中国家庭经营的现实特征与发展趋势
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摘要
构建新型农业经营体系需要继续坚持家庭经营的基础性地位。目前中国家庭经营结构正处于快速变化期,侧重于规模经营的家庭农场发展迅速,规范的组织形式和以个体特征为支撑的经营能力使其呈现出巨大的发展潜力;专业大户大多具有农业生产经营经验,本地化特征明显,经营规模更为适中,土地利用更为灵活。而传统农户数量巨大,并呈现数量和兼业双增的趋势。在外部政策和内生动力的双重作用下,家庭经营能够适应政策及社会经济的变化,呈现出规模化、省劳力化、商品化发展趋势。基于农业的功能定位,家庭经营的基础地位表现为:半工半耕的家庭经营数量众多,是农业就业功能的具体体现,专业化、规模化的家庭经营是最具发展潜力的农业主体形式,是支撑其他类型农业经营主体发展的基础力量,是承载粮食安全和食品安全功能的主要生产者。
Persistence of giving fundamental position to family operation is the important precondition for structuring the new type of farming system.With further observation,the structure of the family operation on farming is in fast changing,featured as the scaling up of family farms,the farms today are better organized and their capacity based on individualized operations are brining great potentials to themselves.Most of the specialized farmers are well experienced in farming with strong localized features,their scales of operations are more appropriate and their way on using land are getting more flexible.On the other hand,the general amount of traditional farmers and the off-farm economic activities they involved in are both increasing.With motivations from both external policy and endogenous development,the family operation is getting more fit into changes on policy and socio-economy with a clear trend on scaling up,labor saving and commercialization of farming products.Based on functions of farming,the fundamental position of family operation is featured as it involves large amount of half timers which is just the feature of how farming can bring employability.It is understood that the specialized and bigger scaled family operation has the most potential on development,the family operation is a foundation for supporting other types of farming business and as well as the key producer on carrying grain production and food security.
Persistence of giving fundamental position to family operation is the important precondition for structuring the new type of farming system.With further observation,the structure of the family operation on farming is in fast changing,featured as the scaling up of family farms,the farms today are better organized and their capacity based on individualized operations are brining great potentials to themselves.Most of the specialized farmers are well experienced in farming with strong localized features,their scales of operations are more appropriate and their way on using land are getting more flexible.On the other hand,the general amount of traditional farmers and the off-farm economic activities they involved in are both increasing.With motivations from both external policy and endogenous development,the family operation is getting more fit into changes on policy and socio-economy with a clear trend on scaling up,labor saving and commercialization of farming products.Based on functions of farming,the fundamental position of family operation is featured as it involves large amount of half timers which is just the feature of how farming can bring employability.It is understood that the specialized and bigger scaled family operation has the most potential on development,the family operation is a foundation for supporting other types of farming business and as well as the key producer on carrying grain production and food security.
引文
[1]党国英,项继权,景跃进,等.中国农村研究:农村改革40年(笔谈一)[J].华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2018(5):1-25.
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[3]罗必良,李玉勤.农业经营制度:制度底线、性质辨识与创新空间[J].农业经济问题,2014(1):8-18.
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[7]郑志浩,高颖,赵殷钰.收入增长对城镇居民食物消费模式的影响[J].经济学(季刊),2015(1):263-288.
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[10]张鸣鸣.新型农业经营体系和农业现代化---“新型农业经营体系和农业现代化研讨会暨第九届全国农经网络大会”综述[J].中国农村经济,2013(12):84-88.
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[2014]1号)[EB/OL].(2014-02-24)[2018-11-17].http//www.law-lib.com/law/law_view1.asp?id=444879.
[13]农业部新闻办公室.我国首次家庭农场统计调查结果显示:全国家庭农场达87.7万个,平均经营规模超过200亩[EB/OL].(2013-06-04)[2019-01-12].http://jiuban.moa.gov.cn/zwllm/zwdt/201306/t20130604_3483252.htm.
[14]袁梦,易小燕,陈印军,等.我国家庭农场发展的现状、问题及培育建议---基于农业部专项调查34.3万个样本数据[J].中国农业资源与区划,2017(6):184-188.
[15]农业部农村经济与经营管理司,中国社会科学院农村发展研究所.中国家庭农场发展报告2016年[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2016.
[16]谢兴发,周道泉.建瓯县陈水光家庭承包经营情况的调查[J].农业经济丛刊,1983(2):24-26.
[17]蒋果,赵拥军,尹帮寿,等.专业户的发展及趋势---合川县30个专业大户的情况调查[J].农村经济,1985(12):24-26.
[18]高强,刘同山,孔祥智.家庭农场的制度解析:特征、发生机制与效应[J].经济学家,2013(06):48-56.
[19]国务院第二次全国农业普查领导小组办公室,国家统计局.第二次全国农业普查主要数据公报(第二号)[EB/OL].(2008-02-22)[2018-11-17].http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjgb/nypcgb/qgnypcgb/200802/t20080222_30462.html.
[20]黄祖辉,陈龙.新型农业经营主体与政策研究[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,2010:59.
[21]柳杜.汨罗市种粮大户的调查与分析[D].长沙:湖南大学,2016:15.
