城市绿地中的声景观对精神复愈的作用
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摘要
当前针对声景观的研究多数是以探索人们喜好的声音为主,而很少考虑声景观与视觉景观的相互作用。为探讨城市绿地中声景观与视觉景观相互作用对于精神复愈的作用,选取了8个具有代表性的城市绿地。以能够反映样地景观特点的视频作为复愈能力评测的媒介,通过计算机技术将选取的5种声音(单一鸟鸣声、多种鸟鸣声、蛙叫声、流水声和中国古典音乐)与在所选样地上录制的8段视频进行组合,选择191位大学生作为评价人员,对城市绿地的精神复愈性能力进行评价;并邀请5位景观专业的研究生对城市绿地的景观特征进行定量分析。结果显示:城市绿地中存在水流声或蛙叫声会降低绿地的精神复愈能力;把单一鸟鸣声和多种鸟类鸟鸣声设置在地形起伏较平坦的环境中能够更加有效地提高精神复愈能力。
At present, most of the researches on soundscape mainly focus on exploring people's preferences while giving little consideration to the interaction between soundscape and visual landscape. To explore the effect of the interaction between soundscape and visual landscape on mental restoration in urban green spaces, this paper has selected eight representative urban green spaces. Video programs that can reflect the landscape characteristics of the sample sites are applied as the media to evaluate the restorative capacity. Five selected sounds(single bird tweeting, multiple bird tweeting, frog croaking, sound of flowing water and Chinese classical music) were aligned with eight videos recorded on the selected sites through computer technology,and 191 university students were invited to evaluate the mental restorative capacity of urban green space,and five graduate students majoring in landscape were asked to make quantitative analysis of the landscape characteristics of urban green space. The results show that the presence of water flow sound or frog croaking in urban green space would reduce the mental restorative capacity of green space. Setting single bird tweeting or multiple bird tweeting in a flat terrain environment could effectively improve the mental restorative capacity.
At present, most of the researches on soundscape mainly focus on exploring people's preferences while giving little consideration to the interaction between soundscape and visual landscape. To explore the effect of the interaction between soundscape and visual landscape on mental restoration in urban green spaces, this paper has selected eight representative urban green spaces. Video programs that can reflect the landscape characteristics of the sample sites are applied as the media to evaluate the restorative capacity. Five selected sounds(single bird tweeting, multiple bird tweeting, frog croaking, sound of flowing water and Chinese classical music) were aligned with eight videos recorded on the selected sites through computer technology,and 191 university students were invited to evaluate the mental restorative capacity of urban green space,and five graduate students majoring in landscape were asked to make quantitative analysis of the landscape characteristics of urban green space. The results show that the presence of water flow sound or frog croaking in urban green space would reduce the mental restorative capacity of green space. Setting single bird tweeting or multiple bird tweeting in a flat terrain environment could effectively improve the mental restorative capacity.
引文
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[2]KAPLAN S.A Model of Person-Environment Compatibility[J].Environment and Behavior,1983,15(3):311-332.
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[7]ULRICH R S.View through a Window may Influence Recovery from Surgery[J].Science,1984,224(4647):420-421.
[8]PARK S H,MATTSON R H.Therapeutic Influences of Plants in Hospital Rooms on Surgical Recovery[J].Hortscience A Publication of the American Society for Horticultural Science,2009,44(1):102-105.
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[10]翁玫.听觉景观设计[J].中国园林,2007,23(12):46-51.
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[14]SENDELBACH S E,HALM M A,DORAN K A,et al.Effects of Music Therapy on Physiological and Psychological Outcomes for Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery[J].Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing,2006,21(3):194-200.
[15]STAUM M J,BROTONS M.The Effect of Music Amplitude on the Relaxation Response[J].Journal of Music Therapy,2000,37(1):22-39.
[16]LIU J,KANG J,LUO T,et al.Spatiotemporal Variability of Soundscapes in a Multiple Functional Urban Area[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2013(115):1-9.
[17]CERWéN G,PEDERSEN E.The Role of Soundscape in Nature-Based Rehabilitation:A Patient Perspective[J].International Journal of Environmental Research&Public Health,2016,13(12):1229.
[18]BROWN B,RUTHERFORD P,CRAWFORD P.The Role of Noise in Clinical Environments with Particular Reference to Mental Health Care:A Narrative Review[J].International Journal of Nursing Studies,2015,52(9):1514-1524.
[19]ULRICH R S.Effects of Interior Design on Wellness:Theory and Recent Scientific Research[J].Journal of Health Care Interior Design:Proceedings from the Symposium on Health Care Interior Design.Symposium on Health Care Interior Design,1991(3):97.
