野生大熊猫与放牧家畜的活动格局比较
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摘要
活动格局是动物内在机制和环境作用所表现出来的昼夜活动节律及其活动水平的行为生态特征,影响着动物的能量代谢能力、觅食行为策略和进化适应。通过内置活动传感器的GPS颈圈,于2010—2012年在四川卧龙国家级自然保护区的"核桃坪"及其毗邻区域,采集了野生大熊猫和放牧家畜的大量活动数据。分别选择3只成年大熊猫和3个马群的代表性个体作为样本,引入活动强度、活动时间百分率、活动时间片段率和活动片段时长等指标进行了两者之间的比较,以揭示大熊猫和放牧家畜在时间利用方面的内在特征。结果表明:野生大熊猫和放牧家畜在活动强度、活动时间百分率和活动时间片段率等方面都具有极显著性差异(P<0.0001),仅两者之间的活动片段时长无明显的统计学意义(P=0.4107)。野生大熊猫表现为活动水平低、活动时间少、活动片段率高和活动片段时长短等特征的活动格局,且不同月份(季度)之间变化较大(P<0.0001);放牧家畜则呈现出相异的时间利用规律,即活动水平高、活动时间多、活动时间片段率稍低和活动片段时长略长等特性。不同的时间利用规律和不同的空间利用模式,造成动物之间对栖息地、食物资源和伴生动物的利用方式、影响强度和空间分布的截然不同。因而,合理规划和管控放牧家畜的散养区域与数量,是自然保护管理与社区经济发展相协调的有效途径之一。
Aspects of an animal' s activity patterns such as circadian rhythm and activity level are caused by intrinsic mechanisms and environmental effects,and in turn affect an animal' s energy metabolism abilities,foraging behavior strategies,and evolutionary adaptation. Using GPS collars with dual-axis accelerometers fitted on wild giant pandas and livestock( horses),we collected activity data from 2010 to 2012 in the Hetaoping Research and Conservation Center for the Giant Panda and the adjacent area of the Wolong National Nature Reserve. Representative individuals,namely three adult giant pandas and three horses,were selected as samples. Indices of activity levels,active time percentage,activity fragmentation rate,and active segment duration were compared between the groups in order to reveal intrinsic features of the giant pandas and livestock in terms of time utilization. The results showed that the wild pandas and livestock had differences in activity intensity,percentage of active time,and activity fragmentation rate( all P < 0.0001). There was no significant statistical difference between them in the duration of activity segments( P = 0.4107). Wild pandas showed activity patterns with a low activity level,less active time,high activity fragmentation rate,and low duration of activity segments,which varied greatly between different months( seasons)( P < 0. 0001). Livestock exhibited distinctive time-use patterns,i. e.elevated activity levels,multiple active times,slightly lower activity segment ratios,and somewhat longer duration of action segments. The discrete time-use patterns and spatial utilization models stemmed from the differences in utilization patterns,impact strength,and specific distribution in habitats and food resources of the animals. Therefore,rational planning and control of the extent of free-range areas for livestock is an effective way to harmonize nature conservation management with community economic development.
Aspects of an animal' s activity patterns such as circadian rhythm and activity level are caused by intrinsic mechanisms and environmental effects,and in turn affect an animal' s energy metabolism abilities,foraging behavior strategies,and evolutionary adaptation. Using GPS collars with dual-axis accelerometers fitted on wild giant pandas and livestock( horses),we collected activity data from 2010 to 2012 in the Hetaoping Research and Conservation Center for the Giant Panda and the adjacent area of the Wolong National Nature Reserve. Representative individuals,namely three adult giant pandas and three horses,were selected as samples. Indices of activity levels,active time percentage,activity fragmentation rate,and active segment duration were compared between the groups in order to reveal intrinsic features of the giant pandas and livestock in terms of time utilization. The results showed that the wild pandas and livestock had differences in activity intensity,percentage of active time,and activity fragmentation rate( all P < 0.0001). There was no significant statistical difference between them in the duration of activity segments( P = 0.4107). Wild pandas showed activity patterns with a low activity level,less active time,high activity fragmentation rate,and low duration of activity segments,which varied greatly between different months( seasons)( P < 0. 0001). Livestock exhibited distinctive time-use patterns,i. e.elevated activity levels,multiple active times,slightly lower activity segment ratios,and somewhat longer duration of action segments. The discrete time-use patterns and spatial utilization models stemmed from the differences in utilization patterns,impact strength,and specific distribution in habitats and food resources of the animals. Therefore,rational planning and control of the extent of free-range areas for livestock is an effective way to harmonize nature conservation management with community economic development.
