炭基辅料对羊粪好氧堆肥中氮素损失的影响
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摘要
养殖废弃物(羊粪)的堆肥化处置是现代"草-羊-田"农牧循环生产的重要环节,为探讨羊粪高温好氧堆肥中氮素损失的有效控制技术,研制了一种炭基辅料,与羊粪和稻草混合后进行了34 d的堆肥试验。试验设置2个处理:羊粪与稻草高温好氧堆肥(CK)、CK基础上添加质量比15%的炭基辅料(CA)。监测了堆肥体的温度、NH_3挥发速率、N_2O排放通量、各形态氮素含量等参数变化情况,分析了炭基辅料对羊粪堆肥过程中氮素转化及损失的影响。结果表明,与CK处理相比,添加炭基辅料促进了堆肥后第1～7 d堆肥温度快速上升,对堆肥后第8～34 d的堆温影响较小;堆肥34 d后,CK、CA处理的NH_3挥发累积量分别为368.38、175.63 mg·kg-1,N_2O排放累积量分别为50.38、88.94 mg·kg-1,CA处理的NH_3挥发累积量显著小于CK处理(P<0.05),而2个处理之间的N_2O排放累积量差异性不显著(P>0.05),羊粪堆肥过程中NH_3挥发是氮素损失的主要途径;CK、CA处理的氮素损失率分别为50.49%、32.63%,添加炭基辅料显著降低了羊粪堆肥体的氮素损失率(P<0.05),炭基辅料应用于羊粪有机肥生产,氮素损失率可减少35.37%。
The composting of livestock residue(sheep manure)plays an important role in grass-sheep-field of modern agriculture and animal husbandry recycling production. In order to develop an effective material for controlling nitrogen loss in the aerobic composting process of sheep manure, a carbonaceous amendment mixed with sheep manure and rice straw was adopted in a 34-day composting experiment. And to aim to determine the effect of carbonaceous amendment on nitrogen loss in the aerobic composting process of sheep manure, the temperature, NH_3 volatilization rate, N_2O emissions flux, and nitrogen content of the composting body were monitored. In the current study, two treatments, i.e.,(i)aerobic thermophilic composting of mixing sheep manure and rice straw(CK),(ii)on the basis of CK, adding 15%(m/m)carbonaceous amendment(CA)were conducted. Compared with the CK, the carbonaceous amendment rapidly increased the composting temperature from 1 st to 7 th day, while did not significantly increased composting temperature from 8 st to 34 th day. After 34 days of composting,the total amount of NH_3 volatilization was 368.38 mg·kg-1 in the CK and 175.63 mg·kg-1 in the CA. The total cumulative N_2O emission flux was 50.38 mg·kg-1 in the CK and 88.94 mg·kg-1 in the CA. Significant difference on the total amount of NH_3 volatilization between the CK and the CA was obtained(P<0.05). However, no evident difference on the total cumulative N_2O emission flux between the CK and the CA(P>0.05)was detected. The results indicated that NH_3 volatilization was the main ways of nitrogen loss in the aerobic composting process of sheep manure. The nitrogen loss was 50.49% in the CK and 32.63% in the CA. The carbonaceous amendment significantly decreased the nitrogen loss of sheep manure compost(P<0.05). The nitrogen loss can be decreased by 35.37%.
