南海北部神狐海域沉积物中孔隙水硫酸盐梯度变化特征及其对天然气水合物的指示意义
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摘要
南海北部陆坡神狐海域是中国天然气水合物勘探最具潜力的区域之一.对该海域53个站位的孔隙水硫酸盐梯度、硫酸盐-甲烷界面(Sulfate-Methane Interface,SMI)和硫酸盐通量等进行计算和综合分析,结果显示孔隙水SO42-浓度梯度范围为0.33～4.43mmol L-1m-1,SMI深度范围为7.7～87.9mbsf.计算得出硫酸盐通量范围为2.0～26.9mmol m-2a-1,平均为11.7mmol m-2a-1.53个站位的SMI深度与甲烷通量相关系数为-0.80,表明SMI深度受甲烷通量影响,甲烷通量控制了甲烷厌氧氧化反应(Anaerobic Methane Oxidation,AMO)的速率以及SMI的深度和硫酸盐通量.似海底反射(Bottom Simulating Reflector,BSR)基本上分布于SMI埋深小于50m bsf或硫酸盐通量大于3.5mmol m-2a-1的区域,钻探获得水合物实物样品的SH2B,SH3B和SH7B三个钻孔的BSR埋深和SMI埋深的比值分别为8.36,8.60和9.94.结合地球化学和地球物理方法进行综合分析,认为白云凹陷和南部隆起是神狐海域天然气水合物发育的有利区.
引文
1)Fugro International(Hong Kong)Limited.Deep-water gas hydrate investigation in Shenhu survey area,South China Sea,offshore China.Factual Field Report.2007
1Berner R A.Early Diagenesis:A Theoretical Approach.Princeton NJ:Princeton University Press,1980.1-241
2Westrich J T,Berner R A.The role of sedimentary organic matter in bacterial sulfate reduction:The G model tested.Limnol Oceanogr,1984,2:236-249
3Canfield D E.Sulfate reduction in deep-sea sediments.Am J Sci,1991,2:177-188
4Reeburgh W S.Methane consumption in Cariaco Trench waters and sediments.Earth Planet Sci Lett,1976,28:337-344
5Borowski W S,Paull C K,Ussler W III.Marine pore-water sulfate profiles indicate in situ methane flux from underlying gas hydrate.Geology,1996,7:655-658
6Borowski W S,Paull C K,Ussler W III.Global and local variations of interstitial sulfate gradients in deep-water,continental margin sediments:Sensitivity to underlying methane and gas hydrates.Mar Geol,1999,159:131-154
7Borowski W S,Hoehler T M,Alperin M J,et al.Significance of anaerobic methane oxidation in methane-rich sediments overlying the Blake Ridge gas hydrates.In:Paull C K,Matsumoto R,Wallace P J,et al.Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program,Scientific Results,Vol.164[CD-ROM].College Station,Texas:Texas A&M University(Ocean Drilling Program),2000.87-99
8Dickens G R.Sulfate profiles and barium fronts in sediment on the Blake Ridge:Present and past methane fluxes through a large gas hydrate reservoir.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,2001,4:529-543
9Borowski W S.Data report:Dissolved sulfide concentration and sulfur isotopic composition of sulfide and sulfate in pore waters,ODP Leg204,Hydrate Ridge and vicinity,Cascadia Margin,offshore Oregon.In:Tréhu A M,Bohrmann G,Torres M E,et al.Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program,Scientific Results Vol.204[CD-ROM].College Station,Texas:Texas A&M University(Ocean Drilling Program),2006.1-13
10Claypool G E,Kaplan I R.The origin and distribution of methane in sediments.In:Kaplan I R,ed Natural Gases in Marine Sediments.New York:Plenum Press,1974.99-139
11Paull C K,Matsumoto R,Wallace P J,et al.Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program,Initial Reports.Vol.164[CD-ROM].College Station,Texas:Texas A&M University(Ocean Drilling Program),1996.1-623
12Shipboard Scientific Party,Site1244.In:Tréhu A M,Bohrmann G,Rack F R,et al.Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program,Initial Reports,Volume204[CD-ROM].Ocean Drilling Program,Texas A&M University,College Station,USA.2003.1-132
