健康公平视角下社区体育设施分布绩效评价——以上海市中心城区为例
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摘要
2016年国家颁布《健康中国2030纲要》,强调以公平公正为基本原则,推动健康领域基本公共服务均等化,实现健康服务全覆盖的目标。在此健康公平视角下,本文以上海市中心城区为研究范围,对其社区层面体育设施的分布进行公平绩效的定量评价。研究采用基尼系数,从设施空间可达性和供应量两方面,进行体育资源分配的公平性评价。研究发现,上海市中心城区社区体育设施在基于空间可达性的服务覆盖方面较为均等;但在以街道委员会管辖范围为分析单元的地均和人均设施供应量方面,不均等程度明显增加。研究进而选取人均体育设施供应量,进行了设施分布公平绩效的空间差异分析。发现其存在圈层式空间格局,即外环—中环—内环的社区体育设施分布的公平绩效依次降低;同时浦东地区的绩效优于浦西。研究基于社区体育设施分布的评判绩效评价,为健康城市规划和建设提供依据。
The national policy "Healthy China 2030 Outline" announced in 2016 has highlighted equity and justice as the basic principles to promote the equalization of basic public health service and achieve its full coverage. As health equity is an important issue in the development of healthy city, the configuration and layout of sports facilities influences the equity of residents' accessibility to health resources. Studies on the distribution of public facilities carried out since the 1980 s have basically covered the main types of public service facilities including urban parks and green space, medical facilities, public transportation facilities, etc. However, few researches has focused on sports facilities. From the perspective of the healthy equity. This paper quantitatively evaluates the performance of distribution of sports facilities at community level with the central city of Shanghai as the study site.First of all, this paper analyzes the coverage area of service based on the calculation of accessibility, and the supply based on the f loor area per capita and the the f loor area per sq.meter of sports facilities within a community. The study discovers that the areas with highest coverage of service are located in the southeastern part of Pudong, while the lowest coverage areas mainly in Puxi, especially in Jing'an District and Huangpu District. It presents an overall balance of the accessibility for the entire central city of Shanghai, while the inner city is lower than the periphery, the north area is higher than south area, and the Pudong is higher than Puxi.Meanwhile, the floor area of sports facility per capita presents a gradual increase from the inner city to the periphery, when the floor area per sq. meter shows the opposite pattern.By calculating the Gini coefficient, this paper discovers that the allocation of sports facilities reaches a relatively equal level based on spatial accessibility while it increases significantly in terms of the floor area per capita and the floor area per sq. meter within each community. More specifically in spatial distribution of the floor area per capita, the Gini coefficient of Pudong presents lower than that of Puxi while inner city presents higher than the periphery.Healthy urban planning needs to consider the allocation of various health-related public service facilities. The methodology of evaluating equity performance in the distribution of sports facilities adopted in this paper provides a basis for its planning. It also illustrates that the healthy equity of public facilities not only needs to be reflected in the layout of physical entities, but also requires to consider the distribution of the population. Only when better understanding and measuring the equity performance of facility accessibility and supply, would better planning of public facilities for healthy cities be achieved.
The national policy "Healthy China 2030 Outline" announced in 2016 has highlighted equity and justice as the basic principles to promote the equalization of basic public health service and achieve its full coverage. As health equity is an important issue in the development of healthy city, the configuration and layout of sports facilities influences the equity of residents' accessibility to health resources. Studies on the distribution of public facilities carried out since the 1980 s have basically covered the main types of public service facilities including urban parks and green space, medical facilities, public transportation facilities, etc. However, few researches has focused on sports facilities. From the perspective of the healthy equity. This paper quantitatively evaluates the performance of distribution of sports facilities at community level with the central city of Shanghai as the study site.First of all, this paper analyzes the coverage area of service based on the calculation of accessibility, and the supply based on the f loor area per capita and the the f loor area per sq.meter of sports facilities within a community. The study discovers that the areas with highest coverage of service are located in the southeastern part of Pudong, while the lowest coverage areas mainly in Puxi, especially in Jing'an District and Huangpu District. It presents an overall balance of the accessibility for the entire central city of Shanghai, while the inner city is lower than the periphery, the north area is higher than south area, and the Pudong is higher than Puxi.Meanwhile, the floor area of sports facility per capita presents a gradual increase from the inner city to the periphery, when the floor area per sq. meter shows the opposite pattern.By calculating the Gini coefficient, this paper discovers that the allocation of sports facilities reaches a relatively equal level based on spatial accessibility while it increases significantly in terms of the floor area per capita and the floor area per sq. meter within each community. More specifically in spatial distribution of the floor area per capita, the Gini coefficient of Pudong presents lower than that of Puxi while inner city presents higher than the periphery.Healthy urban planning needs to consider the allocation of various health-related public service facilities. The methodology of evaluating equity performance in the distribution of sports facilities adopted in this paper provides a basis for its planning. It also illustrates that the healthy equity of public facilities not only needs to be reflected in the layout of physical entities, but also requires to consider the distribution of the population. Only when better understanding and measuring the equity performance of facility accessibility and supply, would better planning of public facilities for healthy cities be achieved.
