亚洲现代主义的产生 林少伟与新加坡规划与城市研究组、亚洲建筑师联盟
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摘要
作者认为,以民族主义和亚洲地域性的职业组织为框架,来理解活跃于20世纪60年代的一些重要的亚洲建筑师和智库,是比较合理的。60至80年代亚洲城市的现代化和都市发展中兴起的民族主义计划间存在着深层的关联。文章深入讨论了诸如"新加坡规划与城市研究组"和"亚洲建筑师联盟"等城市研究智库形成过程中提出的重要的思想计划。
There are legitimate claims that the work of a number of key Asian architects and think tanks founded in the 1960 s can be understood within the framework of nationalism, and regional professional networks in Asia.Deeper resonances can also be felt across projects of nationalism emerging in Asian cities in their corollaries of modernization and urban development between the 1960 s and 1980 s. This paper explores the critical intellectual projects summoned through the formations of think tanks engaged in urban research, such as the Singapore Planning and Urban Research Group(SPUR),and the Asian Planning and Architectural Collaborative(APAC).
There are legitimate claims that the work of a number of key Asian architects and think tanks founded in the 1960 s can be understood within the framework of nationalism, and regional professional networks in Asia.Deeper resonances can also be felt across projects of nationalism emerging in Asian cities in their corollaries of modernization and urban development between the 1960 s and 1980 s. This paper explores the critical intellectual projects summoned through the formations of think tanks engaged in urban research, such as the Singapore Planning and Urban Research Group(SPUR),and the Asian Planning and Architectural Collaborative(APAC).
引文
[1] William Lim and Jiat-Hwee Chang, eds. Non West Modernist Past:On Architecture and Modernities[M] Singapore:World Scientific Press, 2011.
[2]Mark Crinson. Singapore's moment:critical regionalism, its colonial roots and profound aftermath[J]. The Journal of Architecture, 2008, 592(13):5.
[3]Rem Koolhaas. Singapore Songlines:Portrait of a Potemkin Metropolis…or 30 Years of Tabula Rasa[M]//Small, Medium,Large. Extra-Large. Rem Koolhaas, Bruce Mau, ed. New York:Monacelli Press, 1995:1054.
[4]Kochi Nagashima, ed. Contemporary Asian Architecture:Works of APAC Members[M]. Tokyo:Process:Architecture, 1980.
[5]Ellen Shoshkes. Jaqueline Tyrwhitt:A Transnational Life in Urban Planning and Design(New York:Routledge, 2013), 198.
[6] SPUR. The Future of Asian Cities[M]//SPUR 65-7. Singapore:Eurasia Press, 1967:5-11.
[7] Eunice Seng, People's Park Complex:The State, the Developer,the Architect and the Conditioned Public, c.1967 to the Present[M]//Southeast Asia's Modern Architecture:Questions of Translation, Epistemology and Power. Jiat-Hwee Chang, Imran bin Tajudeen,ed. Singapore:NUS Press, 2019:236-273.
[8]Lim, Urban Redevelopment:The Humanist Point of View[M]//Equity and Urban Environment in the Third World:With Special Reference to ASEAN Countries and Singapore, Zhuang Weisong,Singapore:DP Press, 1975.
[9] Tay, Outspoken"third-fourth"generation architect[J]. Pauline Khng, interviewed. Asian Building&Construction, October 1976,30.
[10] Nikolai Miliutin. Sotsgorod:The Problem of Building Socialist Cities, trans. Arthur Sprague[M]. George R, Collins, William Alex,eds. Cambridge, MIT Press, 1975.
[11]Cohen, Jean-Louis. Le Corbusier and the Mystique of the USSR:Theories and Projects for Moscow 1928-1936[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press, 1992.
[12]SIA. 14 Urban Renewal Sites[J]. Journal of the Singapore Institute of Architects, 1967(13/14):9.
[13] Building Construction Authority(BCA). Strata Living in Singapore[M].Singapore:BCA. 2005.
[14]A.G. Barnett, ed. Golden Mile Shopping Center[J]. Asian Architect and Builder, 1972,1(4):20.
[15]Chia Poteik. Gleaming Golden Mile:Two$12mil hotels, luxury apartments and shops-all within next three years[N]. The Straits Times, 1967-06-20.
[16] Collin Anderson, ed. DP Architects on Orchard Road:Evolution of a Retail Landscape[M].Mulgrave:Images Publishing, 2012.