The composting of livestock residue(sheep manure)plays an important role in grass-sheep-field of modern agriculture and animal husbandry recycling production. In order to develop an effective material for controlling nitrogen loss in the aerobic composting process of sheep manure, a carbonaceous amendment mixed with sheep manure and rice straw was adopted in a 34-day composting experiment. And to aim to determine the effect of carbonaceous amendment on nitrogen loss in the aerobic composting process of sheep manure, the temperature, NH_3 volatilization rate, N_2O emissions flux, and nitrogen content of the composting body were monitored. In the current study, two treatments, i.e.,(i)aerobic thermophilic composting of mixing sheep manure and rice straw(CK),(ii)on the basis of CK, adding 15%(m/m)carbonaceous amendment(CA)were conducted. Compared with the CK, the carbonaceous amendment rapidly increased the composting temperature from 1 st to 7 th day, while did not significantly increased composting temperature from 8 st to 34 th day. After 34 days of composting,the total amount of NH_3 volatilization was 368.38 mg·kg-1 in the CK and 175.63 mg·kg-1 in the CA. The total cumulative N_2O emission flux was 50.38 mg·kg-1 in the CK and 88.94 mg·kg-1 in the CA. Significant difference on the total amount of NH_3 volatilization between the CK and the CA was obtained(P<0.05). However, no evident difference on the total cumulative N_2O emission flux between the CK and the CA(P>0.05)was detected. The results indicated that NH_3 volatilization was the main ways of nitrogen loss in the aerobic composting process of sheep manure. The nitrogen loss was 50.49% in the CK and 32.63% in the CA. The carbonaceous amendment significantly decreased the nitrogen loss of sheep manure compost(P<0.05). The nitrogen loss can be decreased by 35.37%.
引文
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[17]徐路魏,王旭东.生物质炭对蔬菜废弃物堆肥化过程氮素转化的影响[J].农业环境科学学报, 2016, 35(6):1160-1166.XU Lu-wei, WANG Xu-dong. Effect of biochar on nitrogen transformation in vegetable wastes during composting[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2016, 35(6):1160-1166.
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[2]王海候,沈明星,常志州,等.水葫芦高温堆肥过程中氮素损失及控制技术研究[J].农业环境科学学报, 2011, 30(6):1214-1220.WANG Hai-hou, SHEN Ming-xing, CHANG Zhi-zhou, et al. Nitrogen loss and technique for nitrogen conservation in high temperature composting of hyacinth[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2011, 30(6):1214-1220.
[3] Steiner C, Das K C, Melear N, et al. Reducing nitrogen loss during poultry litter composting using biochar[J]. Journal of Environment Quality, 2010, 39(4):1236-1242.
[4] Jindo K, Suto K, Matsumoto K, et al. Chemical and biochemical characterization of biochar-blended composts prepared from poultry manure[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2012, 110:396-404.
[5]王海候,沈明星,凃荣文,等.生物质炭对伊乐藻堆肥过程氨挥发的作用效应研究[J].农业环境科学学报, 2014, 33(11):2266-2272.WANG Hai-hou, SHEN Ming-xing, TU Rong-wen, et al. Effect of biochar on ammonia volatilization during Elodea nuttallii composting[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2014, 33(11):2266-2272.
[6]刘宁,周嘉良,马双双,等.生物炭对鸡粪好氧堆肥主要氮素形态含量影响与保氮机制[J].农业机械学报, 2016, 47(12):233-239.LIU Ning, ZHOU Jia-liang, MA Shuang-shuang, et al. Impact of biochar on major forms contents and conservation mechanism of nitrogen during aerobic composting of chicken manure[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2016, 47(12):233-239.
[7]王海候,金梅娟,徐军,等.生物质炭添加量对伊乐藻堆肥过程氮素损失的影响[J].农业工程学报, 2016, 32(19):234-240.WANG Hai-hou, JIN Mei-juan, XU Jun, et al. Effect of biochar addition amount on nitrogen loss during composting process of Elodea Nuttallii[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2016, 32(19):234-240.
[8]王海候,何胥,陶玥玥,等.添加不同粒径炭基辅料改善猪粪好氧堆肥质量的效果[J].农业工程学报, 2018, 34(9):224-232.WANG Hai-hou, HE Xu, TAO Yue-yue, et al. Improving pig manure aerobic composting quality by using carbonaceous amendment with different particle sizes[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2018, 34(9):224-232.
