2000-2015年中国典型草原草地动态及其对管理政策的响应
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摘要
中国实施的生态治理和生态补偿政策,一定程度减缓了草地退化进程,但草地生产功能与生态功能之间的矛盾尚未根本解决。本研究以中国典型草原区呼伦贝尔市为研究区域,基于遥感影像资料和农牧户调研数据,采用空间自相关分析和参与式农村评估方法,分析呼伦贝尔市2000-2015年草地时空动态特征,研究结果表明,两个研究时段内,草地质量综合指数减少的面积分别占草地总面积的60.03%和24.9%,皆以轻度减少为主;草地变化空间格局上呈现显著的集聚特征,草地质量综合指数变化的低值集聚区主要位于大兴安岭以东的农牧区域,高值集聚区主要位于西部典型草原区。通过对样本点草地变化与草牧业发展政策的相关性分析发现,禁牧封育、草畜平衡和草原补贴政策对草地质量降低起到了一定遏制作用,但政策失灵和执行效率偏低弱化了政策效应。
Grassland is a basic resource for human survival that provides basic material for husbandry development and protection for land ecosystems. With global climate change and intensification of human activity,grassland degradation in China is a major issue. Policy interventions have been the main measure to control restrain grassland degradation and protect and regain grassland resources. With implementation of ecological management and ecological compensation policies,the process of grassland degradation has slowed,however,the contradiction between grassland production and ecological function has not been solved. Here,we selected Hulunbuir(a typical steppe in China)and used field surveys and remote sensing image data to analyze spatiotemporal differentiation of grassland changes between 2000 and 2015. Our aim was to evaluate the defects of national grassland policy on eco-animal husbandry. We found that the grassland quality comprehensive index decreased in area,accounting for 60.03% and 24.9% of the total area in the two periods and indicating a slight decrease. The change in grassland showed a clustered character. We found that the low value clustered region of grassland change is located in the farming areas east of Khingan,and high value clustered region of grassland change is located in the west typical steppe. Through investigating grassland policies we found that relevant policies such as enclosure and grazing prohibition,livestock balance and husbandry subsidies to grassland change has certainly played a positive role;however,they are alone not enough to prevent grassland degradation. Due to lack of policy and operational mechanisms,the effect of policies are lagging and there is further scope for significant effects.
Grassland is a basic resource for human survival that provides basic material for husbandry development and protection for land ecosystems. With global climate change and intensification of human activity,grassland degradation in China is a major issue. Policy interventions have been the main measure to control restrain grassland degradation and protect and regain grassland resources. With implementation of ecological management and ecological compensation policies,the process of grassland degradation has slowed,however,the contradiction between grassland production and ecological function has not been solved. Here,we selected Hulunbuir(a typical steppe in China)and used field surveys and remote sensing image data to analyze spatiotemporal differentiation of grassland changes between 2000 and 2015. Our aim was to evaluate the defects of national grassland policy on eco-animal husbandry. We found that the grassland quality comprehensive index decreased in area,accounting for 60.03% and 24.9% of the total area in the two periods and indicating a slight decrease. The change in grassland showed a clustered character. We found that the low value clustered region of grassland change is located in the farming areas east of Khingan,and high value clustered region of grassland change is located in the west typical steppe. Through investigating grassland policies we found that relevant policies such as enclosure and grazing prohibition,livestock balance and husbandry subsidies to grassland change has certainly played a positive role;however,they are alone not enough to prevent grassland degradation. Due to lack of policy and operational mechanisms,the effect of policies are lagging and there is further scope for significant effects.
引文
[1]任继周,梁天刚,林慧龙,等.草地对全球气候变化的响应及其碳汇潜势研究[J].草业学报,2011,20(2):1-22.[Ren J Z,Liang T G,Lin H L,et al.Study on grassland's responses to global climate change and its carbon sequestration potentials[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2011,20(2):1-22.]
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[3]姜立鹏,覃志豪,谢雯.基于单时相MODIS数据的草地退化遥感监测研究[J].中国草地学报,2007,29(7):39-43.[Jiang L P,Qin Z H,Xie W.A research of monitoring grassland degradation based on mono temporal MODIS data[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2007,29(7):39-43.]
[4]Zhang K,Yu Z,Li X,et al.Land use change and land degradation in China from 1991 to 2001[J].Land Degradation&Development,2007,18(2):209-219.
[5]谢花林,李秀彬,张燕婷,等.基于ESDA的京津冀地区草地变化空间分异[J].自然资源学报,2012,27(7):1224-1232.[Xie H L,Li X B,Zhang Y T,et al.Spatial difference of regional grass changes based on ESDA at county level in Beijing-TianjinHebei Area[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2012,27(7):1224-1232.]
[6]何在中,应瑞瑶,沈贵银.青海省生态畜牧业政策效应与评价研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015,25(6):174-178.[He ZZ,Ying R Y,Shen G Y.Policy effect evaluation of grassland ecological animal husbandry in Qinghai Province[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2015,25(6):174-178.]
