北京市近郊区郊野公园外来植物特征
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摘要
北京外来植物是城市植物景观的组成部分,但同时对生态系统也造成了潜在的威胁。为了对北京市外来植物的有序管理和安全利用提供更多可行性建议,在对北京市近郊区郊野公园进行实地调查的基础上,分析外来植物的种类构成、传播途径、原产地、景观效果等以及其中入侵植物的现状。结果表明,北京市近郊区郊野公园外来植物种数总体比例为25.83%,低于建成区外来植物比例,入侵植物占外来植物的46.51%;外来植物优势科为菊科(Compositae)、苋科(Amaranthaceae)、禾本科(Gramineae),传播方式主要为种子自然掉落、人工携带栽植和风力传播,原产地集中在亚洲和北美洲。本研究对不具危害性外来植物的应用价值进行评价,并从预防评估、综合治理、生态平衡3个方面提出防控入侵风险的措施。
Under the background of globalization and urbanization,biological invasion has been given wide attention.In Beijing,alien plants are part of the plantscape in urban area,but at the same time,invasive plants have resulted in a great damage to the ecosystem.In order to offer some proposal to management and intelligent use of exotic plants in Beijing,an investigation about exotic species was carried out from the aspects of transmission,origin,visual effect of exotic plants and status of invasive plants.The results showed that the proportion of alien plants in Beijing country park in the suburbs was 25.83%,lower than that in built-up area,and invasive plants accounted for 46.51% of invasive plants.The dominant families of alien plants were Compositae,Gramineae and Amaranthaceae,main spread way was from the falling of natural seed,artificial carrying and wind carrying.The main origins were from Asia and North America.Then value of harmless exotic plants application was evaluated,and the measures to control the invasion risk were put forward from three aspects of prevention and assessment,comprehensive treatment and ecological balance.
Under the background of globalization and urbanization,biological invasion has been given wide attention.In Beijing,alien plants are part of the plantscape in urban area,but at the same time,invasive plants have resulted in a great damage to the ecosystem.In order to offer some proposal to management and intelligent use of exotic plants in Beijing,an investigation about exotic species was carried out from the aspects of transmission,origin,visual effect of exotic plants and status of invasive plants.The results showed that the proportion of alien plants in Beijing country park in the suburbs was 25.83%,lower than that in built-up area,and invasive plants accounted for 46.51% of invasive plants.The dominant families of alien plants were Compositae,Gramineae and Amaranthaceae,main spread way was from the falling of natural seed,artificial carrying and wind carrying.The main origins were from Asia and North America.Then value of harmless exotic plants application was evaluated,and the measures to control the invasion risk were put forward from three aspects of prevention and assessment,comprehensive treatment and ecological balance.
引文
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[17]赵娟娟,欧阳志云,郑华,等.北京建成区外来植物的种类构成[J].生物多样性,2010,18(1):19-28.ZHAO J J,OUYANG Z Y,ZHENG H,et al.Species composition of alien plants in the built-up area of Beijing[J].Biodiversity Science,2010,18(1):19-28.(in Chinese)
[18]安锋,阚丽艳,谢贵水,等.海南外来植物入侵的现状与对策[J].西北林学院学报,2007,22(5):193-197.AN F,KAN L Y,XIE G S,et al.Alien invasion plants in Hainan island and contral countermeasures[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2007,22(5):193-197.(in Chinese)
[19]刘淼,刘心茗,董丽.北京市郊野公园植物景观综合评价[J].西北林学院学报,2014,29(6):245-249.LIU M,LIU X M,DONG L.The synthetical evaluation and study on plant landscape of country parks in Beijing[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2014,29(6):245-249.(in Chinese)
[20]WILLIAMSON M.Biological invasions[M].London:Chapmanand Hall,1996.
[21] KNAPP S,KUHN I,WITTIG R,et al.Urbanization causes shifts in species’trait state frequencies[J].Preslia,2008,80:375-388.
[2]王苏铭,张楠,于琳倩,等.北京地区外来入侵植物分布特征及其影响因素[J].生态学报,2012,32(15):4618-4629.WANG S M,ZHANG N,YU L Q,et al.Distribution pattern and their influcing factors ofinvasive alien plants in Beijing[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(15):4618-4629.(in Chinese)
[3]刘义.北京植物多样性分布影响因素及其保护管理对策[D].北京:北京林业大学,2011.