13Expedition311Scientists.Site U1328.In:Riedel M,Collett T S,Malone M J,and the Expedition311Scientists.Proc.IODP,311:Washington,DC(Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International,Inc.).doi:10.2204/iodp.proc.311.106.2006.1-136
14杨涛,蒋少涌,葛璐,等.南海北部神狐海域浅表层沉积物中孔隙水的地球化学特征及其对天然气水合物的指示意义.科学通报,2009,20:3231-3240
15Feng D,Chen D F,Peckmann J.Rare earth elements in seep carbonates as tracers of variable redox conditions of ancient hydrocarbon seeps.Terr Nova,2009,21:49-56
16Feng D,Chen D F,Roberts H H.Petrographic and geochemical characterization of seep carbonate from Bush Hill(GC185)gas vent and hydrate site of the Gulf of Mexico.Mar Pet Geol,2009,26:1190-1198
17Feng D,Chen D F,Peckmann J,et al.Authigenic carbonates from methane seeps of the northern Congo Fan:Microbial formation mechanism.Mar Pet Geol,2010,27:748-756
18Chen D F,Cathles L M.A kinetic model for the pattern and amounts of hydrate precipitated from a gas steam:Application to the Bush Hill vent site,Green Canyon Block185,Gulf of Mexico.J Geophys Res,2003,108(B1),2058,doi:10.1029/2001JB001597
19Chen D F,Cathles L M,Roberts H H.The chemical signatures of variable gas venting at hydrate sites.Mar Pet Geol,2004,21:317-326
20Yang T,Jiang S Y,Yang J H,et al..Dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC)and its carbon isotopic composition in sediment pore waters from the Shenhu area,northern South China Sea.J Oceanogr,2008,2:303-310
21Yang T,Jiang S Y,Ge L,et al.Geochemical characteristics of pore water in shallow sediments from Shenhu area of South China Sea and their significance for gas hydrate occurrence.Chin Sci Bull,2010,8:752-760
22吴能友,张海啟,杨胜雄,等.南海神狐海域天然气水合物成藏系统初探.天然气工业,2007,9:1-6
23Wu N Y,Zhang H Q,Yang S X,et al.Gas hydrate system of Shenhu Area,northern South China Sea:Geochemical results.J Geol Res Volume2011.doi:10.1155/2011/370298
24李家彪,主编.中国边缘海形成演化与资源效应.北京:地质出版社,2008.377-384
25王存武,陈红汉,陈长民,等.珠江口盆地白云深水扇特征及油气成藏主控因素.地球科学—中国地质大学学报,2007,2:247-252,266
26Shipboard Scientific Party.Site1146.In:Wang P X,Prell W L,Blum P,et al.Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program,Initial Reports Volume184[CD-ROM].College Station,Texas:Texas A&M University(Ocean Drilling Program),2000:1-101
27吴能友,杨胜雄,王宏斌,等.南海北部陆坡神狐海域天然气水合物成藏的流体运移体系.地球物理学报,2009,6:1641-1650
28王家豪,庞雄,王存武,等.珠江口盆地白云凹陷中央底辟带的发现及识别.地球科学—中国地质大学学报,2006,2:209-213
29龚跃华,杨胜雄,王宏斌,等.南海北部神狐海域天然气水合物成藏特征.现代地质,2009,2:210-216
30匡增桂,郭依群.南海北部神狐海域新近系以来沉积相及水合物成藏模式.地球科学—中国地质大学学报,2011,5:914-920
31Zhang H Q,Yang S X,Wu N Y,et al.Successful and surprising results for China’s first gas hydrate drilling expedition.Fire in the Ice:Methane Hydrate Newsletter,National Energy Technology Laboratory,U.S.Department of Energy,2007,Fall,6-9
32程思海,陆红锋.海洋沉积物孔隙水的制备方法.岩矿测试,2005,2:102-104
33杨涛,蒋少涌,赖鸣远,等.连续流同位素质谱测定水中溶解无机碳含量和碳同位素组成的方法研究.地球化学,2006,6:675-680
34Iversen N,Jφrgensen B B.Diffusion coefficients of sulfate and methane in marine sediments:Influence of porosity.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,1993,57:57l-578
35Coffin R,Hamdan L,Plummer R,et al.Analysis of methane and sulfate flux in methane-charged sediments from the Mississippi Canyon,Gulf of Mexico.Mar Pet Geol,2008,25:977-987
