漫反射光谱手工与机器制样方法测试结果与对比分析
|
摘要
矿物含量及其变化有可能蕴藏着环境信息。赤铁矿和针铁矿是常见的两种化合物,在各种类型的沉积物中基本都有分布。在古气候研究中,赤铁矿和针铁矿的含量变化可以用来指示气候的干湿变化。漫反射光谱方法(DRS)可以进行赤铁矿和针铁矿含量测算,具有灵敏度高、速度快、准确度高等特点。这种方法虽然很实用,但是对于样品量比较大的研究来说,其手工磨样速度比较慢,而用机器研磨则会大幅提高样品制备效率,但是机器研磨是否会对分析结果产生影响尚未有研究报道。本文对30个河流相和湖泊相样品进行了漫反射光谱对比分析实验,发现手工和机器磨样在磁性矿物浓度上的变化趋势基本一致,但是两者之间存在一定的差异。因此,如果研究目的是希望从整体变化趋势来反演气候变化的过程,用机器研磨方法可以达到要求且效率明显提高;如果是进行浓度含量等其它方面的研究,则传统的手工方法是优先选择。
Background, aim, and scope The concentration and change of mineral species may contain environmental information. Hematite and goethite are common iron-containing compound and nearly distributed in all of the sediments. In research on paleoclimate, content change of hematite and goethite could reflect dry and wet climate change. Diffuse reflection spectrum(DRS) method is generally used to measure the relative content of hematite and goethite, because of its advantages, such as high sensitivity, high speed, high precision and so on. However, we have to grind samples by hand before measuring and this is time-consuming with regard to researchers who have large number of samples. Machine grinding method is high productive but we have no knowledge about whether it would influence the DRS results. Materials and methods Here, we selected30 fluvial or lacustrine samples for magnetic minerals and DRS comparative analysis. Results The goethite concentration has a minor difference, however, the general trend is nearly the same although there are differences about concentration. Discussion The concentration of the handmade is a bit high than machine grinding at some points. This may be led by the goethite mineral change which is possibly generated by the machine grinding transient temperature exceeded the goethite Currie temperature after rejecting other factors. Conclusions Machine grinding method is priority if we just invert the climate change processes by general trend and this method is highly efficient. On the other hand, handmade method is priority if we do research about the content and so forth.Recommendations and perspectives Machine grinding method is priority if we just invert the climate change processes by general trend and this method is highly efficient. On the other hand, handmade method is priority if we do research about the content and so forth.
Background, aim, and scope The concentration and change of mineral species may contain environmental information. Hematite and goethite are common iron-containing compound and nearly distributed in all of the sediments. In research on paleoclimate, content change of hematite and goethite could reflect dry and wet climate change. Diffuse reflection spectrum(DRS) method is generally used to measure the relative content of hematite and goethite, because of its advantages, such as high sensitivity, high speed, high precision and so on. However, we have to grind samples by hand before measuring and this is time-consuming with regard to researchers who have large number of samples. Machine grinding method is high productive but we have no knowledge about whether it would influence the DRS results. Materials and methods Here, we selected30 fluvial or lacustrine samples for magnetic minerals and DRS comparative analysis. Results The goethite concentration has a minor difference, however, the general trend is nearly the same although there are differences about concentration. Discussion The concentration of the handmade is a bit high than machine grinding at some points. This may be led by the goethite mineral change which is possibly generated by the machine grinding transient temperature exceeded the goethite Currie temperature after rejecting other factors. Conclusions Machine grinding method is priority if we just invert the climate change processes by general trend and this method is highly efficient. On the other hand, handmade method is priority if we do research about the content and so forth.Recommendations and perspectives Machine grinding method is priority if we just invert the climate change processes by general trend and this method is highly efficient. On the other hand, handmade method is priority if we do research about the content and so forth.
引文
邓成龙,朱日祥,袁宝印.2002.黄土高原全新世风成沉积的岩石磁学性质及其古气候意义[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,22(4):37-45.[Deng C L,Zhu R X,Yuan B Y.2002.Rock magnetism of the Holocene eolian deposits in the Loess Plateau:evidence for pedogenesis[J].Marine Geology and Quaternary Geology,22(4):37-45.]
季峻峰,陈?骏,Balsman W,等.2007.黄土剖面中赤铁矿和针铁矿的定量分析与气候干湿变化研究[J].第四纪研究,27(2):221-229.[Ji J F,Chen J,Balsman W,et al.2007.Quantitative analysis of hematite and goethite in the Chinese loess-paleosol sequences and its implication for dry and humid variability[J].Quaternary Sciences,27(2):221-229.]
李?超,杨守业.2012.长江沉积物中赤铁矿和针铁矿的漫反射光谱分析[J].地球科学--中国地质大学学报,37(S1):11-19.[Li C,Yang S Y.2012.Hematite and goethite distribution in the Yangtze River sediments by using diffused reflectance spectroscopy[J].Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences),37(S1):11-19.]
