上海闵行区新生儿脐血多溴联苯醚暴露水平及其影响因素
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摘要
[目的]了解上海市闵行区新生儿脐血中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的暴露水平,探讨新生儿PBDEs暴露水平的影响因素。[方法]基于2012年4—12月建立的上海闵行出生队列(Shanghai Minhang Birth Cohort Study,S-MBCS),选取340例新生儿脐血样本测定9种PBDEs同系物(BDE-28、BDE-47、BDE-66、BDE-85、BDE-99、BDE-100、BDE-153、BDE-154、BDE-183)的水平,并对孕妇进行问卷调查,了解基本人口学特征、本次妊娠情况、生活方式、孕早期膳食摄入及疾病史等资料。采用多元线性回归模型,以对数转换后的PBDEs水平为应变量,以指数转换后的b值代表自变量每变化一个单位后PBDEs水平几何均数(GM)之比的变化,分析母亲人口学因素、生活方式、孕早期膳食摄入对新生儿脐血中PBDEs水平的影响。[结果] 98.82%的研究对象至少检出一种PBDEs,9种同系物中BDE-47检出率最高(83.82%),其次是BDE-28(62.65%)和BDE-99(61.76%),BDE-100和BDE-153的检出率接近50%(49.71%和48.53%),而BDE-66、BDE-85、BDE-154和BDE-183的检出率较低(18.53%～26.47%)。Σ9 PBDEs(9种同系物之和)的中位数为0.67 ng/g(以每克脂肪计,后同),Σ4 PBDEs(BDE-47,BDE-99,BDE-100,BDE-153共4种五溴联苯醚之和)的中位数为0.38 ng/g。在9种同系物中,BDE-47的中位数最高(0.19 ng/g),其次为BDE-99(0.07 ng/g)、BDE-28(0.05 ng/g)。多元线性回归分析结果显示,与母亲年龄<25岁组相比,母亲年龄>29岁组新生儿BDE-47及Σ4 PBDEs暴露水平较高[GM比值及其95%CI分别为1.82(1.10,3.03)和1.51(1.01,2.26)];与初中及以下组相比,母亲受教育程度为高中或中专组新生儿BDE-47及Σ4 PBDEs暴露水平较高[GM比值及其95%CI分别为2.44(1.23,4.87)和1.74(1.00,3.02)];经产妇中新生儿Σ9 PBDEs暴露水平高于初产妇[GM比值及其95%CI为1.48(1.01,2.17)];与孕期增重>10 kg相比,孕期增重5～10 kg组的新生儿BDE-47暴露水平较高[GM比值及其95%CI为1.63(1.15,2.33)];其他因素分析的结果无统计学意义。[结论]本研究的脐血样本中共检测出9种PBDEs同系物,母亲年龄较大、受教育程度较高、经产妇、孕期增重较低可能是新生儿脐血PBDEs暴露水平增高的危险因素。
[Objective] To measure polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs) concentrations in cord blood of newborns in Minhang District of Shanghai and explore risk factors of PBDEs exposure.[Methods] The present study was based on the Shanghai Minhang Birth Cohort Study(S-MBCS) from April to December of 2012. We analyzed the concentrations of nine congeners of PBDEs(BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-66, BDE-85, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE-154, and BDE-183) in cord blood samples(n=340). A questionnaire survey was conducted to understand the basic demographic characteristics, pregnancy condition, lifestyle, early pregnancy dietary intake, and disease history of enrolled pregnant women. Multiple linear regression model was used to compare PBDEs concentrations in cord blood of newborns across maternal demographic characteristics, lifestyles, and dietary factors, taking the concentration of PBDEs after logarithmic transformation as the dependent variable and the value of b after exponential transformation as the change of the ratio of geometric mean(GM) of PBDEs concentration over each unit change of a specific independent variable.[Results] At least one PBDEs congener was detected among 98.82% of the subjects. Among the nine congeners, BDE-47 had the highest detection rate(83.82%), followed by BDE-28(62.65%) and BDE-99(61.76%); BDE-100 and BDE-153 were detected in nearly half of the samples(49.71% and 48.53%); while the detection rates of BDE-66, BDE-85, BDE-154, and BDE-183 ranged from 18.53% to 26.47%. The median concentrations were 0.67 ng/g(in terms of per gram of lipid, thereafter) for Σ9 PBDEs(the sum of nine BDE congeners) and 0.38 ng/g for Σ4 PBDEs(the sum of four penta-BDEs: BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, and BDE-153). BDE-47 was also the predominant PBDE with highest median concentration(0.19 ng/g), followed by BDE-99(0.07 ng/g) and BDE-28(0.05 ng/g). The results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that newborns with >29-year-old mothers had higher BDE-47 and Σ4 PBDEs levels than those with <25-year-old mothers(GM ratio=1.82, 95%CI: 1.10-3.03; GM ratio=1.51, 95%CI: 1.01-2.26); newborns whose mothers with high school or technical secondary school education had higher BDE-47(GM ratio=2.44, 95%CI: 1.23-4.87) and Σ4 PBDEs levels(GM ratio=1.74, 95%CI: 1.00-3.02) than those whose mothers with middle school or lower education; newborns with multiparous mothers had a higher Σ9 PBDEs level than those with nulliparous mothers(GM ratio=1.48, 95%CI: 1.01-2.17); newborns born to mothers with weight gain >10 kg during pregnancy had a higher concentration of BDE-47 than those mothers with weigh gain of 5-10 kg(GM ratio=1.63, 95%CI: 1.15-2.33). The results for the other factors were not statistically significant.[Conclusion] Nine PBDEs congeners are detected in cord blood of newborns in the present study. Mothers who are older, well educated, multiparous, or have lower weight gain during pregnancy may have newborns with higher cord blood PBDEs concentrations.