[17]Lim. Shopping Centres[J]. Ekistics, 1974, 37(219):114-115.
[18]Lefteris Theodosis. Victory over Chaos? Constantinos A.Doxiadis and Ekistics, 1945-1975[D]. Barcelona:Department de ComposicióArquitectònica, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Arquitectura de Barcelona, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2015:209-210.
[19] Eric Mumford.The Emergence of Urban Design in the Breakup of CIAM[M]//Alex Krieger, William Saunders, eds. Urban Design.Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press. 2009:24.
[20] Victor Gruen, Larry Smith. Shopping Towns USA:The Planning of Shopping Centers[M].New York:Reinhold Publishing,1960:218-219.
[21]Victor Gruen. Centers for the Urban Environment:Survival of the Cities[M].New York:Van Nostrand Reinhold Company,1973:217.
[22]Charles Abrams, Susumu Kobe. Otto Koenigsberger. Growth and Urban Renewal in Singapore:Report prepared for the Government of Singapore[R].United Nations Program of Technical Assistance, Department of Economic and Social Affairs,1963.
[23] Toh, Bee Ping. An interview with Chan Sui Him[J]. Design in Print.2016. 6(4):24-27.
[24] Fumihiko Maki. Investigations in Collective Form[M]. St Louis:School of Architecture. Washington University, 1964.
[25] Koichi Nagashima. Editorial[M]//Contemporary Asian Architecture:Works of APAC Members. Tokyo:Process Architecture. 1980:4.
[26] Leonardo Zuccaro Marchi.Victor Gruen:the EnvironmentalHeart[J]. Journal of Public Space, 2017, 2(2):75-84.
[27] Victor Gruen. Centers for the Urban Environment:Survival of the Cities[M]. New York:Van Nostrand Reinhold,1973.
[28] Alex Wall. Victor Gruen:From Urban Shop to New City[M].New York:Actar, 2005:241.
[29] SPUR. Singapore Planning&Urban Research[M]//SPUR 65-7Singapore:Eurasia Press. 1967:57.
[30] Lim.Environmental Planning in a City State[M]//Singapore:The Way Ahead. George Gray Thomson. ed. Singapore:Adult Education Board, 1967.
[31] Victor Gruen. The Heart of Our Cities by Victor Gruen(Book Excerpt)[J]. Journal of the Singapore Institute of Architects.1967(18/19):14-19.
[32] Sumet Jumsai. Naga:Cultural Origins in Siam and the West Pacific[M]. Singapore:Oxford University Press. 1988.
[33]Abidin Kusno. Behind the Postcolonial:Architecture. Urban Space and Political Cultures in Indonesia[M].New York:Routledge. 2000:196.
[34]Tao Ho. Tao Ho Design:Searching for Order within Chaos[M].Milan:L'Arca Edizioni, 1999.
[35] Alison Smithson, ed. Team 10 Primer[M].London:Studio Vista.1968:3.
[36] Sigfried Giedion. Space, Time and Architecture:The Growth of a New Tradition[M].Cambridge:Harvard University Press, 1952.
[37] Lim Chong Keat. Urban Design and Context in Singapore and Malaysia[M]//Design for High-Intensity Development. Margaret Bentley Sevcenko,ed. Cambridge. Massachusetts:Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture, 1986:60.
[38] Charlie Xue, Jing Xiao. Japanese Modernity Deviated:Its Importation and Legacy in the Southeast Asian Architecture since the 1970s[J]. Habitat International, 2014(44):227-236.
[39] Michael Hardt, Antonio Negri. Empire[M].Cambridge:Harvard University Press, 2000:264.
[40] Colin Anderson,lan Choo. DP Architects on Marina Bay:Evolution of a Civic Downtown[M].Singapore:ORO Editions.2015:75.
(1)林少伟和DP的发展与新加坡的城市化和民族主义相平行。这一观点直接出自DP建筑师事务所,2015年出版的《DP建筑师事务所在金沙湾:市民中心的演化》(DP Architects on Marina Bay:Evolution ofa Civic Downtown)一书刚巧赶上了新加坡50周年独立庆典。DP事务所将其50年的发展视作国家建设的一部分。
(2)尤为需要注意的是,库哈斯对亚洲现代性的兴趣构成了随后的研究,发表在《日本计划》一书中。见Koolhaas, Hans-Ulrich Obrist.Project Japan:Metabolism Talks[M]. New York:Taschen,2011.