引文
[1]世界卫生大会.加强身体活动,造就健康世界:2018-2030年促进身体活动全球行动计划草案[R].世界卫生组织,2018.World Health Assembly. More active people for a healthier world:draft global action plan on physical activity 2018-2030[R]. World Health Organization, 2018.
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[6]陈家起.体育公平的力作——评《城市社区公共体育资源合理配置研究》[J].临沂大学学报,2016(6):140-142.CHEN J Q. A Masterpiece of Sports Equity-A Review of the Study on the Rational Allocation of Public Sports Resources in Urban Communities[J].Journal of Linyi University, 2016(6):140-142.
[7]江海燕,周春山,高军波.西方城市公共服务空间分布的公平性研究进展[J].城市规划,2011, 35(7):72-77.JIANG H Y, ZHOU C S, GAO J B. Advance in the Equity of Spatial Distribution of Urban Public Service in Western Countries[J]. City Planning Review, 2011, 35(7):72-77.
[8]王兰,孙文尧,古佳玉.健康导向城市设计的方法建构及实践探索——以上海市黄浦区为例[J].城市规划学刊,2018(5):71-79.WANG L, SUN W Y, GU J Y. The Methodological Development of Healthoriented Urban Design and Its Practical Exploration:A Case Study of Huangpu District, Shanghai[J]. Urban Planning Forum, 2018(5):71-79.
[9]赵波,崔雷,郭岩.基于WOS数据库的全球健康公平领域研究发展的情报学分析[J].北京大学学报(医学版),2011,43(3):407-413.ZHAO B, CUI L, GUO Y. Informational analysis of global health equity studies based on database of Web of Science[J]. Journal of Peking University(Health Sciences), 2011,43(3):407-413.
[10]时黎,张开宁,姜润生.卫生服务公平性理论框架的探讨[J].中国卫生事业管理,2003,19(1):4-5.SHI L, ZHANG K N, JIANG R S.Discussion on the Theoretical Framework of Equity of Health Service[J]. Chinese Health Service Management, 2003, 19(1):4-5.
[11]CORBURN J, SVERDLIK A. Slum Upgrading and Health Equity[J].International journal of environmental research and public health, 2017, 14(4):342.
[12]唐子来,顾姝.上海市中心城区公共绿地分布的社会绩效评价:从地域公平到社会公平[J].城市规划学刊,2015(2):48-56.TANG Z L,GU S. An Evaluation of Social Performance in the Distribution of Urban Parks in the Central City of Shanghai:From Spatial Equity to Social Equity[J]. Urban Planning Forum, 2015(2):48-56.
[13]唐子来,顾姝.再议上海市中心城区公共绿地分布的社会绩效评价:从社会公平到社会正义[J].城市规划学刊,2016(1):15-21.TANG Z L GU S. An Evaluation of Social Performance in the Distribution of Urban Parks in the Central City of Shanghai:From Social Equity to Social Justice[J]. Urban Planning Forum, 2016(1):15-21.
