奕纯.北京社会空间重构(2000-2010)[J].地理学报,2018,73(4):711-737.FENG J,ZHONG Y C,Restructuring of social space in Beijing from 2000 to 2010[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2018,73(4):711-737.
[22] 章征涛,刘勇.重庆主城区社会空间结构分析[J].人文地理,2015,30(2):43-49.ZHANG Z T,LIU Y.The social spatial structure in the central urban area of Chongqing based on data of census 2000[J].Human Geography,2015,30(2):43-49.
[23] 周春山,胡锦灿,童新梅,等.广州市社会空间结构演变跟踪研究[J].地理学报,2016,71(6):1010-1024.ZHOU C S,HU J Y,TONG X M,et al.The socio-spatial structure of Guangzhou and its evolution[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(6):1010-1024.
[24] 唐子来,陈颂,汪鑫,等.转型新时期上海中心城区社会空间结构与演化格局研究[J].规划师,2016,32(6):105-111.TANG Z L,CHEN S,WANG X,et al.A study on the structure of social space and evolvement pattern of Shanghai downtown in transitional period[J].Planners,2016,32(6):105-111.
(1)由于成都市第五次人口普查数据与第六次人口普查数据统计口径有略微差别,如2000年并未统计租房费用,人口流动性统计也未进行细化分类等,并且笔者获取的2000年数据比较完整基本没有缺失数据;因此,结合数据实际情况,将数据分类为11个一级指标,57个二级指标,大体上与2010年指标类型相似.
(1)成都市第十三次党代会上提出的“东进、南拓、西控、北改、中优”城市空间新格局,其中“中优”主要是优化中心城区的城市功能,实行“三降两提”,即降低中心城区开发强度、降低中心城区建筑尺度、降低人口密度,提高中心城产业的层次、提升城市的品质.