(3)Harvard Graduate School of Design News. Fumihiko Maki, Klaus Herdeg, Charles M. Haar, William Lim. Koichi Nagashima. William Doebele and Thomas H. Jenkins,"Mary Jaqueline Tyrwhitt:In memoriam:The Harvard years. 1955-1969,"Ekistics, Vol, 52, No.314/315, Sep/Oct-Nov/Dec 1985, 436-441.
(4)作者对槙文彦的采访,新加坡,2017年10月10日
(5)Singapore Planning&Urban Research Group. Our Cities Tomorrow:Sky-High Structures May Solve Population Problems"The Asia Magazine. May 1966, 4-7.SPUR将此文修改并重新发表:SPUR. The Future of Asian Cities[M]//SPUR 65-7, Singapore:Eurasia Press, 1967:5.
(6)SIA. News and Comments:Poly Urban Rehabitation[J]. Journal of the Singapore Institute of Architects. 1966(5),其中"Poly"指的是新加坡理工.SPUR组建于此。
(7)其他文献对林少伟倡导的城市更新背后的政治作出了论述,比如有关人民公园综合体。见Eunice Seng. People's Park Complex:The State, the Developer, the Architect and the Conditioned Public, c.1967 to the Present[M]//Southeast Asia's Modern Architecture:Questions of Translation, Epistemology and Power, Jiat-Hwee Chang, Imran bin Tajudeen.ed. Singapore:NUS Press, 2019:236-273.
(8)Nikolai Miliutin. Sotsgorod:The Problem of Building Socialist Cities, trans. Arthur Sprague[M]. George R. Collins. William Alex, eds. Cambridge, MIT Press. 1975.俄文原版发表于1930年。同时参见Oleg Yanitsky, Olga Usacheva. History of the'Green City'in Russia[J]. Journal of History Culture and Art Research.20176(6):125-131.
(9)作者对陈瑞谦的采访.新加坡,2016年8月4日
(10)Straits Times,"Unusual Landmark,"The Straits Times, Aug30, 1971, Singapore,(Microfilm Reel NL6778, National Library Board), 14.
(11)Interview with William S.W. Lim(by author), Singapore, May 24,2013
(12)Ibid.,19.
(13)Straits Times,"Firm formed to help in nation-building."The Straits Times. Jan 28. 1972. Singapore,(Microfilm Reel NL6966.National Library Board), 21.这篇文章认为新加坡发展(私人)有限公司的创始人在1963年开发类似黄金坊综合体等大尺度项目以刺激消费勇气可嘉。文章指出这全赖杨溢麟(Yong Yit Lin)和杨南生(Yong Nam Seng)夫妇的抱负。新加坡发展的其他类似项目包括加东购物中心(Katong Shopping Center)和女皇镇购物中心(Queensway Shoping Center)。
(14)这一开发商\建造承包商和建筑师团队在许多其他大型项目中继续合作.包括混合功能的加东购物中心。
(15)H. Koon Wee,"The Emergence of the Global and Social City:Golden Mile and the Politics of Urban Renewal,"Planning Perspectives, 2019.
(16)Collin Anderson, ed. DP Architects on Orchard Road:Evolution of a Retail Landscape[M].Mulgrave:Images Publishing, 2012.在林少伟离开后.DP建筑师事务所仍旧继续推动了黄金坊线性城市周边的环境建设,从金沙会议展览中心,乌节路(OrchardRoad)项目到加浪体育馆(KallangSports Hub)。
(17)ConstantinosA. Doxiadis,希腊建筑师和城市规划师.“人居环境”一词的创立者,他认为人居环境是一门科学.认为理解人类团体之间及其与环境的作用关系对个人和集体的福祉有着重要意义。——译者注
(18)Gruen. Cityscape and Landscape[J]. Arts and Architecture Magazine, Sep 1955.