[14]江海燕,周春山,肖荣波.广州公园绿地的空间差异及社会公平研究[J].城市规划,2010, 34(4):43-48.JIANG H Y, ZHOU C S, XIAO R B.Spatial Differentiation and Social Equity of Public Parks In Guangzhou[J]. City Planning Review, 2010, 34(4):43-48.
[15] LUCY W. Equity and Planning For Local Services[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 1981, 47(4):447-457.
[16]金银日,姚颂平,刘东宁基于GIS的上海市公共体育设施空间可达性与公平性评价[J].上海体育学院学报,2017(3):42-47.JIN Y R, YAO Y P, LIU D N. GIS-basedSpatial Accessibility and Equity Evaluation of Urban Public Sports Facilities in Shanghai[J]. Journal of Shanghai University of Sport, 2017(3):42-47.
[17]顾鸣东,尹海伟.公共设施空间可达性与公平性研究概述[J].城市问题,2010(5):25-29.GU M D, YIN H W. Review on Spatial Accessibility and Equity of Public Facilities[J]. Urban Problems, 2010(5):25-29.
[18]尹海伟,徐建刚.上海公园空间可边性与公平性分析[J].城市发展研究,2009, 16(6):71-76.YIN H W, XU J G. Spatial Accessibility and Equity of Parks in Shanghai[J]. Urban Studies, 2009, 16(6):71-76.
[19]尹海伟,孔繁花,宗跃光.城市绿地可达性与公平性评价[J].生态学报,2008, 28(7):3375-3383.YIN H W, KONG F H,ZONG Y G.Accessibility and equity assessment on urban green space[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2008,28(7):3375-3383.
[20]蔡玉军,邵斌,董宝林,等.基于GIS的上海市中心城区社区公共运动场可达性研究[J].体育科研,2015(2):68-75.CAI Y Y, SHAO B, DONG B L, et al. On the Accessibility of the Community Public Sports Grounds in the Urban Areas of Shanghai Based on GIS[J]. Sports Science Research, 2015(2):68-75.
[21]吴文龙,李欣悦,张洋洋,等基于GIS的城市公共体育设施可达性研究[J].体育研究与教育,2014(5):39-43.WU W L, LI X Y, ZHANG Y Y, et al.Research on Accessibility of Urban Public Sports Facilities Based on GIS[J]. Journal of Physical Education Institute of Shanxi,2014(5):39-43.
[22]KOOHSARI M J, MAVOA S,VILLANUEVA K, et al. Public open space,physical activity, urban design and public health:Concepts, methods and research agenda[J]. Health&Place, 2015, 33:75-82.
[23] CUTUMISU N, SPENCE J C. Sport fields as potential catalysts for physical activity in the neighbourhood. Int J Environ Res Public Health[J]. 2012, 9(1):294-314.
[24]HALONEN J I,STENHOLM S,KIVIMAKI M, et al. Is change in availability of sports facilities associated with change in physical activity? A prospective cohort study[J]. Preventive Medicine, 2015, 73:10-14.
[25] HIGGS G M, LANGFORD M,NORMAN P. Accessibility to sport facilities in Wales:A GIS-based analysis of socio-economic variations in provision. Geoforum[J]. 2015,62:105-120.
[26] JANSEN M, ETTEMA D,PIERIK F,et al. Sports Facilities, Shopping centers or homes:What locations are important for adults'physical activity? A crosssectional study[J]. International journal of environmental research and public health,2016, 13(3):287-306.
[27] KOOHSARI M J,BADLAND H,GILES-CORTI B.(Re)Designing the built environment to support physical activity:Bringing public health back into urban design and planning[J]. Cities, 2013, 35:294-298.
[28]上海市体育局.2017年上海市全民健身发展报告[R].2018.Sports Bureau of Shanghai City. 2017Shanghai National Fitness Development Report[R]. 2018.
[29]上海市体育局.上海市体育局关于加强本市社区健身设施管理的意见[Z]. 2016.Sports Bureau of Shanghai City. Shanghai Municipal Sports Bureau's opinion on strengthening the management of community fitness facilities in this city[Z].2016.
[30]胡祖光.基尼系数理论最佳值及其简易计算公式研究[J].经济研究,2004(9):60-69.HU Z G. Research on the Best Value of Gini Coefficient Theory and Its Simple Calculation Formula[J]. Economic Research, 2004(9):60-69.
