冰英“鳕鱼战争”爆发起因探究
摘要
二战结束后,冰岛水域日趋恶化的过度捕捞问题致使渔获量骤减,也是导致冰英两国"鳕鱼战争"爆发的主要原因。冰岛政府认为唯有不断延伸渔业限制区,缩小拖网渔船的捕捞范围,才能有效改善过渡捕捞问题对冰岛渔业资源的破坏。然而,英国并不认可冰岛水域存在过度捕捞的说法,拒绝承认冰岛划定的捕鱼限制区域,反而以一系列报复行动予以强硬回击。冰英两国在过度捕捞问题上迟迟无法达成共识,导致矛盾被激化,最终引燃两国间的海上战争。
引文
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[3][19][20][21][22][26]Mark Kurlansky.Cod:A Biography of the Fish that Changed the World[M].New York:Walker Publishing Company,1997.154.144.145.154.155.152.
[4][7]Jóhannesson G T.Troubled Waters:Cod War,Fishing Disputes,and Britain’s Fight for the Freedom of the High Seas,1948-1964[M].Reykjavik:North Atlantic Fisheries History Association,2007.42.41.
[5]Harry S Truman.Proclamation 2668-Policy of the United States with Respect to Coastal Fisheries in Certain Areas of the High Seas[EB/OL].[2019-03-20].https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-2668-policy-the-united-states-with-respect-coastalfisheries-certain-areas.
[6]Thór Th,Jon.The Extension of Iceland's Fishing Limits in1952 and the British Reaction[J].Scandinavian Journal of History,1992,17(1):25-43.
[8]Icelandic fisheries dispute[B].Cabinet Papers,129·6,C.(52)357,1952-10-23.
[9]Trawler ban to stay[N].The Times,1952-12-19.
[10]Territorial waters[B].Cabinet Papers,128\25\56,C.C.(52),1952-12-18.
[11]Iceland fisheries dispute[B].Cabinet Papers,129·8\16,C.(53)16,1953-1-13.
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[13]Fish shortage at Grimsby[N].The Times,1954-12-01.
[14]Territorial waters:Iceland fisheries dispute[B].Cabinet Papers,128\30\20,C.M.(56),1956-3-8.
[15]Bowett D W.United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea[J].American Journal of International Law,1958,52(4):830-864.
[16]W W Bishop.The 1958 Geneva Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas[J].Columbia Law Review,1962,(7):1206-1229.
[17]Territorial Waters:Icelandic Fishery Limits[B].Cabinet Papers,129〉3\17,C.(58)117,1958-5-22.
[18]Iceland's 12-Mile limits rejected[N].The Times,1958-07-21.
[23]P Holm.World WarⅡand the“Great Acceleration”of North Atlantic Fisheries[J].Global Environment,2012,(10):66-91.
[24]Fishries and Aquaculture Department.Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations[EB/OL].[2019-03-20].http://www.fao.org/fishery/en.
[25]G Taras.Bottomfeeder:How to Eat Ethically in a World of Vanishing Seafood[M].Now York:Bloomsbury,2008.27.