(19)不幸的是,原本的自然通风关闭了.大型线性天光也基本上被遮蔽。如今主购物廊道中很黑,依靠大型的通风设备,到处都是不必要的管道。将四层楼的购物空间室内化的努力违背了综合体原本的目标。
(20)William Campbell. Selling the Golden Mile, Part Three of the Story of Singapore's Urban Renewal. The Straits Times, March27, 1969-03-27. 9.(Microfilm Reel NL5831. National Library Board Archives)
(21)Lim.Environmental Planning in a City State[M]//Singapore:The Way Ahead. George Gray Thomson, ed. Singapore:Adult Education Board. 1967.该文章重新发表于:Lim, Equity and Urban Environment in the Third World.
(22)Budi Sukada,"Technical Review of Vidhan Bhavan."The Aga Khan Award for Architecture. 1998.
(23)在APAC仅有的几次成员会面中,槙文彦,长岛,何弢和林少伟更喜欢在香港碰头.因为这里是各个成员所在的不同城市的中点。见Maki and Nagashima. Cultural Exchange through Architecture in Asia[M]//Contemporary Asian Architecture:Works of APAC Members. Process:Architecture, 1980:9.陈瑞谦回忆说.和林少伟一起的旅行对年轻建筑师来说收获特别大。见Toh,"An interview with Chan Sui Him."26.
(24)虽然APAC没有获得任何设计委托.长岛提到,槙文彦20世纪70年代在东马来西亚沙巴接到了亚庇体育公园综合体(Kota Kinabalu Sport Complex and Park in Sabah, East Malaysia)项目,来自以前新加坡大学的一个学生,他在沙巴共和国森林部工作.他们认为这是一次APAC相互联系的机会。槙文彦想让DP建筑师事务所作为这个项目的执行建筑师.那将会是APAC首次合作。不幸的是,客户拒绝了这项提议。见Maki and Nagashima."Cultural Exchange through Architecture in Asia."Process Magazine. 10.槙文彦2000年以后在新加坡和DP合作了许多项目,但那是和林少伟在DP的继任者一起。2012年,槙文彦为DP的乌节路(Orchard Road)项目专辑作序。见Maki. Preface[M]//DP Architects on Orchard Road:Evolution of a Retail Landscape:3.
(25)Catharine Huws-Nagashima, ed. UNU/APAC Meeting on Architectural Identity in the Cultural Context, Symposium Proceedings. Tokyo, Jul 29-30, 1985.
(26)只有柯里亚没有参加联合国大学的论坛.但APAC分别邀请了中国的吴良镛和印度尼西亚的宇斯瓦迪·萨莉亚(Yuswadi Saliya)参会。
(27)Huws-Nagashima, ed., UNU/APAC Meeting on Architectural Identity in the Cultural Context, 52.
(28)Maki, Keynote Lecture for the DP50 Symposium, Singapore. Oct10,2017.
(29)Nagashima, ed.. Contemporary Asian Architecture.
(30)APAC,"Objectives."Asian Planning&Architectural Consultants.12-page Brochure.
(31)分析新加坡城市发展时,林苍吉比较了桃树中心和香港的发展.认为新加坡缺乏前两者的开发强度。见Lim CK. Urban Design and Context in Singapore and Malaysia[M]//Design for High-Intensity Development. MB Sevcenko, ed. Cambridge,Massachusetts:Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture, 1986:59.
[2]Mark Crinson. Singapore's moment:critical regionalism, its colonial roots and profound aftermath[J]. The Journal of Architecture, 2008, 592(13):5.
[3]Rem Koolhaas. Singapore Songlines:Portrait of a Potemkin Metropolis…or 30 Years of Tabula Rasa[M]//Small, Medium,Large. Extra-Large. Rem Koolhaas, Bruce Mau, ed. New York:Monacelli Press, 1995:1054.
[4]Kochi Nagashima, ed. Contemporary Asian Architecture:Works of APAC Members[M]. Tokyo:Process:Architecture, 1980.
[5]Ellen Shoshkes. Jaqueline Tyrwhitt:A Transnational Life in Urban Planning and Design(New York:Routledge, 2013), 198.
[6] SPUR. The Future of Asian Cities[M]//SPUR 65-7. Singapore:Eurasia Press, 1967:5-11.
[7] Eunice Seng, People's Park Complex:The State, the Developer,the Architect and the Conditioned Public, c.1967 to the Present[M]//Southeast Asia's Modern Architecture:Questions of Translation, Epistemology and Power. Jiat-Hwee Chang, Imran bin Tajudeen,ed. Singapore:NUS Press, 2019:236-273.