[4]刘全儒,于明,周云龙.北京地区外来入侵植物的初步研究.北京师范大学学报:自然科学版,2002,38(3):399-404.LIU Q R,YU M,ZHOU Y L.A preliminary study on the invasive plants in Beijing[J].Journal of Beijing Normal University:Natural Science,2002,38(3):399-404.(in Chinese)
[5]彭敏,宿敏,周伟磊,等.北京地区外来植物组成特征及入侵植物分布[J].北京林业大学学报,2010,32(1):29-35PENG M,SU M,ZHOU W L,et al.Composition characteristics of alien species and distribution of invasive alien species in Beijing[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2010,32(1)29-35.(in Chinese)
[6]杨景成,王光美,姜闯道,等.城市化影响下北京市外来入侵植物特征及其分布[J].生态环境学报,2009,18(5):1857-1862.YANG J C,WANG G M,JIANG C D,et al.Ecological characters and distribution of invasive plants under the influence of urbanization in Beijing[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2009,18(5):1857-1862.(in Chinese)
[7]王苏铭.北京地区外来入侵植物种类、分布格局及其影响因素研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2012.
[8]高芳,徐驰,周云龙.外来植物刺萼龙葵潜在危险性评估及其防治对策[J].北京师范大学学报:自然科学版,2002,38(3):399-404.GAO F,XU C,ZHOU Y L.The evaluation of potential fatalness for a kind of exotic species Solanum rostratumand strategies for its control[J].Journal of Beijing Normal University:Natural Science,2002,38(3):399-404.(in Chinese)
[9]北京市规划和国土资源管理委员.北京市城市总体规划(2004-2020年)[J].北京城市规划,2006(5):98-101.
[10]北京市规划和国土资源管理委员.北京市绿地系统规划[EB/OL].http://www.bjghw.gov.cn/web/static/articles/catalog-30100/article-ff8080812ac7af9e012ac8ecc5c10055/ff8080812ac7af9e012ac8ecc5c10055.html.2010
[11]赵威,宫辉力,李小娟,等.北京市郊城市化过程土地利用变化研究[J].河北农业大学学报.2008.31(2):101-105.ZHAO W,GONG H L,LI X J,et al.Research on land use change during urbanization in suburbs of Beijing[J].Journal of Agricultural University of Hebei,2008.31(2):101-105.(in Chinese)
[12]范小杉,高吉喜.GIS支持下1985-2000年北京林地数量、质量演变与驱动分析[J].水土保持研究,2008,15(1):148-155.FAN X S,GAO J X.Quantity and quality evolving on woodland in Beijing from 1985—2000based on GIS[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,15(1):148-155.(in Chinese)
[13]徐承远,张文驹,卢宝荣,等.生物入侵机制研究进展[J].生物多样性,2001,9(4):430-438.XU C Y,ZHANG W J,LU B R,et al.Progress in studies on mechanisms of biological invasion[J].Biodiversity Science,2001,9(4):430-438.(in Chinese)
[14]迟德富,严善春.关于外来植物的几点思考[J].世界林业研究,2007,20(4):1-12.CHI D F,YAN S C.Some considerrations on alien plants[J].World Forestry Research,2007,20(4):1-12.(in Chinese)
[15]王惠惠,刘晶岚,张容,等.北京外来入侵植物研究[J].农学学报,2014,4(6):49-52.WANG H H,LIU J L,ZHANG R,et al.The study of invasive alien plants in Beijing[J].Journal of Agriculture,2014,4(6):49-52.(in Chinese)
[16]WANG G M,JIANG G M,ZHOU Y L,et al.Biodiversity conservation in a fast-growing metropolitan area in China:a case study of plant diversity in Beijing[J].Biodiversity and Conservation,2007,16:4025-4038.
[17]赵娟娟,欧阳志云,郑华,等.北京建成区外来植物的种类构成[J].生物多样性,2010,18(1):19-28.ZHAO J J,OUYANG Z Y,ZHENG H,et al.Species composition of alien plants in the built-up area of Beijing[J].Biodiversity Science,2010,18(1):19-28.(in Chinese)
[18]安锋,阚丽艳,谢贵水,等.海南外来植物入侵的现状与对策[J].西北林学院学报,2007,22(5):193-197.AN F,KAN L Y,XIE G S,et al.Alien invasion plants in Hainan island and contral countermeasures[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2007,22(5):193-197.(in Chinese)
[19]刘淼,刘心茗,董丽.北京市郊野公园植物景观综合评价[J].西北林学院学报,2014,29(6):245-249.LIU M,LIU X M,DONG L.The synthetical evaluation and study on plant landscape of country parks in Beijing[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2014,29(6):245-249.(in Chinese)
[20]WILLIAMSON M.Biological invasions[M].London:Chapmanand Hall,1996.
[21] KNAPP S,KUHN I,WITTIG R,et al.Urbanization causes shifts in species’trait state frequencies[J].Preslia,2008,80:375-388.