刘秀铭,吕?镔,毛学刚,等.2014.风积地层中铁矿物随环境变化及其启示[J].第四纪研究,34(3):443-457.[Liu X M,LüB,Mao X G,et al.2014.Iron minerals of eolian deposits vary with environment and its significance[J].Quaternary Sciences,34(3):443-457.]
王?晶,陈?震,陈国能.2014.华南沿海末次冰期类黄土沉积的漫反射光谱与激光粒度研究[J].光谱学与光谱分析,34(11):2901-2907.[Wang J,Chen Z,Chen G N.2014.Study of the last glacial loesslike deposits in the coastal area of south China with diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and laser particle size analysis[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,34(11):2901-2907.]
王?磊,潘永信,李金华,等.2008.黄铁矿热转化矿物相变过程的岩石磁学研究[J].中国科学(D辑:地球科学),38(9):1068-1077.[Wang L,Pang Y X,Li J H,et al.2008.Rock magnetic research of the mineral facies change in the process of thermal transition of the pyrite[J].Science in China(Series D:Earth Sciences),38(9):1068-1077.]
吴旭东,沈?吉.2011.广东湖光岩玛珥湖沉积物漫反射光谱数据反映的全新世以来古环境演化[J].湖泊科学,24(6):943-951.[Wu X D,Shen J.2011.Paleoenvironment evolution since the Holocene reflected by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy from Huguangyan Maar Lake sediments,Guangdong Province[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,24(6):943-951.]
张?鹏,敖?红,安芷生,等.2015.兰州盆地渐新世沉积物岩石磁学性质探究[J].地球物理学报,58(7):2445-2459.[Zhang P,Ao H,An Z S,et al.2015.Rock magnetism properties of Oligocen sediments in the Lanzhou Basin[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,58(7):2445-2459.]
周?玮,季峻峰,Balsam W,等.2007.利用漫反射光谱鉴定红粘土中针铁矿和赤铁矿[J].高校地质学报,13(4):730-736.[Zhou W,Ji J F,Balsam W,et al.2007.Determination of goethite and hematite in red clay by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy[J].Geological Journal of China Universities,13(4):730-736.]
Balsam W,Ji J,Chen J.2004.Climatic interpretation of the Luochuan and Lingtai loess sections,China,based on changing iron oxide mineralogy and magnetic susceptibility[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,223(3):335-348.
Deaton B C,Balsam W L.1991.Visible spectroscopya rapid method for determining hematite and goethite concentration in geological materials[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,61(4):628-632.
Deng C,Zhu R,Jackson M J,et al.2001.Variability of the temperature-dependent susceptibility of the Holocene eolian deposits in the Chinese loess plateau:a pedogenesis indicator[J].Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,Part A:Solid Earth and Geodesy,26(11/12):873-878.
Dunlop D J,?zdemir?.2001.Rock magnetism:fundamentals and frontiers[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Hanesch M,Stanjek H,Petersen N.2006.Thermomagnetic measurements of soil iron minerals:the role of organic carbon[J].Geophysical Journal International,165(1):53-61.
Ji J,Balsam W,Chen J U,et al.2002.Rapid and quantitative measurement of hematite and goethite in the Chinese loesspaleosol sequence by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy[J].Clays and Clay Minerals,50(2):208-216.
Ji J,Zhao L,Balsam W,et al.2006.Detecting chlorite in the Chinese loess sequence by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy[J].Clays and Clay Minerals,54(2):266-273.
Scheinost A C,Chavernas A,Barrón V,et al.1998.Use and limitations of second-derivative diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in the visible to near-infrared range to identify and quantity Fe oxide minerals in soils[J].Clays and Clay Minerals,46(5):528-536.
Schwartzman U,Taylor R M.1989.Iron oxides[M]//Dixon J B,Weed S B.Minerals in soil environments.2nd ed.Madison,WI:Soil Society of America:379-438.
Schwertmann U.1971.Transformation of hematite to goethite in soils[J].Nature,232:624-625.
Tauxe L,Banerjee S K,Butler R F,et al.2009.Essentials of paleomagnetism[M].California:University of California Press.
Torrent J,Liu Q,Bloemendal J,et al.2007.Magnetic enhancement and iron oxides in the upper Luochuan loesspaleosol sequence,Chinese Loess Plateau[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,71(5):1570-1578.
季峻峰,陈?骏,Balsman W,等.2007.黄土剖面中赤铁矿和针铁矿的定量分析与气候干湿变化研究[J].第四纪研究,27(2):221-229.[Ji J F,Chen J,Balsman W,et al.2007.Quantitative analysis of hematite and goethite in the Chinese loess-paleosol sequences and its implication for dry and humid variability[J].Quaternary Sciences,27(2):221-229.]