[8]Lim, Urban Redevelopment:The Humanist Point of View[M]//Equity and Urban Environment in the Third World:With Special Reference to ASEAN Countries and Singapore, Zhuang Weisong,Singapore:DP Press, 1975.
[9] Tay, Outspoken"third-fourth"generation architect[J]. Pauline Khng, interviewed. Asian Building&Construction, October 1976,30.
[10] Nikolai Miliutin. Sotsgorod:The Problem of Building Socialist Cities, trans. Arthur Sprague[M]. George R, Collins, William Alex,eds. Cambridge, MIT Press, 1975.
[11]Cohen, Jean-Louis. Le Corbusier and the Mystique of the USSR:Theories and Projects for Moscow 1928-1936[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press, 1992.
[12]SIA. 14 Urban Renewal Sites[J]. Journal of the Singapore Institute of Architects, 1967(13/14):9.
[13] Building Construction Authority(BCA). Strata Living in Singapore[M].Singapore:BCA. 2005.
[14]A.G. Barnett, ed. Golden Mile Shopping Center[J]. Asian Architect and Builder, 1972,1(4):20.
[15]Chia Poteik. Gleaming Golden Mile:Two$12mil hotels, luxury apartments and shops-all within next three years[N]. The Straits Times, 1967-06-20.
[16] Collin Anderson, ed. DP Architects on Orchard Road:Evolution of a Retail Landscape[M].Mulgrave:Images Publishing, 2012.
[17]Lim. Shopping Centres[J]. Ekistics, 1974, 37(219):114-115.
[18]Lefteris Theodosis. Victory over Chaos? Constantinos A.Doxiadis and Ekistics, 1945-1975[D]. Barcelona:Department de ComposicióArquitectònica, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Arquitectura de Barcelona, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2015:209-210.
[19] Eric Mumford.The Emergence of Urban Design in the Breakup of CIAM[M]//Alex Krieger, William Saunders, eds. Urban Design.Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press. 2009:24.
[20] Victor Gruen, Larry Smith. Shopping Towns USA:The Planning of Shopping Centers[M].New York:Reinhold Publishing,1960:218-219.
[21]Victor Gruen. Centers for the Urban Environment:Survival of the Cities[M].New York:Van Nostrand Reinhold Company,1973:217.
[22]Charles Abrams, Susumu Kobe. Otto Koenigsberger. Growth and Urban Renewal in Singapore:Report prepared for the Government of Singapore[R].United Nations Program of Technical Assistance, Department of Economic and Social Affairs,1963.
[23] Toh, Bee Ping. An interview with Chan Sui Him[J]. Design in Print.2016. 6(4):24-27.
[24] Fumihiko Maki. Investigations in Collective Form[M]. St Louis:School of Architecture. Washington University, 1964.
[25] Koichi Nagashima. Editorial[M]//Contemporary Asian Architecture:Works of APAC Members. Tokyo:Process Architecture. 1980:4.
[26] Leonardo Zuccaro Marchi.Victor Gruen:the EnvironmentalHeart[J]. Journal of Public Space, 2017, 2(2):75-84.
[27] Victor Gruen. Centers for the Urban Environment:Survival of the Cities[M]. New York:Van Nostrand Reinhold,1973.
[28] Alex Wall. Victor Gruen:From Urban Shop to New City[M].New York:Actar, 2005:241.
[29] SPUR. Singapore Planning&Urban Research[M]//SPUR 65-7Singapore:Eurasia Press. 1967:57.
[30] Lim.Environmental Planning in a City State[M]//Singapore:The Way Ahead. George Gray Thomson. ed. Singapore:Adult Education Board, 1967.
[31] Victor Gruen. The Heart of Our Cities by Victor Gruen(Book Excerpt)[J]. Journal of the Singapore Institute of Architects.1967(18/19):14-19.
[32] Sumet Jumsai. Naga:Cultural Origins in Siam and the West Pacific[M]. Singapore:Oxford University Press. 1988.
[33]Abidin Kusno. Behind the Postcolonial:Architecture. Urban Space and Political Cultures in Indonesia[M].New York:Routledge. 2000:196.
[34]Tao Ho. Tao Ho Design:Searching for Order within Chaos[M].Milan:L'Arca Edizioni, 1999.
[35] Alison Smithson, ed. Team 10 Primer[M].London:Studio Vista.1968:3.