[7]方精云,白永飞,李凌浩,等.我国草原牧区可持续发展的科学基础与实践[J].科学通报,2016,21(2):155-164.[Fang J Y,Bai Y F,Li L H,et al.Scientific basis and practical ways for sustainable development of China’s pasture regions[J].Chin Sci Bull,2016,21(2):155-164.]
[8]万华伟,高帅,刘玉平,等.呼伦贝尔生态功能区草地退化的时空特征[J].资源科学,2016,38(8):1443-1451.[Wang H W,Gao S,Liu Y P,et al.Grassland degradation monitoring and spatio-temporal variation analysis of the Hulunbuir Ecological Function Region[J].Resources Science,2016,38(8):1443-1451.]
[9]王云霞,修长柏.气候因子与过度放牧在内蒙古牧区草地退化演变中的作用[J].农业技术经济,2015,(8):112-117.[Wang YX,Xiu C B.The role of climate factors and overgrazing played in the evolution of grassland degradation in Inner Mongolia’s pastoral areas[J].Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,2015,(8):112-117.]
[10]欧阳志云.全国生态功能区划[J].中国科技教育,2008,(5):21-22.[Ouyang Z Y.Eco-functional regionalization in China[J].China Science&Technology Education,2008,(5):21-22.]
[11]Liu J Y,Kuang W H,Zhang Z X,et al.Spatiotemporal characteristics,patterns,and causes of land-use changes in China since the late 1980s[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2014,24(2):195-210.
[12]丁明军,张镒锂,刘林山,等.1982-2009年青藏高原草地覆盖度时空变化特征[J].自然资源学报,2010,25(12):2114-2122.[Ding M J,Zhang Y L,Liu L S,et al.Temporal and spatial distribution of grassland coverage change in Tibetan Plateau since 1982[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2010,25(12):2114-2122.]
[13]张镱锂,刘林山,摆万奇,等.黄河源地区草地退化空间特征[J].地理学报,2006,61(1):3-14.[Zhang Y L,Liu L S,Bai WQ,et al.Grassland degradation in the source region of the Yellow River[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2006,61(1):3-14.]
[14]Deng X Z,Huang J K,Huang Q Q,et al.Do roads lead to grassland degradation or restoration?A case study in Inner Mongolia,China[J].Environment and Development Economics,2011,16(6):751-773.
[15]马荣华,蒲英霞,马晓冬.GIS空间关联模式发现[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.[Ma R H,Pu Y X,Ma X D.Mining Spatial Association Patterns from GIS Database[M].Beijing:Science Press,2007.]
[16]蒙吉军,艾木入拉,刘洋,等.农牧户可持续生计资产与生计策略的关系研究-以鄂尔多斯市乌审旗为例[J].北京大学学报:自然科学版,2013,49(2):321-328.[Meng J J,Amrulla,Liu Y,et al.Study on relationship between livelihood capital and livelihood strategy of farming and grazing households:a case of Uxin Banner in Ordos[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Univer-sitatis Pekinensis,2013,49(2):321-328.]
[17]马梅,乔光华.制度变迁与草地退化的关联性分析-以锡林郭勒盟为例[J].农业现代化研究,2015,36(5):803-810.[Ma M,Qiao G H.Correlation analysis between the institutional changes and grassland degradation:a case study of Xilinguole[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,2015,36(5):803-810.]
[18]芦清水,赵志平.应对草地退化的生态移民政策及牧户响应分析-基于黄河源区玛多县的牧户调查[J].地理研究,2009,28(1):143-153.[Lu Q S,Zhao Z P.Eco-immigration policy for the degraded rangeland and response of herd families:a case study of Maduo County,the source region of Yellow River[J].Geo-graphical Research,2009,28(1):143-153.]
[19]马林,张扬.我国草原牧区可持续发展模式及对策研究[J].中国草地学报,2013,35(2):104-109.[Ma L,Zhang Y.A study on the sustainable development model and countermeasures of pastoral areas in China[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2013,35(2):104-109.]
[20]徐方奎,姜凤友,梁占武,等.呼伦贝尔草原35年干旱统计分析[J].内蒙古气象,2007,(6):22-23.[Xu F K,Jiang F Y,Liang ZW,et al.35 years drought statistical analysis in Hulunbuir steppe[J].Meteorology Journal of Inner Mongolia,2007,(6):22-23.]
[2]郭泺,杜世宏,薛达元,等.长江源区土地覆盖变化与草地退化格局的时空分异[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(5):1219-1225.[Guo L,Du S H,Xue D Y,et al.Spatiotemporal differentiation of land cover change and grassland degradation pattern in Yangtze River headwaters area[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2012,23(5):1219-1225.]
[3]姜立鹏,覃志豪,谢雯.基于单时相MODIS数据的草地退化遥感监测研究[J].中国草地学报,2007,29(7):39-43.[Jiang L P,Qin Z H,Xie W.A research of monitoring grassland degradation based on mono temporal MODIS data[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2007,29(7):39-43.]
[4]Zhang K,Yu Z,Li X,et al.Land use change and land degradation in China from 1991 to 2001[J].Land Degradation&Development,2007,18(2):209-219.