36Hensen C,Zabel M,Pfiefer K,et al.Control of sulfate porewater profiles by sedimentary events and the significance of anaerobic oxidation of methane for the burial of sulfur in marine sediments.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,2003,67:2631-2647
37Niewhner C,Hensen C,Kasten S,et al.Deep sulfate reduction completely mediated by anaerobic methane oxidation in sediments of the upwelling area off Namibia.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,1998,62:455-464
38Treude T,Niggemann J,Kallmeyer J,et al.Anaerobic oxidation of methane and sulfate reduction along the Chilean continental margin.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,2005,69:2767-2779
39Coffin R,Pohlman J,Gardner J,et al.Methane hydrate exploration on the Mid Chilean coast:A geochemical and geophysical survey.J Pet Sci Eng,2006,56:32-41
40Wu D D,Wu N Y,Yang R.Relationship of sulfate-methane interface(SMI),methane flux and the underlying gas hydrate in the Dongsha Area,northern South China Sea.Proceedings of the7th International Conference on Gas Hydrates(ICGH2011),2011
41Shipboard Scientific Party.Site1144.In:Wang P X,Prell W L,Blum P,et al.Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program,Initial Reports,Volume184[CD-ROM].College Station,Texas:Texas A&M University(Ocean Drilling Program),2000.1-97
42Berner R A.Sulfate reduction and the rate of deposition of marine sediments.Earth Planet Sci Lett,1978,37:492-498
43Waseda A.Organic carbon content,bacterial methanogenesis,and accumulation processes of gas hydrates in marine sediments.Geochem J,1998,3:143-157
44Feng D,Roberts H H.Geochemical characteristics of the barite deposits at cold seeps from the northern Gulf of Mexico continental slope.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2011,309:89-99
45Haese R R,Meile C,Van Cappellen P,et al.Carbon geochemistry of cold seeps:Methane fluxes and transformation in sediments from Kazan mud volcano,eastern Mediterranean Sea.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2003,212:361-375
46Gieskes J,Mahn C,Day S,et al.A study of the chemistry of pore fluids and authigenic carbonates in methane seep environments:Kodiak Trench,Hydrate Ridge,Monterey Bay,and Eel River Basin.Chem Geol,2005,220:329-345
47Kastner M,Claypool G,Robertson G.Geochemical constraints on the origin of the pore fluids and gas hydrate distribution at Atwater Valley and Keathley Canyon,northern Gulf of Mexico.Mar Pet Geol,2008,25:860-872
48Chen Y F,Ussler III W,Haflidason H,et al.Sources of methane inferred from pore-waterδ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon in Pockmark G11,offshore Mid-Norway,Chem Geol,2010,275:127-138
49吴庐山,杨胜雄,梁金强,等.南海北部神狐海域沉积物中烃类气体的地球化学特征.海洋地质前沿,2011,6:1-10
50Markl R G,Bryan G M,Ewing J I.Structure of the Blake-Bahama outer ridge.J Geophys Res,1970,75:4539-4555
51Hyndman R D,Spence G D.A seismic study of methane hydrate marine bottom simulating reflectors.J Geophys Res,1992,97:6683-6698
52Yuan T,Hyndman R D,Spence G D,et al.Seismic velocity increase and deep-sea hydrate concentration above a bottom simulating reflector on the northern Cascadian slope.J Geophys Res,1996,101:13655-13671
53宋海斌,张岭,江为为,等.海洋天然气水合物的地球物理研究(Ⅲ):似海底反射.地球物理学进展,2003,2:182-187
54Reed D L,Lundberg N,Liu C S,et al.Structural relations along the margin of the offshore Taiwan accretionary:Implications for accretion and crustal kinematics.Acta Geol Taiwan,1992,30:105-122
