杭州市公共场所内空气中PBDEs污染特征及暴露
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摘要
为评估杭州市典型室内公共场所空气中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的污染现状,2016年5~8月和9~12月期间,采用空气被动采样技术(PUF-PAS)在17家室内公共场所总计采集54个空气样品,经样品预处理和GC-ECD分析后,结果表明,5类环境空气样品中∑14PBDEs浓度均值大小依次为网咖(2470.43pg/m~3)>建材市场(1119.87pg/m~3)>电子市场(660.84pg/m~3)>商场(478.37pg/m~3)>图书城(182.18pg/m~3).最主要的特征单体均为BDE-209,占总量的36.79%~56.21%,BDE-47、BDE-99、BDE-153、BDE-183也是PBDEs在空气中较主要的同系物,其最高浓度分别占7.77%,7.56%,6.32%和7.73%.评估PBDEs人群暴露水平的结果表明,网咖内暴露水平最高,图书城则为最低,其浓度分别为570.10和44.79pg/(kg·d).室内空气中,对人群PBDEs总摄入量贡献最高的特征单体是BDE-209,平均水平为18.44~323.70pg/(kg·d),最低的则为BDE-183,平均水平为1.75~20.05pg/(kg·d),目前杭州市各典型室内公共场所PBDEs人群暴露水平相比美国环境保护署(EPA)提出的参考剂量较低.
In order to investigate the contaminant status of PBDEs in indoor air from Hangzhou, 54 samples were collected by PUF-PAS from 17 indoor public places from May to August and September to December in 2016, after pretreatment and GC-ECD analysis of samples, the results revealed that the geometric means of 14 PBDE congeners in air samples from five typical indoor public places were in the order of netcafes(2470.43 pg/m~3)>building materials markets(1119.87 pg/m~3)>electronic markets(660.84 pg/m~3)>shopping malls(478.37 pg/m~3)>libraries(182.18 pg/m~3). BDE-209 was the dominant congener of PBDEs that accounting for 36.79%~56.21%, and BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-153, BDE-183 also made a significant contribution with their highest concentration of 7.77%, 7.56%, 6.32%, 7.73% of the total PBDEs, respectively. The calculation inhalation exposure revealed that the exposure level of PBDEs in netcafes was the highest and in library was the lowest, with the value of 570.10 pg/(kg·d) and 44.79 pg/(kg·d), respectively. Moreover, BDE-209 contributed of the total intake of PBDEs was the highest with the value of 18.44~323.70 pg/(kg·d) while the value of BDE-183 was the lowest with the value of 1.75~20.05 pg/(kg·d), the exposure level of PBDEs in the studied indoor public places were lower than the reference dose of EPA.
In order to investigate the contaminant status of PBDEs in indoor air from Hangzhou, 54 samples were collected by PUF-PAS from 17 indoor public places from May to August and September to December in 2016, after pretreatment and GC-ECD analysis of samples, the results revealed that the geometric means of 14 PBDE congeners in air samples from five typical indoor public places were in the order of netcafes(2470.43 pg/m~3)>building materials markets(1119.87 pg/m~3)>electronic markets(660.84 pg/m~3)>shopping malls(478.37 pg/m~3)>libraries(182.18 pg/m~3). BDE-209 was the dominant congener of PBDEs that accounting for 36.79%~56.21%, and BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-153, BDE-183 also made a significant contribution with their highest concentration of 7.77%, 7.56%, 6.32%, 7.73% of the total PBDEs, respectively. The calculation inhalation exposure revealed that the exposure level of PBDEs in netcafes was the highest and in library was the lowest, with the value of 570.10 pg/(kg·d) and 44.79 pg/(kg·d), respectively. Moreover, BDE-209 contributed of the total intake of PBDEs was the highest with the value of 18.44~323.70 pg/(kg·d) while the value of BDE-183 was the lowest with the value of 1.75~20.05 pg/(kg·d), the exposure level of PBDEs in the studied indoor public places were lower than the reference dose of EPA.
引文
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[24]朱秀华,王鹏远,施泰安,等.持久性有机污染物的环境大气被动采样技术[J].环境化学,2013,32(10):1956-1969.
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[26]张长斌.室内空气污染物催化氧化研究[J].环境化学,2015,34(5):817-823.
[27]Wang H S,Jiang G M,Chen Z J,et al.Concentrations and congener profiles of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)in blood plasma from Hong Kong:Implications for sources and exposure route[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2013,261(13):253-259.
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[30]Li Y,Chen L,Ngoc D M,et al.Polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)in PM2.5,PM10,TSP and gas phase in office environment in Shanghai,China:occurrence and human exposure[J].Plos One,2015,10(3):119-144.
[31]孙鑫,陈颖,王云华,等.杭州市家庭室内空气中PBDEs的污染现状与特征[J].环境科学学报,2013,33(2):364-369
[32]Integrated Risk Information System[EB/OL].[2008-06-30].http://cfpub.Epa.gov/ncea/iris/index.cfm.
[2]Rauert C,Harrad S.Mass transfer of PBDEs from plastic TV casing to indoor dust via three migration pathways-A test chamber investigation[J].Science of the Total Environment,2015,536:568-574.
[3]吴有方,方利江,丁中原,等.广州地区PBDEs长距离迁移潜力和总持久性模拟[J].中国环境科学,2012,32(3):426-432.