[20]URLICH R,ZIMRING C,QUAN X,et al.The Role of the Physical Environment in the Hospital of the 21st Century:A Once-in-a-Lifetime Opportunity[R].Concord,CA:The Center for Health Design,2004.
[21]SHUTTLEWORTH S.The Use of the Photograph as an Environment Perception Medium in Landscape Studies[J].Environmental Manaegement,1980(11):66-167.
[22]STAMPS A E.Demographic Effects in Environmental Aesthetics:A Meta-Analysis[J].Journal of Planning Literature,1999,14(2):155-175.
[23]ZHAO J W,LUO P J,WANG R H,et al.Correlations between Aesthetic Preferences of River and Landscape Characters[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering&Landscape Management,2013,21(2):123-132.
[24]ARRIAZA M,CA?AS-ORTEGA J F,CA?AS-MADUE?O JA,et al.Assessing the Visual Quality of Rural Landscapes[J].Landscape&Urban Planning,2004,69(1):115-125.
[25]CA?AS I,AYUGA E,AYUGA F.A Contribution to the Assessment of Scenic Quality of Landscapes based on Preferences Expressed by the Public[J].Land Use Policy,2009,26(4):1173-1181.
[26]PFLüGER Y,RACKHAM A,LARNED S.The Aesthetic Value of River Flows:An Assessment of Flow Preferences for Large and Small Rivers[J].Landscape&Urban Planning,2010,95(1):68-78.
[27]YAO Y,ZHU X,XU Y,et al.Assessing the Visual Quality of Green Landscaping in Rural Residential Areas:the Case of Changzhou,China[J].Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,2012,184(2):951-967.
[28]王雁,陈鑫峰.心理物理学方法在国外森林景观评价中的应用[J].林业科学,1999(5):110-117.
[29]宋力,何兴元,徐文铎.城市森林景观美景度的测定[J].生态学杂志,2006(6):621-624.
[30]HAN K T.A Reliable and Valid Self-rating Measure of the Restorative Quality of Natural Environments[J].Landscape&Urban Planning,2003,64(4):209-232.
[31]WANG R,ZHAO J,LIU Z.Consensus in Visual Preferences:The Effects of Aesthetic Quality and Landscape Types[J].Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,2016,20:210-217.
[32]ZHAO J,XING L,LI R,et al.Assessing the Visual Quality of Rural Villages in China,Compared to Urban Residential Areas[J].International Journal of Environmental Studies,2016,73(5):806-818.
[33]ZHAO J,XU W,YE L.Effects of Auditory-visual Combinations on Perceived Restorative Potential of Urban Green Space[J].Applied Acoustics,2018,141:169-177.
[34]刘江,康健,霍尔格·伯姆,等.城市开放空间声景感知与城市景观关系探究[J].新建筑,2014(5):40-43.
[35]ZHANG Y,KANG J.Effects of Soundscape on the Environmental Restoration in Urban Natural Environments[J].Noise&Health,2017,19(87):65-72.
(1)图1由作者拍摄;图2由作者自绘。
(2)表1由作者根据参考文献[30]绘制;表2~5为作者自绘。
[2]KAPLAN S.A Model of Person-Environment Compatibility[J].Environment and Behavior,1983,15(3):311-332.
[3]苏谦,辛自强.恢复性环境研究:理论、方法与进展[J].心理科学进展,2010,18(1):177-184.
[4]HARTIG T,EVANS G W,JAMNER L D,et al.Tracking Restoration in Naturaland Urban Field Settings[J].Journal of Environmental Psychology,2003,23(2):109-123.
[5]BOWLER D E,BUYUNGALI L M,KNIGHT T M,et al.ASystematic Review of Evidence for the Added Benefits to Health of Exposure to Natural Environments[J].Bmc Public Health,2010,10(1):1-10.
[6]O’BRIEN L,WILLIAMS K,STEWART A.Urban Health and Health Inequalities and the Role of Urban Forestry in Britain:A Review[R].Farnham,UK:The Research Agency of the Forestry Commission,2010.
[7]ULRICH R S.View through a Window may Influence Recovery from Surgery[J].Science,1984,224(4647):420-421.
[8]PARK S H,MATTSON R H.Therapeutic Influences of Plants in Hospital Rooms on Surgical Recovery[J].Hortscience A Publication of the American Society for Horticultural Science,2009,44(1):102-105.
[9]HEERWAGEN J H.The Psychological Aspects of Windows and Window Design[C]//Environmental Design Research Association.Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference of the Environmental Design Research Association.Washington,DC,1990:269-280.
[10]翁玫.听觉景观设计[J].中国园林,2007,23(12):46-51.
[11]GRANOE G.Reine Geographie[J].Acta Geographica,1929(2):1-202.