55姚伯初.南海北部陆缘天然气水合物初探.海洋地质与第四纪地质,1998,4:11-18
56张毅,何丽娟,徐行,等.南海北部神狐海域甲烷水合物BHSZ与BSR的比较研究.地球物理学进展,2009,1:183-194
57方银霞,初凤友.硫酸盐-甲烷界面与甲烷通量及下伏天然气水合物赋存的关系.海洋学研究,2007,1:1-9
58Fang Y X,Chu F Y.The relationship of sulfate-methane interface,the methane flux and the underlying gas hydrate.Mar Sci Bull,2008,1:28-37
1Berner R A.Early Diagenesis:A Theoretical Approach.Princeton NJ:Princeton University Press,1980.1-241
2Westrich J T,Berner R A.The role of sedimentary organic matter in bacterial sulfate reduction:The G model tested.Limnol Oceanogr,1984,2:236-249
3Canfield D E.Sulfate reduction in deep-sea sediments.Am J Sci,1991,2:177-188
4Reeburgh W S.Methane consumption in Cariaco Trench waters and sediments.Earth Planet Sci Lett,1976,28:337-344
5Borowski W S,Paull C K,Ussler W III.Marine pore-water sulfate profiles indicate in situ methane flux from underlying gas hydrate.Geology,1996,7:655-658
6Borowski W S,Paull C K,Ussler W III.Global and local variations of interstitial sulfate gradients in deep-water,continental margin sediments:Sensitivity to underlying methane and gas hydrates.Mar Geol,1999,159:131-154
7Borowski W S,Hoehler T M,Alperin M J,et al.Significance of anaerobic methane oxidation in methane-rich sediments overlying the Blake Ridge gas hydrates.In:Paull C K,Matsumoto R,Wallace P J,et al.Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program,Scientific Results,Vol.164[CD-ROM].College Station,Texas:Texas A&M University(Ocean Drilling Program),2000.87-99
8Dickens G R.Sulfate profiles and barium fronts in sediment on the Blake Ridge:Present and past methane fluxes through a large gas hydrate reservoir.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,2001,4:529-543
9Borowski W S.Data report:Dissolved sulfide concentration and sulfur isotopic composition of sulfide and sulfate in pore waters,ODP Leg204,Hydrate Ridge and vicinity,Cascadia Margin,offshore Oregon.In:Tréhu A M,Bohrmann G,Torres M E,et al.Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program,Scientific Results Vol.204[CD-ROM].College Station,Texas:Texas A&M University(Ocean Drilling Program),2006.1-13
10Claypool G E,Kaplan I R.The origin and distribution of methane in sediments.In:Kaplan I R,ed Natural Gases in Marine Sediments.New York:Plenum Press,1974.99-139
11Paull C K,Matsumoto R,Wallace P J,et al.Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program,Initial Reports.Vol.164[CD-ROM].College Station,Texas:Texas A&M University(Ocean Drilling Program),1996.1-623
12Shipboard Scientific Party,Site1244.In:Tréhu A M,Bohrmann G,Rack F R,et al.Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program,Initial Reports,Volume204[CD-ROM].Ocean Drilling Program,Texas A&M University,College Station,USA.2003.1-132
13Expedition311Scientists.Site U1328.In:Riedel M,Collett T S,Malone M J,and the Expedition311Scientists.Proc.IODP,311:Washington,DC(Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International,Inc.).doi:10.2204/iodp.proc.311.106.2006.1-136
14杨涛,蒋少涌,葛璐,等.南海北部神狐海域浅表层沉积物中孔隙水的地球化学特征及其对天然气水合物的指示意义.科学通报,2009,20:3231-3240
15Feng D,Chen D F,Peckmann J.Rare earth elements in seep carbonates as tracers of variable redox conditions of ancient hydrocarbon seeps.Terr Nova,2009,21:49-56
