长期秸秆还田与氮肥调控对稻田土壤质量及产量的影响
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摘要
为了揭示土壤对长期秸秆还田及氮肥调控的响应,采用大田小区试验,考察了秸秆不还田+N 300kg/hm~2(TB)、秸秆全量还田+不施肥(T0)、秸秆全量还田+N 255 kg/hm~2(T17)、秸秆全量还田+N 300kg/hm~2(T20)、秸秆还田+N 345 kg/hm~2(T23)对稻田土壤理化特性、重金属含量、活性有机质、微生物炭、碳库管理指数及水稻产量的影响,探索长期秸秆还田(5年)条件下土壤质量对氮肥配施的响应,为提高氮肥利用率、减轻环境污染、提高资源利用效率,提供理论依据和技术支撑。结果表明:长期秸秆还田条件下,随着氮肥施用量的增加,T17、T20、T23 3个处理的全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、总有机质、活性有机质、微生物量碳含量上升,但总有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾的差异不明显;土壤容重下降;土壤中汞、砷、铅、镉、铬、铜、锌7种重金属(全量)未出现明显积累现象。施肥量相同的条件下,秸秆还田(T20)显著提高了土壤速效氮、速效磷的含量,较秸秆不还田(TB)速效氮、速效磷、速效钾分别提高21. 1%,8. 9%。综合考量经济、土壤质量、产量等因素,无污染的秸秆还田后,合理的配施氮肥(300 kg/hm~2)不仅可以避免秸秆腐解过程中与作物争夺氮肥,而且可以促进土壤碳、氮的更新,培肥土壤,提高产量,改善土壤质量。
In order to reveal the response of soil to long-term straw returning and nitrogen fertilizer regulation,based on field experiments of rice-wheat rotation,effects of straw returning and nitrogen fertilizer( with TB as no straw return with 300 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizers,and T0,T17,T20 and T23 as straw return with 0,255,300,345 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizers) on physico-chemical properties,concentration of heavy metals,organic matter content and carbon pool management index,rice yields were investigated. The results showed with the increased of nitrogen fertilizer,total N,total P,total K,available N,available P,available K,organic matter,labile organic matter,microbial biomass carbon and yields of T17,T20 and T23 were increased,but no significant difference of the total organic matter,total N,total P and total K. Bulk density decreased,and there were no apparent accumulation of Hg,As,Pb,Cd,Cr,Cu,Zn in the soil. With the same amount of fertilizer,straw return to soil( T20) significantly increased available N and available P,which were higher than those of TB by 21. 1%,8. 9% respectively.Considering the factors of soil quality,rice yield and economic cost,non-polluting straw return with 300 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizers( T20) could not only avoid competing for nitrogen fertilizer with crops in the process of straw decomposition,but also promoted the renewal of soil carbon and nitrogen,improved yield and soil quality.
In order to reveal the response of soil to long-term straw returning and nitrogen fertilizer regulation,based on field experiments of rice-wheat rotation,effects of straw returning and nitrogen fertilizer( with TB as no straw return with 300 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizers,and T0,T17,T20 and T23 as straw return with 0,255,300,345 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizers) on physico-chemical properties,concentration of heavy metals,organic matter content and carbon pool management index,rice yields were investigated. The results showed with the increased of nitrogen fertilizer,total N,total P,total K,available N,available P,available K,organic matter,labile organic matter,microbial biomass carbon and yields of T17,T20 and T23 were increased,but no significant difference of the total organic matter,total N,total P and total K. Bulk density decreased,and there were no apparent accumulation of Hg,As,Pb,Cd,Cr,Cu,Zn in the soil. With the same amount of fertilizer,straw return to soil( T20) significantly increased available N and available P,which were higher than those of TB by 21. 1%,8. 9% respectively.Considering the factors of soil quality,rice yield and economic cost,non-polluting straw return with 300 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizers( T20) could not only avoid competing for nitrogen fertilizer with crops in the process of straw decomposition,but also promoted the renewal of soil carbon and nitrogen,improved yield and soil quality.
引文
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[7]舒洲.秸秆还田配合施肥对旱地小麦产量及土壤生物学特性影响研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2016.Shu Z. Impacts of straw returning with fertilizer ondryland wheat yield and soil biological properties[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2016.
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[11] Soon Y K,Lupwayi N Z. Straw management in a coldsemiarid region:Impact on soil quality and crop produc-tivity[J]. Field Crops Res,2012,139:39-46. doi:10. 1016/j. fcr. 2012. 10. 010.
[12] Choudhury G S,Srivastava S,Singh R,Chaudhari K S,Sharma K D,Singh K S. Tillage and residue manage-ment effects on soil aggregation,organic carbon dynamicsand yield attribute in rice-wheat cropping system underreclaimed sodic soil[J]. Soil&Tillage Research,2014,136(4):76-83. doi:10. 1016/j. still. 2013.10. 001.
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