[22]中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定[EB/OL].(2013-11-15)[2018-11-20].http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2013-11/15/content_2528179.htm.
[23]黄宗智.中国农村的过密化与现代化:规范认识危机及出路[M].上海:上海社会科学院出版社,1992.
[24]农业部农村经济体制与经营管理司,农业部农村合作经济经营管理总站.中国农村经营管理统计年报(2015年)[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2016:4.
[25]中共中央办公厅,国务院办公厅.关于加快构建政策体系培育新型农业经营主体的意见[EB/OL].(2017-05-31)[2018-11-20].http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2017-05/31/content_5198567.htm.
[26]贺雪峰,印子.“小农经济”与农业现代化的路径选择---兼评农业现代化激进主义[J].政治经济学评论,2015(2):45-65.
[27]桂华.“没有资本主义化”的中国农业发展道路[J].战略与管理,2013(6):8-36.
(1)本文中,传统农户指实施家庭联产承包责任制后所形成的、从事家庭承包经营的农户。
[2]谭小芍.坚持和完善农村基本经营制度的思考[J].农业经济,2015(11):16-18.
[3]罗必良,李玉勤.农业经营制度:制度底线、性质辨识与创新空间[J].农业经济问题,2014(1):8-18.
[4]叶兴庆.我国农业经营体制的40年演变与未来走向[J].农业经济问题,2018(6):8-17.
[5]米运生,罗必良,曾泽莹.农村基本经营制度改革:中心线索、重点变迁与路径取向[J].江海学刊,2015(2):67-74.
[6]黄宗智.制度化了的“半工半耕”过密型农业(上)[J].读书,2006(2):30-37.
[7]郑志浩,高颖,赵殷钰.收入增长对城镇居民食物消费模式的影响[J].经济学(季刊),2015(1):263-288.
[8]宋洪远,赵海.中国新型农业经营主体发展研究[M].北京:中国金融出版社,2015:45-46.
[9]刘启明.家庭农场内涵的演变与政策思考[J].中国农业大学学报(社会科学版),2014(3):86-94.
[10]张鸣鸣.新型农业经营体系和农业现代化---“新型农业经营体系和农业现代化研讨会暨第九届全国农经网络大会”综述[J].中国农村经济,2013(12):84-88.
[11]中共中央关于推进农村改革发展若干重大问题的决定[EB/OL].(2008-10-19)[2019-01-12].http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2008-10/19/content_1125094.htm.
[12]农业部.关于促进家庭农场发展的指导意见(农经发
[2014]1号)[EB/OL].(2014-02-24)[2018-11-17].http//www.law-lib.com/law/law_view1.asp?id=444879.
[13]农业部新闻办公室.我国首次家庭农场统计调查结果显示:全国家庭农场达87.7万个,平均经营规模超过200亩[EB/OL].(2013-06-04)[2019-01-12].http://jiuban.moa.gov.cn/zwllm/zwdt/201306/t20130604_3483252.htm.
[14]袁梦,易小燕,陈印军,等.我国家庭农场发展的现状、问题及培育建议---基于农业部专项调查34.3万个样本数据[J].中国农业资源与区划,2017(6):184-188.
[15]农业部农村经济与经营管理司,中国社会科学院农村发展研究所.中国家庭农场发展报告2016年[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2016.
[16]谢兴发,周道泉.建瓯县陈水光家庭承包经营情况的调查[J].农业经济丛刊,1983(2):24-26.
[17]蒋果,赵拥军,尹帮寿,等.专业户的发展及趋势---合川县30个专业大户的情况调查[J].农村经济,1985(12):24-26.
[18]高强,刘同山,孔祥智.家庭农场的制度解析:特征、发生机制与效应[J].经济学家,2013(06):48-56.
[19]国务院第二次全国农业普查领导小组办公室,国家统计局.第二次全国农业普查主要数据公报(第二号)[EB/OL].(2008-02-22)[2018-11-17].http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjgb/nypcgb/qgnypcgb/200802/t20080222_30462.html.
[20]黄祖辉,陈龙.新型农业经营主体与政策研究[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,2010:59.
[21]柳杜.汨罗市种粮大户的调查与分析[D].长沙:湖南大学,2016:15.
[22]中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定[EB/OL].(2013-11-15)[2018-11-20].http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2013-11/15/content_2528179.htm.
[23]黄宗智.中国农村的过密化与现代化:规范认识危机及出路[M].上海:上海社会科学院出版社,1992.
[24]农业部农村经济体制与经营管理司,农业部农村合作经济经营管理总站.中国农村经营管理统计年报(2015年)[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2016:4.
[25]中共中央办公厅,国务院办公厅.关于加快构建政策体系培育新型农业经营主体的意见[EB/OL].(2017-05-31)[2018-11-20].http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2017-05/31/content_5198567.htm.
[26]贺雪峰,印子.“小农经济”与农业现代化的路径选择---兼评农业现代化激进主义[J].政治经济学评论,2015(2):45-65.
[27]桂华.“没有资本主义化”的中国农业发展道路[J].战略与管理,2013(6):8-36.
(1)本文中,传统农户指实施家庭联产承包责任制后所形成的、从事家庭承包经营的农户。