(1)健身苑点是指村(居)委会建设的,以健身、益智为主要内容的户外公共体育设施。
[2]TREMBLAYMARK S, LEBLANCALLANA G, CARSONVALERIE, et al.Canadian Physical Activity Guidelines for the Early Years(aged 0-4 years)[J]. Applied Physiology Nutrition&Metabolism, 2012,37(2):370.
[3] WARBURTON D E,NICOL C W,BREDIN S S. Prescribing exercise as preventive therapy[J]. Cmaj,2006, 174(7):961-974.
[4] SISSO S B,CHURCH T S,MARTIN C K, et al. Profiles of sedentary behavior in children and adolescents:The US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,2001-2006[M]//International Journal ofPediatric Obesity, 2009.
[5]玄泽亮,魏澄敏,傅华.健康城市的现代理念[J].上海预防医学,2002, 14(4):197-199.XUAN Z L, WEI C M, FU H. Modern Ideas of Healthy City[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2002, 14(4):197-199.
[6]陈家起.体育公平的力作——评《城市社区公共体育资源合理配置研究》[J].临沂大学学报,2016(6):140-142.CHEN J Q. A Masterpiece of Sports Equity-A Review of the Study on the Rational Allocation of Public Sports Resources in Urban Communities[J].Journal of Linyi University, 2016(6):140-142.
[7]江海燕,周春山,高军波.西方城市公共服务空间分布的公平性研究进展[J].城市规划,2011, 35(7):72-77.JIANG H Y, ZHOU C S, GAO J B. Advance in the Equity of Spatial Distribution of Urban Public Service in Western Countries[J]. City Planning Review, 2011, 35(7):72-77.
[8]王兰,孙文尧,古佳玉.健康导向城市设计的方法建构及实践探索——以上海市黄浦区为例[J].城市规划学刊,2018(5):71-79.WANG L, SUN W Y, GU J Y. The Methodological Development of Healthoriented Urban Design and Its Practical Exploration:A Case Study of Huangpu District, Shanghai[J]. Urban Planning Forum, 2018(5):71-79.
[9]赵波,崔雷,郭岩.基于WOS数据库的全球健康公平领域研究发展的情报学分析[J].北京大学学报(医学版),2011,43(3):407-413.ZHAO B, CUI L, GUO Y. Informational analysis of global health equity studies based on database of Web of Science[J]. Journal of Peking University(Health Sciences), 2011,43(3):407-413.
[10]时黎,张开宁,姜润生.卫生服务公平性理论框架的探讨[J].中国卫生事业管理,2003,19(1):4-5.SHI L, ZHANG K N, JIANG R S.Discussion on the Theoretical Framework of Equity of Health Service[J]. Chinese Health Service Management, 2003, 19(1):4-5.
[11]CORBURN J, SVERDLIK A. Slum Upgrading and Health Equity[J].International journal of environmental research and public health, 2017, 14(4):342.
[12]唐子来,顾姝.上海市中心城区公共绿地分布的社会绩效评价:从地域公平到社会公平[J].城市规划学刊,2015(2):48-56.TANG Z L,GU S. An Evaluation of Social Performance in the Distribution of Urban Parks in the Central City of Shanghai:From Spatial Equity to Social Equity[J]. Urban Planning Forum, 2015(2):48-56.
[13]唐子来,顾姝.再议上海市中心城区公共绿地分布的社会绩效评价:从社会公平到社会正义[J].城市规划学刊,2016(1):15-21.TANG Z L GU S. An Evaluation of Social Performance in the Distribution of Urban Parks in the Central City of Shanghai:From Social Equity to Social Justice[J]. Urban Planning Forum, 2016(1):15-21.
[14]江海燕,周春山,肖荣波.广州公园绿地的空间差异及社会公平研究[J].城市规划,2010, 34(4):43-48.JIANG H Y, ZHOU C S, XIAO R B.Spatial Differentiation and Social Equity of Public Parks In Guangzhou[J]. City Planning Review, 2010, 34(4):43-48.