[Objective] To measure polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs) concentrations in cord blood of newborns in Minhang District of Shanghai and explore risk factors of PBDEs exposure.[Methods] The present study was based on the Shanghai Minhang Birth Cohort Study(S-MBCS) from April to December of 2012. We analyzed the concentrations of nine congeners of PBDEs(BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-66, BDE-85, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE-154, and BDE-183) in cord blood samples(n=340). A questionnaire survey was conducted to understand the basic demographic characteristics, pregnancy condition, lifestyle, early pregnancy dietary intake, and disease history of enrolled pregnant women. Multiple linear regression model was used to compare PBDEs concentrations in cord blood of newborns across maternal demographic characteristics, lifestyles, and dietary factors, taking the concentration of PBDEs after logarithmic transformation as the dependent variable and the value of b after exponential transformation as the change of the ratio of geometric mean(GM) of PBDEs concentration over each unit change of a specific independent variable.[Results] At least one PBDEs congener was detected among 98.82% of the subjects. Among the nine congeners, BDE-47 had the highest detection rate(83.82%), followed by BDE-28(62.65%) and BDE-99(61.76%); BDE-100 and BDE-153 were detected in nearly half of the samples(49.71% and 48.53%); while the detection rates of BDE-66, BDE-85, BDE-154, and BDE-183 ranged from 18.53% to 26.47%. The median concentrations were 0.67 ng/g(in terms of per gram of lipid, thereafter) for Σ9 PBDEs(the sum of nine BDE congeners) and 0.38 ng/g for Σ4 PBDEs(the sum of four penta-BDEs: BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, and BDE-153). BDE-47 was also the predominant PBDE with highest median concentration(0.19 ng/g), followed by BDE-99(0.07 ng/g) and BDE-28(0.05 ng/g). The results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that newborns with >29-year-old mothers had higher BDE-47 and Σ4 PBDEs levels than those with <25-year-old mothers(GM ratio=1.82, 95%CI: 1.10-3.03; GM ratio=1.51, 95%CI: 1.01-2.26); newborns whose mothers with high school or technical secondary school education had higher BDE-47(GM ratio=2.44, 95%CI: 1.23-4.87) and Σ4 PBDEs levels(GM ratio=1.74, 95%CI: 1.00-3.02) than those whose mothers with middle school or lower education; newborns with multiparous mothers had a higher Σ9 PBDEs level than those with nulliparous mothers(GM ratio=1.48, 95%CI: 1.01-2.17); newborns born to mothers with weight gain >10 kg during pregnancy had a higher concentration of BDE-47 than those mothers with weigh gain of 5-10 kg(GM ratio=1.63, 95%CI: 1.15-2.33). The results for the other factors were not statistically significant.[Conclusion] Nine PBDEs congeners are detected in cord blood of newborns in the present study. Mothers who are older, well educated, multiparous, or have lower weight gain during pregnancy may have newborns with higher cord blood PBDEs concentrations.
引文
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[2]张琳,田英,杨先丰,等.上海市某医院新生儿脐带血中多溴联苯醚水平及其对出生结局的影响[J].中华预防医学杂志,2011,45(6):490-493.
[3]DARNERUD P O,ERIKSEN G S,JóHANNESSON T,et al.Polybrominated diphenyl ethers:occurrence,dietary exposure,and toxicology[J].Environ Health Perspect,2001,109(S1):49-68.
[4]BYUN H M,BENACHOUR N,ZALKO D,et al.Epigenetic effects of low perinatal doses of flame retardant BDE-47on mitochondrial and nuclear genes in rat offspring[J].Toxicology,2015,328:152-159.
[5]ESKENAZI B,CHEVRIER J,RAUCH S A,et al.In utero and childhood polybrominated diphenyl ether(PBDE)exposures and neurodevelopment in the CHAMACOS study[J].Environ Health Perspect,2013,121(2):257-262.
[6]DING G,YU J,CUI C,et al.Association between prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and young children’s neurodevelopment in China[J].Environ Res,2015,142:104-111.