16Feng D,Chen D F,Roberts H H.Petrographic and geochemical characterization of seep carbonate from Bush Hill(GC185)gas vent and hydrate site of the Gulf of Mexico.Mar Pet Geol,2009,26:1190-1198
17Feng D,Chen D F,Peckmann J,et al.Authigenic carbonates from methane seeps of the northern Congo Fan:Microbial formation mechanism.Mar Pet Geol,2010,27:748-756
18Chen D F,Cathles L M.A kinetic model for the pattern and amounts of hydrate precipitated from a gas steam:Application to the Bush Hill vent site,Green Canyon Block185,Gulf of Mexico.J Geophys Res,2003,108(B1),2058,doi:10.1029/2001JB001597
19Chen D F,Cathles L M,Roberts H H.The chemical signatures of variable gas venting at hydrate sites.Mar Pet Geol,2004,21:317-326
20Yang T,Jiang S Y,Yang J H,et al..Dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC)and its carbon isotopic composition in sediment pore waters from the Shenhu area,northern South China Sea.J Oceanogr,2008,2:303-310
21Yang T,Jiang S Y,Ge L,et al.Geochemical characteristics of pore water in shallow sediments from Shenhu area of South China Sea and their significance for gas hydrate occurrence.Chin Sci Bull,2010,8:752-760
22吴能友,张海啟,杨胜雄,等.南海神狐海域天然气水合物成藏系统初探.天然气工业,2007,9:1-6
23Wu N Y,Zhang H Q,Yang S X,et al.Gas hydrate system of Shenhu Area,northern South China Sea:Geochemical results.J Geol Res Volume2011.doi:10.1155/2011/370298
24李家彪,主编.中国边缘海形成演化与资源效应.北京:地质出版社,2008.377-384
25王存武,陈红汉,陈长民,等.珠江口盆地白云深水扇特征及油气成藏主控因素.地球科学—中国地质大学学报,2007,2:247-252,266
26Shipboard Scientific Party.Site1146.In:Wang P X,Prell W L,Blum P,et al.Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program,Initial Reports Volume184[CD-ROM].College Station,Texas:Texas A&M University(Ocean Drilling Program),2000:1-101
27吴能友,杨胜雄,王宏斌,等.南海北部陆坡神狐海域天然气水合物成藏的流体运移体系.地球物理学报,2009,6:1641-1650
28王家豪,庞雄,王存武,等.珠江口盆地白云凹陷中央底辟带的发现及识别.地球科学—中国地质大学学报,2006,2:209-213
29龚跃华,杨胜雄,王宏斌,等.南海北部神狐海域天然气水合物成藏特征.现代地质,2009,2:210-216
30匡增桂,郭依群.南海北部神狐海域新近系以来沉积相及水合物成藏模式.地球科学—中国地质大学学报,2011,5:914-920
31Zhang H Q,Yang S X,Wu N Y,et al.Successful and surprising results for China’s first gas hydrate drilling expedition.Fire in the Ice:Methane Hydrate Newsletter,National Energy Technology Laboratory,U.S.Department of Energy,2007,Fall,6-9
32程思海,陆红锋.海洋沉积物孔隙水的制备方法.岩矿测试,2005,2:102-104
33杨涛,蒋少涌,赖鸣远,等.连续流同位素质谱测定水中溶解无机碳含量和碳同位素组成的方法研究.地球化学,2006,6:675-680
34Iversen N,Jφrgensen B B.Diffusion coefficients of sulfate and methane in marine sediments:Influence of porosity.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,1993,57:57l-578
35Coffin R,Hamdan L,Plummer R,et al.Analysis of methane and sulfate flux in methane-charged sediments from the Mississippi Canyon,Gulf of Mexico.Mar Pet Geol,2008,25:977-987
36Hensen C,Zabel M,Pfiefer K,et al.Control of sulfate porewater profiles by sedimentary events and the significance of anaerobic oxidation of methane for the burial of sulfur in marine sediments.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,2003,67:2631-2647
37Niewhner C,Hensen C,Kasten S,et al.Deep sulfate reduction completely mediated by anaerobic methane oxidation in sediments of the upwelling area off Namibia.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,1998,62:455-464