[36] Sigfried Giedion. Space, Time and Architecture:The Growth of a New Tradition[M].Cambridge:Harvard University Press, 1952.
[37] Lim Chong Keat. Urban Design and Context in Singapore and Malaysia[M]//Design for High-Intensity Development. Margaret Bentley Sevcenko,ed. Cambridge. Massachusetts:Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture, 1986:60.
[38] Charlie Xue, Jing Xiao. Japanese Modernity Deviated:Its Importation and Legacy in the Southeast Asian Architecture since the 1970s[J]. Habitat International, 2014(44):227-236.
[39] Michael Hardt, Antonio Negri. Empire[M].Cambridge:Harvard University Press, 2000:264.
[40] Colin Anderson,lan Choo. DP Architects on Marina Bay:Evolution of a Civic Downtown[M].Singapore:ORO Editions.2015:75.
(1)林少伟和DP的发展与新加坡的城市化和民族主义相平行。这一观点直接出自DP建筑师事务所,2015年出版的《DP建筑师事务所在金沙湾:市民中心的演化》(DP Architects on Marina Bay:Evolution ofa Civic Downtown)一书刚巧赶上了新加坡50周年独立庆典。DP事务所将其50年的发展视作国家建设的一部分。
(2)尤为需要注意的是,库哈斯对亚洲现代性的兴趣构成了随后的研究,发表在《日本计划》一书中。见Koolhaas, Hans-Ulrich Obrist.Project Japan:Metabolism Talks[M]. New York:Taschen,2011.
(3)Harvard Graduate School of Design News. Fumihiko Maki, Klaus Herdeg, Charles M. Haar, William Lim. Koichi Nagashima. William Doebele and Thomas H. Jenkins,"Mary Jaqueline Tyrwhitt:In memoriam:The Harvard years. 1955-1969,"Ekistics, Vol, 52, No.314/315, Sep/Oct-Nov/Dec 1985, 436-441.
(4)作者对槙文彦的采访,新加坡,2017年10月10日
(5)Singapore Planning&Urban Research Group. Our Cities Tomorrow:Sky-High Structures May Solve Population Problems"The Asia Magazine. May 1966, 4-7.SPUR将此文修改并重新发表:SPUR. The Future of Asian Cities[M]//SPUR 65-7, Singapore:Eurasia Press, 1967:5.
(6)SIA. News and Comments:Poly Urban Rehabitation[J]. Journal of the Singapore Institute of Architects. 1966(5),其中"Poly"指的是新加坡理工.SPUR组建于此。
(7)其他文献对林少伟倡导的城市更新背后的政治作出了论述,比如有关人民公园综合体。见Eunice Seng. People's Park Complex:The State, the Developer, the Architect and the Conditioned Public, c.1967 to the Present[M]//Southeast Asia's Modern Architecture:Questions of Translation, Epistemology and Power, Jiat-Hwee Chang, Imran bin Tajudeen.ed. Singapore:NUS Press, 2019:236-273.
(8)Nikolai Miliutin. Sotsgorod:The Problem of Building Socialist Cities, trans. Arthur Sprague[M]. George R. Collins. William Alex, eds. Cambridge, MIT Press. 1975.俄文原版发表于1930年。同时参见Oleg Yanitsky, Olga Usacheva. History of the'Green City'in Russia[J]. Journal of History Culture and Art Research.20176(6):125-131.
(9)作者对陈瑞谦的采访.新加坡,2016年8月4日
(10)Straits Times,"Unusual Landmark,"The Straits Times, Aug30, 1971, Singapore,(Microfilm Reel NL6778, National Library Board), 14.
(11)Interview with William S.W. Lim(by author), Singapore, May 24,2013
(12)Ibid.,19.
(13)Straits Times,"Firm formed to help in nation-building."The Straits Times. Jan 28. 1972. Singapore,(Microfilm Reel NL6966.National Library Board), 21.这篇文章认为新加坡发展(私人)有限公司的创始人在1963年开发类似黄金坊综合体等大尺度项目以刺激消费勇气可嘉。文章指出这全赖杨溢麟(Yong Yit Lin)和杨南生(Yong Nam Seng)夫妇的抱负。新加坡发展的其他类似项目包括加东购物中心(Katong Shopping Center)和女皇镇购物中心(Queensway Shoping Center)。
(14)这一开发商\建造承包商和建筑师团队在许多其他大型项目中继续合作.包括混合功能的加东购物中心。
(15)H. Koon Wee,"The Emergence of the Global and Social City:Golden Mile and the Politics of Urban Renewal,"Planning Perspectives, 2019.