[7]JIN J,WANG Y,YANG C,et al.Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the serum and breast milk of the resident population from production area,China[J].Environ Int,2009,35(7):1048-1052.
[8]FREDERIKSEN M,VORKAMP K,THOMSEN M,et al.Human internal and external exposure to PBDEs--a review of levels and sources[J].Int J Hyg Environ Health,2009,212(2):109-134.
[9]CHEN L,WANG C,ZHANG Y,et al.Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in cord blood and perinatal outcomes from Laizhou Wan Birth Cohort,China[J].Environ Sci Pollut Res,2018,25(21):20802-20808.
[10]宋琪,何笑笑,司婧,等.多溴联苯醚暴露与新生儿宫内发育迟缓的巢式病例-对照研究[J].环境与职业医学,2018,35(3):209-217.
[11]LIGNELL S,AUNE M,DARNERUD PO,et al.Prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)and polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)may influence birth weight among infants in a Swedish cohort with background exposure:a cross-sectional study[J].Environ Health,2013,12:44.
[12]WU K,XU X,LIU J,et al.Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in umbilical cord blood and relevant factors in neonates from Guiyu,China[J].Environ Sci Technol,2010,44(2):813-819.
[13]VUONG A M,YOLTON K,POSTON K L,et al.Childhood polybrominated diphenyl ether(PBDE)exposure and executive function in children in the HOME Study[J].Int JHyg Environ Health,2018,221(1):87-94.
[14]VUONG A M,YOLTON K,POSTON K L,et al.Prenatal and postnatal polybrominated diphenyl ether(PBDE)exposure and measures of inattention and impulsivity in children[J].Neurotoxicol Teratol,2017,64:20-28.
[15]KOSKENNIEMI J J,VIRTANEN H E,KIVIRANTA H,et al.Association between levels of persistent organic pollutants in adipose tissue and cryptorchidism in early childhood:a case-control study[J].Environ Health,2015,14:78.
[16]VIZCAINO E,GRIMALT J O,LOPEZ-ESPINOSA M J,et al.Polybromodiphenyl ethers in mothers and their newborns from a non-occupationally exposed population(Valencia,Spain)[J].Environ Int,2011,37(1):152-157.
[17]HERBSTMAN J B,SJ?DIN A,APELBERG B J,et al.Determinants of prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)and polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)in an urban population[J].Environ Health Perspect,2007,115(12):1794-1800.
[18]COWELL W J,SJ?DIN A,JONES R,et al.Determinants of prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)among urban,minority infants born between 1998and 2006[J].Environ Pollut,2018,233:774-781.
[19]BI X,QU W,SHENG G,et al.Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in South China maternal and fetal blood and breast milk[J].Environ Pollut,2006,144(3):1024-1030.
[20]吴库生.电子垃圾拆解区新生儿多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)暴露与不良出生结局及相关影响因素[D].汕头:汕头大学,2010.
[21]TIAN Y,ZHOU Y,MIAO M,et al.Determinants of plasma concentrations of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in pregnant women from a birth cohort in Shanghai,China[J].Environ Int,2018,119:165-173.
[22]SUN X,LI D,LIANG H,et al.Maternal exposure to bisphenol A and anogenital distance throughout infancy:Alongitudinal study from Shanghai,China[J].Environ Int,2018,121:269-275.
[23]ZHANG L,LI J,ZHAO Y,et al.A national survey of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)and indicator polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)in Chinese mothers'milk[J].Chemosphere,2011,84(5):625-633.
[24]LI J,YU H,ZHAO Y,et al.Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)in breast milk from Beijing,China[J].Chemosphere,2008,73(2):182-186.
[25]WANG Y,SUN Y,CHEN T,et al.Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and novel brominated flame retardants in human serum by gas chromatographyatmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry[J].J Chromatogr B,2018,1099:64-72.
[26]PHILLIPS D L,PIRKLE J L,BURSE V W,et al.Chlorinated hydrocarbon levels in human serum:effects of fasting and feeding[J].Arch Environ Contaminat Toxicol,1989,18(4):495-500.
[27]CASTORINA R,BRADMAN A,SJ?DIN A,et al.Determinants of serum polybrominated diphenyl ether(PBDE)levels among pregnant women in the CHAMACOS cohort[J].Environ Sci Technol,2011,45(15):6553-6560.
[28]张润楚.多元统计分析[M].北京:科学出版社,2006:18-40.
[29]CHEN Z J,LIU H Y,CHENG Z,et al.Polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)in human samples of mother-newborn pairs in South China and their placental transfer characteristics[J].Environ Int,2014,73:77-84.
[30]HERBSTMAN J B,SJ?DIN A,KURZON M,et al.Prenatal exposure to PBDEs and neurodevelopment[J].Environ Health Perspect,2010,118(5):712-719.
[31]CHOI G,KIM S,KIM S,et al.Occurrences of major polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)in maternal and fetal cord blood sera in Korea[J].Sci Total Environ,2014,491-492:219-226.
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