李?超,杨守业.2012.长江沉积物中赤铁矿和针铁矿的漫反射光谱分析[J].地球科学--中国地质大学学报,37(S1):11-19.[Li C,Yang S Y.2012.Hematite and goethite distribution in the Yangtze River sediments by using diffused reflectance spectroscopy[J].Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences),37(S1):11-19.]
刘秀铭,吕?镔,毛学刚,等.2014.风积地层中铁矿物随环境变化及其启示[J].第四纪研究,34(3):443-457.[Liu X M,LüB,Mao X G,et al.2014.Iron minerals of eolian deposits vary with environment and its significance[J].Quaternary Sciences,34(3):443-457.]
王?晶,陈?震,陈国能.2014.华南沿海末次冰期类黄土沉积的漫反射光谱与激光粒度研究[J].光谱学与光谱分析,34(11):2901-2907.[Wang J,Chen Z,Chen G N.2014.Study of the last glacial loesslike deposits in the coastal area of south China with diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and laser particle size analysis[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,34(11):2901-2907.]
王?磊,潘永信,李金华,等.2008.黄铁矿热转化矿物相变过程的岩石磁学研究[J].中国科学(D辑:地球科学),38(9):1068-1077.[Wang L,Pang Y X,Li J H,et al.2008.Rock magnetic research of the mineral facies change in the process of thermal transition of the pyrite[J].Science in China(Series D:Earth Sciences),38(9):1068-1077.]
吴旭东,沈?吉.2011.广东湖光岩玛珥湖沉积物漫反射光谱数据反映的全新世以来古环境演化[J].湖泊科学,24(6):943-951.[Wu X D,Shen J.2011.Paleoenvironment evolution since the Holocene reflected by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy from Huguangyan Maar Lake sediments,Guangdong Province[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,24(6):943-951.]
张?鹏,敖?红,安芷生,等.2015.兰州盆地渐新世沉积物岩石磁学性质探究[J].地球物理学报,58(7):2445-2459.[Zhang P,Ao H,An Z S,et al.2015.Rock magnetism properties of Oligocen sediments in the Lanzhou Basin[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,58(7):2445-2459.]
周?玮,季峻峰,Balsam W,等.2007.利用漫反射光谱鉴定红粘土中针铁矿和赤铁矿[J].高校地质学报,13(4):730-736.[Zhou W,Ji J F,Balsam W,et al.2007.Determination of goethite and hematite in red clay by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy[J].Geological Journal of China Universities,13(4):730-736.]
Balsam W,Ji J,Chen J.2004.Climatic interpretation of the Luochuan and Lingtai loess sections,China,based on changing iron oxide mineralogy and magnetic susceptibility[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,223(3):335-348.
Deaton B C,Balsam W L.1991.Visible spectroscopya rapid method for determining hematite and goethite concentration in geological materials[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,61(4):628-632.
Deng C,Zhu R,Jackson M J,et al.2001.Variability of the temperature-dependent susceptibility of the Holocene eolian deposits in the Chinese loess plateau:a pedogenesis indicator[J].Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,Part A:Solid Earth and Geodesy,26(11/12):873-878.
Dunlop D J,?zdemir?.2001.Rock magnetism:fundamentals and frontiers[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Hanesch M,Stanjek H,Petersen N.2006.Thermomagnetic measurements of soil iron minerals:the role of organic carbon[J].Geophysical Journal International,165(1):53-61.
Ji J,Balsam W,Chen J U,et al.2002.Rapid and quantitative measurement of hematite and goethite in the Chinese loesspaleosol sequence by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy[J].Clays and Clay Minerals,50(2):208-216.
Ji J,Zhao L,Balsam W,et al.2006.Detecting chlorite in the Chinese loess sequence by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy[J].Clays and Clay Minerals,54(2):266-273.
Scheinost A C,Chavernas A,Barrón V,et al.1998.Use and limitations of second-derivative diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in the visible to near-infrared range to identify and quantity Fe oxide minerals in soils[J].Clays and Clay Minerals,46(5):528-536.
Schwartzman U,Taylor R M.1989.Iron oxides[M]//Dixon J B,Weed S B.Minerals in soil environments.2nd ed.Madison,WI:Soil Society of America:379-438.
Schwertmann U.1971.Transformation of hematite to goethite in soils[J].Nature,232:624-625.
Tauxe L,Banerjee S K,Butler R F,et al.2009.Essentials of paleomagnetism[M].California:University of California Press.
Torrent J,Liu Q,Bloemendal J,et al.2007.Magnetic enhancement and iron oxides in the upper Luochuan loesspaleosol sequence,Chinese Loess Plateau[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,71(5):1570-1578.