(16)Collin Anderson, ed. DP Architects on Orchard Road:Evolution of a Retail Landscape[M].Mulgrave:Images Publishing, 2012.在林少伟离开后.DP建筑师事务所仍旧继续推动了黄金坊线性城市周边的环境建设,从金沙会议展览中心,乌节路(OrchardRoad)项目到加浪体育馆(KallangSports Hub)。
(17)ConstantinosA. Doxiadis,希腊建筑师和城市规划师.“人居环境”一词的创立者,他认为人居环境是一门科学.认为理解人类团体之间及其与环境的作用关系对个人和集体的福祉有着重要意义。——译者注
(18)Gruen. Cityscape and Landscape[J]. Arts and Architecture Magazine, Sep 1955.
(19)不幸的是,原本的自然通风关闭了.大型线性天光也基本上被遮蔽。如今主购物廊道中很黑,依靠大型的通风设备,到处都是不必要的管道。将四层楼的购物空间室内化的努力违背了综合体原本的目标。
(20)William Campbell. Selling the Golden Mile, Part Three of the Story of Singapore's Urban Renewal. The Straits Times, March27, 1969-03-27. 9.(Microfilm Reel NL5831. National Library Board Archives)
(21)Lim.Environmental Planning in a City State[M]//Singapore:The Way Ahead. George Gray Thomson, ed. Singapore:Adult Education Board. 1967.该文章重新发表于:Lim, Equity and Urban Environment in the Third World.
(22)Budi Sukada,"Technical Review of Vidhan Bhavan."The Aga Khan Award for Architecture. 1998.
(23)在APAC仅有的几次成员会面中,槙文彦,长岛,何弢和林少伟更喜欢在香港碰头.因为这里是各个成员所在的不同城市的中点。见Maki and Nagashima. Cultural Exchange through Architecture in Asia[M]//Contemporary Asian Architecture:Works of APAC Members. Process:Architecture, 1980:9.陈瑞谦回忆说.和林少伟一起的旅行对年轻建筑师来说收获特别大。见Toh,"An interview with Chan Sui Him."26.
(24)虽然APAC没有获得任何设计委托.长岛提到,槙文彦20世纪70年代在东马来西亚沙巴接到了亚庇体育公园综合体(Kota Kinabalu Sport Complex and Park in Sabah, East Malaysia)项目,来自以前新加坡大学的一个学生,他在沙巴共和国森林部工作.他们认为这是一次APAC相互联系的机会。槙文彦想让DP建筑师事务所作为这个项目的执行建筑师.那将会是APAC首次合作。不幸的是,客户拒绝了这项提议。见Maki and Nagashima."Cultural Exchange through Architecture in Asia."Process Magazine. 10.槙文彦2000年以后在新加坡和DP合作了许多项目,但那是和林少伟在DP的继任者一起。2012年,槙文彦为DP的乌节路(Orchard Road)项目专辑作序。见Maki. Preface[M]//DP Architects on Orchard Road:Evolution of a Retail Landscape:3.
(25)Catharine Huws-Nagashima, ed. UNU/APAC Meeting on Architectural Identity in the Cultural Context, Symposium Proceedings. Tokyo, Jul 29-30, 1985.
(26)只有柯里亚没有参加联合国大学的论坛.但APAC分别邀请了中国的吴良镛和印度尼西亚的宇斯瓦迪·萨莉亚(Yuswadi Saliya)参会。
(27)Huws-Nagashima, ed., UNU/APAC Meeting on Architectural Identity in the Cultural Context, 52.
(28)Maki, Keynote Lecture for the DP50 Symposium, Singapore. Oct10,2017.
(29)Nagashima, ed.. Contemporary Asian Architecture.
(30)APAC,"Objectives."Asian Planning&Architectural Consultants.12-page Brochure.
(31)分析新加坡城市发展时,林苍吉比较了桃树中心和香港的发展.认为新加坡缺乏前两者的开发强度。见Lim CK. Urban Design and Context in Singapore and Malaysia[M]//Design for High-Intensity Development. MB Sevcenko, ed. Cambridge,Massachusetts:Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture, 1986:59.
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