[9]李洋,席北斗,赵越,等.不同物料堆肥腐熟度评价指标的变化特性[J].环境科学研究, 2014, 27(6):623-627.LI Yang, XI Bei-dou, ZHAO Yue, et al. Study of maturity parameter characteristics in composting process using different materials[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2014, 27(6):623-627.
[10] Raviv M, Memina S, Krasnovsky A, et al. Organic matter and nitrogen conservation in manure compost for organic agriculture[J]. Compost Science&Utilization, 2004, 12(1):6-10.
[11]李书田,刘荣乐,陕红.我国主要畜禽粪便养分含量及变化分析[J].农业环境科学学报, 2009, 28(1):179-184.LI Shu-tian, LIU Rong-le, SHAN Hong. Nutrient contents in main animal manures in China[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2009, 28(1):179-184
[12]代黎,全学军,项锦欣,等.山羊粪污颗粒静态好氧堆肥过程的生物强化[J].环境工程学报, 2014, 8(11):4931-4936.DAI Li, QUAN Xue-jun, XIANG Jin-xin, et al. Bio-augmentation of static aerobic composting of goat dung[J]. Chinese Journal of Environment Engineering, 2014, 8(11):4931-4936.
[13]荆红俊,杨硕,曹平,等.不同堆积高度对羊粪堆肥效果的影响[J].家畜生态学报, 2017, 38(11):41-46.JING Hong-jun, YANG Shuo, CAO Ping, et al. Effects of different stack height on sheep manure compost[J]. Acta Ecologiae Animals Domastici, 2017, 38(11):41-46.
[14]曹喜涛,黄为一,常志州,等.鸡粪堆制过程中氮素损失及减少氮素损失的机理[J].江苏农业学报, 2004, 20(2):l06-110.CAO Xi-tao, HUANG Wei-yi, CHANG Zhi-zhou, et al. Mechanism of nitrogen loss and reduction in nitrogen loss during the compost of chicken manure[J]. Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2004, 20(2):l06-110.
[15]李荣华,张广杰,秦睿,等.粉煤灰和猪粪好氧混合堆肥过程中养分转化研究[J].农业机械学报, 2012, 43(4):100-105, 142.LI Rong-hua, ZHANG Guang-jie, QIN Rui, et al. Nutrient transformation during swine manure co-composting with flyash under aerobic conditions[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery, 2012, 43(4):100-105, 142.
[16]付祥峰,刘琪琪,李恋卿,等.生物质炭对猪粪堆肥过程中氮素转化及温室气体排放的影响[J].农业环境科学学报, 2017, 36(9):1893-1900.FU Xiang-feng, LIU Qi-qi, LI Lian-qing, et al. Effects of biochar on nitrogen transformation and greenhouse gas emissions during swine manure composting[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2017, 36(9):1893-1900.
[17]徐路魏,王旭东.生物质炭对蔬菜废弃物堆肥化过程氮素转化的影响[J].农业环境科学学报, 2016, 35(6):1160-1166.XU Lu-wei, WANG Xu-dong. Effect of biochar on nitrogen transformation in vegetable wastes during composting[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2016, 35(6):1160-1166.
[18]黄向东,薛冬.添加竹炭对猪粪堆肥过程中升温脱水及氮素损失的影响[J].应用生态学报, 2014, 25(4):1057-1062.HUANG Xiang-dong, XUE Dong. Effects of bamboo biochar additionon temperature rising, dehydration and nitrogen loss during pig manure composting[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2014, 25(4):1057-1062.
[19]李丽劼.竹炭的添加对猪粪堆肥过程氮素持留与温室气体减排的影响[D].杭州:浙江大学, 2012.LI Li-jie. Effect of bamboo charcoal on nitrogen conservation and greenhouse gas emissions reduction during swine manure composting[D]. Hangzhou:Zhejiang University, 2012.
[20] Liu W, Wang S T, Zhang J, et al. Biochar influences the microbial community structure during tomato stalk composting with chicken manure[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2014, 154:148-154.
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