[5]谢花林,李秀彬,张燕婷,等.基于ESDA的京津冀地区草地变化空间分异[J].自然资源学报,2012,27(7):1224-1232.[Xie H L,Li X B,Zhang Y T,et al.Spatial difference of regional grass changes based on ESDA at county level in Beijing-TianjinHebei Area[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2012,27(7):1224-1232.]
[6]何在中,应瑞瑶,沈贵银.青海省生态畜牧业政策效应与评价研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015,25(6):174-178.[He ZZ,Ying R Y,Shen G Y.Policy effect evaluation of grassland ecological animal husbandry in Qinghai Province[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2015,25(6):174-178.]
[7]方精云,白永飞,李凌浩,等.我国草原牧区可持续发展的科学基础与实践[J].科学通报,2016,21(2):155-164.[Fang J Y,Bai Y F,Li L H,et al.Scientific basis and practical ways for sustainable development of China’s pasture regions[J].Chin Sci Bull,2016,21(2):155-164.]
[8]万华伟,高帅,刘玉平,等.呼伦贝尔生态功能区草地退化的时空特征[J].资源科学,2016,38(8):1443-1451.[Wang H W,Gao S,Liu Y P,et al.Grassland degradation monitoring and spatio-temporal variation analysis of the Hulunbuir Ecological Function Region[J].Resources Science,2016,38(8):1443-1451.]
[9]王云霞,修长柏.气候因子与过度放牧在内蒙古牧区草地退化演变中的作用[J].农业技术经济,2015,(8):112-117.[Wang YX,Xiu C B.The role of climate factors and overgrazing played in the evolution of grassland degradation in Inner Mongolia’s pastoral areas[J].Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,2015,(8):112-117.]
[10]欧阳志云.全国生态功能区划[J].中国科技教育,2008,(5):21-22.[Ouyang Z Y.Eco-functional regionalization in China[J].China Science&Technology Education,2008,(5):21-22.]
[11]Liu J Y,Kuang W H,Zhang Z X,et al.Spatiotemporal characteristics,patterns,and causes of land-use changes in China since the late 1980s[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2014,24(2):195-210.
[12]丁明军,张镒锂,刘林山,等.1982-2009年青藏高原草地覆盖度时空变化特征[J].自然资源学报,2010,25(12):2114-2122.[Ding M J,Zhang Y L,Liu L S,et al.Temporal and spatial distribution of grassland coverage change in Tibetan Plateau since 1982[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2010,25(12):2114-2122.]
[13]张镱锂,刘林山,摆万奇,等.黄河源地区草地退化空间特征[J].地理学报,2006,61(1):3-14.[Zhang Y L,Liu L S,Bai WQ,et al.Grassland degradation in the source region of the Yellow River[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2006,61(1):3-14.]
[14]Deng X Z,Huang J K,Huang Q Q,et al.Do roads lead to grassland degradation or restoration?A case study in Inner Mongolia,China[J].Environment and Development Economics,2011,16(6):751-773.
[15]马荣华,蒲英霞,马晓冬.GIS空间关联模式发现[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.[Ma R H,Pu Y X,Ma X D.Mining Spatial Association Patterns from GIS Database[M].Beijing:Science Press,2007.]
[16]蒙吉军,艾木入拉,刘洋,等.农牧户可持续生计资产与生计策略的关系研究-以鄂尔多斯市乌审旗为例[J].北京大学学报:自然科学版,2013,49(2):321-328.[Meng J J,Amrulla,Liu Y,et al.Study on relationship between livelihood capital and livelihood strategy of farming and grazing households:a case of Uxin Banner in Ordos[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Univer-sitatis Pekinensis,2013,49(2):321-328.]
[17]马梅,乔光华.制度变迁与草地退化的关联性分析-以锡林郭勒盟为例[J].农业现代化研究,2015,36(5):803-810.[Ma M,Qiao G H.Correlation analysis between the institutional changes and grassland degradation:a case study of Xilinguole[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,2015,36(5):803-810.]
[18]芦清水,赵志平.应对草地退化的生态移民政策及牧户响应分析-基于黄河源区玛多县的牧户调查[J].地理研究,2009,28(1):143-153.[Lu Q S,Zhao Z P.Eco-immigration policy for the degraded rangeland and response of herd families:a case study of Maduo County,the source region of Yellow River[J].Geo-graphical Research,2009,28(1):143-153.]
[19]马林,张扬.我国草原牧区可持续发展模式及对策研究[J].中国草地学报,2013,35(2):104-109.[Ma L,Zhang Y.A study on the sustainable development model and countermeasures of pastoral areas in China[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2013,35(2):104-109.]
[20]徐方奎,姜凤友,梁占武,等.呼伦贝尔草原35年干旱统计分析[J].内蒙古气象,2007,(6):22-23.[Xu F K,Jiang F Y,Liang ZW,et al.35 years drought statistical analysis in Hulunbuir steppe[J].Meteorology Journal of Inner Mongolia,2007,(6):22-23.]
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