[12]TRUAX B.The World Soundscape Project's Handbook for Acoustic Ecology[M].Vancouver:A.R.C.Publications,1978.
[13]Acoustics-Soundscape-Part1:Definition and conceptual framework:ISO 12913-1:2014[S/OL].[2014-08-27].http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=52161.
[14]SENDELBACH S E,HALM M A,DORAN K A,et al.Effects of Music Therapy on Physiological and Psychological Outcomes for Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery[J].Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing,2006,21(3):194-200.
[15]STAUM M J,BROTONS M.The Effect of Music Amplitude on the Relaxation Response[J].Journal of Music Therapy,2000,37(1):22-39.
[16]LIU J,KANG J,LUO T,et al.Spatiotemporal Variability of Soundscapes in a Multiple Functional Urban Area[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2013(115):1-9.
[17]CERWéN G,PEDERSEN E.The Role of Soundscape in Nature-Based Rehabilitation:A Patient Perspective[J].International Journal of Environmental Research&Public Health,2016,13(12):1229.
[18]BROWN B,RUTHERFORD P,CRAWFORD P.The Role of Noise in Clinical Environments with Particular Reference to Mental Health Care:A Narrative Review[J].International Journal of Nursing Studies,2015,52(9):1514-1524.
[19]ULRICH R S.Effects of Interior Design on Wellness:Theory and Recent Scientific Research[J].Journal of Health Care Interior Design:Proceedings from the Symposium on Health Care Interior Design.Symposium on Health Care Interior Design,1991(3):97.
[20]URLICH R,ZIMRING C,QUAN X,et al.The Role of the Physical Environment in the Hospital of the 21st Century:A Once-in-a-Lifetime Opportunity[R].Concord,CA:The Center for Health Design,2004.
[21]SHUTTLEWORTH S.The Use of the Photograph as an Environment Perception Medium in Landscape Studies[J].Environmental Manaegement,1980(11):66-167.
[22]STAMPS A E.Demographic Effects in Environmental Aesthetics:A Meta-Analysis[J].Journal of Planning Literature,1999,14(2):155-175.
[23]ZHAO J W,LUO P J,WANG R H,et al.Correlations between Aesthetic Preferences of River and Landscape Characters[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering&Landscape Management,2013,21(2):123-132.
[24]ARRIAZA M,CA?AS-ORTEGA J F,CA?AS-MADUE?O JA,et al.Assessing the Visual Quality of Rural Landscapes[J].Landscape&Urban Planning,2004,69(1):115-125.
[25]CA?AS I,AYUGA E,AYUGA F.A Contribution to the Assessment of Scenic Quality of Landscapes based on Preferences Expressed by the Public[J].Land Use Policy,2009,26(4):1173-1181.
[26]PFLüGER Y,RACKHAM A,LARNED S.The Aesthetic Value of River Flows:An Assessment of Flow Preferences for Large and Small Rivers[J].Landscape&Urban Planning,2010,95(1):68-78.
[27]YAO Y,ZHU X,XU Y,et al.Assessing the Visual Quality of Green Landscaping in Rural Residential Areas:the Case of Changzhou,China[J].Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,2012,184(2):951-967.
[28]王雁,陈鑫峰.心理物理学方法在国外森林景观评价中的应用[J].林业科学,1999(5):110-117.
[29]宋力,何兴元,徐文铎.城市森林景观美景度的测定[J].生态学杂志,2006(6):621-624.
[30]HAN K T.A Reliable and Valid Self-rating Measure of the Restorative Quality of Natural Environments[J].Landscape&Urban Planning,2003,64(4):209-232.
[31]WANG R,ZHAO J,LIU Z.Consensus in Visual Preferences:The Effects of Aesthetic Quality and Landscape Types[J].Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,2016,20:210-217.
[32]ZHAO J,XING L,LI R,et al.Assessing the Visual Quality of Rural Villages in China,Compared to Urban Residential Areas[J].International Journal of Environmental Studies,2016,73(5):806-818.
[33]ZHAO J,XU W,YE L.Effects of Auditory-visual Combinations on Perceived Restorative Potential of Urban Green Space[J].Applied Acoustics,2018,141:169-177.
[34]刘江,康健,霍尔格·伯姆,等.城市开放空间声景感知与城市景观关系探究[J].新建筑,2014(5):40-43.
[35]ZHANG Y,KANG J.Effects of Soundscape on the Environmental Restoration in Urban Natural Environments[J].Noise&Health,2017,19(87):65-72.
(1)图1由作者拍摄;图2由作者自绘。
(2)表1由作者根据参考文献[30]绘制;表2~5为作者自绘。
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