[4]殷梦菲,李静,王翠苹,等.多溴联苯醚污染土壤的新型强化修复技术[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(10):3853-3860.
[5]Roszko M,Szymczyk K,Jedrzejczak R.Photochemistry of tetra-through hexa-brominated dioxins/furans,hydroxylated and native BDEs in different media[J].Environmental Science&Pollution Research International,2015,22(23):18381.
[6]Veltman K,Hendriks J,Huijbregts M,et al.Accumlation of organochlorines and brominated flame retardants in estuari-ne and marine food chains:field measurements and models calculations[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2005,50(10):1085-1102.
[7]Chen D,Mai B,Song J,et al.Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in birds of prey from Northern China[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2007,41(6):1828-1833.
[8]Toms L M,Hearn L,Kennedy K,et al.Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)in matched samples of human milk,dust and indoor air[J].Environment International,2009,35(6):864-869.
[9]Hites R A.Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and in people:a met-analysis of concentrations[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2004,38(4):945-956.
[10]Hong W,Tang X,Sha J,et al.The reproductive toxicity on the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis,induced by BDE-47and studies on the effective mechanism based on antioxidant defense system changes[J].Chemosphere,2015,135(3):129-137.
[11]Xie X,Qian Y,Wu Y,et al.Effects of decabromodiphenyl ether(BDE-209)on the avoidance response,survival,growth and reproduction of earthworms(Eisenia fetida)[J].Ecotoxicology&Environmental Safety,2013,90(3):21.
[12]Wang Q,Chen Q,Zhou P,et al.Bioconcentration and metabolism of BDE-209in the presence of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and impact on the thyroid endocrine system and neuronal development in zebrafish larvae[J].Nanotoxicology,2014,8(sup1):196-207.
[13]Branchi I,Capone F,Alleva E,et al.Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers:Neurobehavioral Effects Following Developmental Exposure[J].Neurotoxicology,2003,24(3):449-462.
[14]BSEF,2010.Bromine Seience and Environmental Forum.http://www.besf.com/
[15]王维,周俊丽,裴淑玮,等.多溴联苯醚在环境中的污染现状研究进展[J].环境化学,2014,33(7):1084-1093.
[16]Wilford B H,Shoeib M,Harner T,et al.Passive Sampling Survey of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Flame Retardants in Indoor and Outdoor Air in Ottawa,Canada:Implications for Sources and Exposure[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2004,38(20):5312-5318.
[17]陈来国.广州市大气环境中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)的初步研究[D].广州:中国科学院研究生院(广州地球化学研究所),2006.
[18]黄玉妹,陈来国,文丽君,等.广州市室内尘土中多溴联苯醚的分布特点及来源[J].中国环境科学,2009,29(11):1147-1152.
[19]Athanasios B,Athanasios K,Elisavet B,et al.Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)in central airconditioner filter dust and relevance of non-dietary exposure in occupational indoor environments in Greece[J].Environmental Pollution,2014,188(5):64-70.
[20]Mandalakis M,Atsarou V,Stephanou E G.Airborne PBD-Es in specialized occupational settings,houses and outdoor urban areas in Greece[J].Environmental Pollution,2008,155(2):375-382.
[21]Bennett D H,Moran R E,Wu X M,et al.Polybrominated diphenyl ether(PBDE)concentrations and resulting exposure in homes in C alifornia:relationships among passive air,surface wipe and dust concentrations,and temporal variability[J].Indoor Air,2015,25(2):220-229.
[22]Shoeib M,Harner T.Characterization and comparison of three passive air samplers for persistent organic pollutants[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2002,36:4142-4151.
[23]Harrad S,Hazrati S,Ibarra C.Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls in indoor air and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor air and dust in Birmingham,United Kingdom:implications for human exposure[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2006,40(15):4633-4638.
[24]朱秀华,王鹏远,施泰安,等.持久性有机污染物的环境大气被动采样技术[J].环境化学,2013,32(10):1956-1969.
[25]Allen J G,Mcclean M D,Stapleton H M,et al.Linking PBDEs in house dust to consumer products using X-ray fl-uorescence[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2008,42(11):4222-4228.
[26]张长斌.室内空气污染物催化氧化研究[J].环境化学,2015,34(5):817-823.
[27]Wang H S,Jiang G M,Chen Z J,et al.Concentrations and congener profiles of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)in blood plasma from Hong Kong:Implications for sources and exposure route[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2013,261(13):253-259.
[28]Du Z J,Mo J H,Zhang Y P.Risk assessment of population inhalation exposure to volatile organic compounds and carbonyls in urban China[J].Environment International,2014,73:33-45
[29]Nouwen J,Cornelis C,De F.R,et al.Health risk assessment of dioxin emissions from municipal waste incinerators:the Neerlandquarter(Wiltijk,Beigium)[J].Chemosphere,2001,43(4-7):909-923.
[30]Li Y,Chen L,Ngoc D M,et al.Polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)in PM2.5,PM10,TSP and gas phase in office environment in Shanghai,China:occurrence and human exposure[J].Plos One,2015,10(3):119-144.
[31]孙鑫,陈颖,王云华,等.杭州市家庭室内空气中PBDEs的污染现状与特征[J].环境科学学报,2013,33(2):364-369
[32]Integrated Risk Information System[EB/OL].[2008-06-30].http://cfpub.Epa.gov/ncea/iris/index.cfm.