38Treude T,Niggemann J,Kallmeyer J,et al.Anaerobic oxidation of methane and sulfate reduction along the Chilean continental margin.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,2005,69:2767-2779
39Coffin R,Pohlman J,Gardner J,et al.Methane hydrate exploration on the Mid Chilean coast:A geochemical and geophysical survey.J Pet Sci Eng,2006,56:32-41
40Wu D D,Wu N Y,Yang R.Relationship of sulfate-methane interface(SMI),methane flux and the underlying gas hydrate in the Dongsha Area,northern South China Sea.Proceedings of the7th International Conference on Gas Hydrates(ICGH2011),2011
41Shipboard Scientific Party.Site1144.In:Wang P X,Prell W L,Blum P,et al.Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program,Initial Reports,Volume184[CD-ROM].College Station,Texas:Texas A&M University(Ocean Drilling Program),2000.1-97
42Berner R A.Sulfate reduction and the rate of deposition of marine sediments.Earth Planet Sci Lett,1978,37:492-498
43Waseda A.Organic carbon content,bacterial methanogenesis,and accumulation processes of gas hydrates in marine sediments.Geochem J,1998,3:143-157
44Feng D,Roberts H H.Geochemical characteristics of the barite deposits at cold seeps from the northern Gulf of Mexico continental slope.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2011,309:89-99
45Haese R R,Meile C,Van Cappellen P,et al.Carbon geochemistry of cold seeps:Methane fluxes and transformation in sediments from Kazan mud volcano,eastern Mediterranean Sea.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2003,212:361-375
46Gieskes J,Mahn C,Day S,et al.A study of the chemistry of pore fluids and authigenic carbonates in methane seep environments:Kodiak Trench,Hydrate Ridge,Monterey Bay,and Eel River Basin.Chem Geol,2005,220:329-345
47Kastner M,Claypool G,Robertson G.Geochemical constraints on the origin of the pore fluids and gas hydrate distribution at Atwater Valley and Keathley Canyon,northern Gulf of Mexico.Mar Pet Geol,2008,25:860-872
48Chen Y F,Ussler III W,Haflidason H,et al.Sources of methane inferred from pore-waterδ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon in Pockmark G11,offshore Mid-Norway,Chem Geol,2010,275:127-138
49吴庐山,杨胜雄,梁金强,等.南海北部神狐海域沉积物中烃类气体的地球化学特征.海洋地质前沿,2011,6:1-10
50Markl R G,Bryan G M,Ewing J I.Structure of the Blake-Bahama outer ridge.J Geophys Res,1970,75:4539-4555
51Hyndman R D,Spence G D.A seismic study of methane hydrate marine bottom simulating reflectors.J Geophys Res,1992,97:6683-6698
52Yuan T,Hyndman R D,Spence G D,et al.Seismic velocity increase and deep-sea hydrate concentration above a bottom simulating reflector on the northern Cascadian slope.J Geophys Res,1996,101:13655-13671
53宋海斌,张岭,江为为,等.海洋天然气水合物的地球物理研究(Ⅲ):似海底反射.地球物理学进展,2003,2:182-187
54Reed D L,Lundberg N,Liu C S,et al.Structural relations along the margin of the offshore Taiwan accretionary:Implications for accretion and crustal kinematics.Acta Geol Taiwan,1992,30:105-122
55姚伯初.南海北部陆缘天然气水合物初探.海洋地质与第四纪地质,1998,4:11-18
56张毅,何丽娟,徐行,等.南海北部神狐海域甲烷水合物BHSZ与BSR的比较研究.地球物理学进展,2009,1:183-194
57方银霞,初凤友.硫酸盐-甲烷界面与甲烷通量及下伏天然气水合物赋存的关系.海洋学研究,2007,1:1-9
58Fang Y X,Chu F Y.The relationship of sulfate-methane interface,the methane flux and the underlying gas hydrate.Mar Sci Bull,2008,1:28-37
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