[15] LUCY W. Equity and Planning For Local Services[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 1981, 47(4):447-457.
[16]金银日,姚颂平,刘东宁基于GIS的上海市公共体育设施空间可达性与公平性评价[J].上海体育学院学报,2017(3):42-47.JIN Y R, YAO Y P, LIU D N. GIS-basedSpatial Accessibility and Equity Evaluation of Urban Public Sports Facilities in Shanghai[J]. Journal of Shanghai University of Sport, 2017(3):42-47.
[17]顾鸣东,尹海伟.公共设施空间可达性与公平性研究概述[J].城市问题,2010(5):25-29.GU M D, YIN H W. Review on Spatial Accessibility and Equity of Public Facilities[J]. Urban Problems, 2010(5):25-29.
[18]尹海伟,徐建刚.上海公园空间可边性与公平性分析[J].城市发展研究,2009, 16(6):71-76.YIN H W, XU J G. Spatial Accessibility and Equity of Parks in Shanghai[J]. Urban Studies, 2009, 16(6):71-76.
[19]尹海伟,孔繁花,宗跃光.城市绿地可达性与公平性评价[J].生态学报,2008, 28(7):3375-3383.YIN H W, KONG F H,ZONG Y G.Accessibility and equity assessment on urban green space[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2008,28(7):3375-3383.
[20]蔡玉军,邵斌,董宝林,等.基于GIS的上海市中心城区社区公共运动场可达性研究[J].体育科研,2015(2):68-75.CAI Y Y, SHAO B, DONG B L, et al. On the Accessibility of the Community Public Sports Grounds in the Urban Areas of Shanghai Based on GIS[J]. Sports Science Research, 2015(2):68-75.
[21]吴文龙,李欣悦,张洋洋,等基于GIS的城市公共体育设施可达性研究[J].体育研究与教育,2014(5):39-43.WU W L, LI X Y, ZHANG Y Y, et al.Research on Accessibility of Urban Public Sports Facilities Based on GIS[J]. Journal of Physical Education Institute of Shanxi,2014(5):39-43.
[22]KOOHSARI M J, MAVOA S,VILLANUEVA K, et al. Public open space,physical activity, urban design and public health:Concepts, methods and research agenda[J]. Health&Place, 2015, 33:75-82.
[23] CUTUMISU N, SPENCE J C. Sport fields as potential catalysts for physical activity in the neighbourhood. Int J Environ Res Public Health[J]. 2012, 9(1):294-314.
[24]HALONEN J I,STENHOLM S,KIVIMAKI M, et al. Is change in availability of sports facilities associated with change in physical activity? A prospective cohort study[J]. Preventive Medicine, 2015, 73:10-14.
[25] HIGGS G M, LANGFORD M,NORMAN P. Accessibility to sport facilities in Wales:A GIS-based analysis of socio-economic variations in provision. Geoforum[J]. 2015,62:105-120.
[26] JANSEN M, ETTEMA D,PIERIK F,et al. Sports Facilities, Shopping centers or homes:What locations are important for adults'physical activity? A crosssectional study[J]. International journal of environmental research and public health,2016, 13(3):287-306.
[27] KOOHSARI M J,BADLAND H,GILES-CORTI B.(Re)Designing the built environment to support physical activity:Bringing public health back into urban design and planning[J]. Cities, 2013, 35:294-298.
[28]上海市体育局.2017年上海市全民健身发展报告[R].2018.Sports Bureau of Shanghai City. 2017Shanghai National Fitness Development Report[R]. 2018.
[29]上海市体育局.上海市体育局关于加强本市社区健身设施管理的意见[Z]. 2016.Sports Bureau of Shanghai City. Shanghai Municipal Sports Bureau's opinion on strengthening the management of community fitness facilities in this city[Z].2016.
[30]胡祖光.基尼系数理论最佳值及其简易计算公式研究[J].经济研究,2004(9):60-69.HU Z G. Research on the Best Value of Gini Coefficient Theory and Its Simple Calculation Formula[J]. Economic Research, 2004(9):60-69.
(1)健身苑点是指村(居)委会建设的,以健身、益智为主要内容的户外公共体育设施。