引文
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[4]Kang D W,Li J Q.Premature downgrade of panda's status.Science,2016,354(6310):295.
[5]周世强,屈元元,黄金燕,黄炎,李德生,张和民.野生大熊猫种群动态的研究综述.四川林业科技,2017,38(2):17-30.
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[13]Steinfeld H,Gerber P,Wassenaar T,Castel V,Rosales M,de Haan C.Livestock's long shadow:environmental issues and options.Rome:Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations,2006.[2018-03-20].http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a0701e/a0701e.pdf
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[15]Madhusudan M D.Recovery of wild large herbivores following livestock decline in a tropical Indian wildlife reserve.Journal of Applied Ecology,2004,41(5):858-869.
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[17]Bai Y F,Wu J G,Clark C M,Pan Q M,Zhang L X,Chen S P,Wang Q B,Han X G.Grazing alters ecosystem functioning and C:N:Pstoichiometry of grasslands along a regional precipitation gradient.Journal of Applied Ecology,2012,49(6):1204-1215.
[18]Evans D M,Villar N,Littlewood N A,Pakeman R J,Evans S A,Dennis P,Skartveit J,Redpath S M.The cascading impacts of livestock grazing in upland ecosystems:a 10-year experiment.Ecosphere,2015,6(3):1-15.
[19]Li W H,Zhan S X,Lan Z C,Wu X B,Bai Y F.Scale-dependent patterns and mechanisms of grazing-induced biodiversity loss:evidence from a field manipulation experiment in semiarid steppe.Landscape Ecology,2015,30(9):1751-1765.
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[21]Erb K H,Kastner T,Plutzar C,Bais A L S,Carvalhais N,Fetzel T,Gingrich S,Haberl H,Lauk C,Niedertscheider M,Pongratz J,Thurner M,Luyssaert S.Unexpectedly large impact of forest management and grazing on global vegetation biomass.Nature,2018,553(7686):73-76.
[22]黄金燕,刘巅,张明春,谢浩,周世强,李仁贵,张晋东,周小平,黄炎,李德生,张和民.放牧对卧龙大熊猫栖息地草本植物物种多样性与竹子生长影响.竹子学报,2017,36(2):57-64.
[23]周世强,Hull V,张晋东,黄金燕,刘巅,黄炎,李德生,张和民.野生大熊猫与放牧家畜的空间利用格局比较.兽类学报,2016,36(2):138-151.
[24]Li B V,Pimm S L,Li S,Zhao L J,Luo C P.Free-ranging livestock threaten the long-term survival of giant pandas.Biological Conservation,2017,216:18-25.
[25]Zhang J D,Hull V,Ouyang Z Y,Li R G,Connor T,Yang H B,Zhang Z J,Silet B,Zhang H M,Liu J G.Divergent responses of sympatric species to livestock encroachment at fine spatiotemporal scales.Biological Conservation,2017,209:119-129.
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[27]Dunlap J C.Molecular bases for circadian clocks.Cell,1999,96(2):271-290.
[28]韦芳,王正荣.哺乳动物的生物钟分子机制研究进展.四川生理科学杂志,2002,24(1):1-4.
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