神府-东胜采煤塌陷区裂缝对土壤含水量的影响
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摘要
为揭示采煤塌陷区裂缝对土壤含水量的影响,以神府-东胜煤田石圪台采煤塌陷区为研究对象,采用数理统计法对塌陷区不同宽度(8、4、3、2和1 cm)的裂缝和非裂缝区土壤含水量进行对比分析,并利用地统计方法、Surfer11. 0对采煤塌陷区土壤含水量空间变异性进行分析。结果表明:对于同一深度的土层,裂缝区土壤含水量明显小于非裂缝区,且随着裂缝宽度的增加,土壤含水量减小幅度不断增大。垂向分布上,裂缝宽度≤3 cm的测点,土壤含水量随土层深度的增加而增大,说明宽度较小的裂缝对较深的土层含水量影响较小;而在裂缝宽度> 3 cm的测点,地面以下30 cm至60 cm的土层含水量明显偏小,说明宽度较大的裂缝对相对较深的土层含水量影响较大。对于土壤含水量的平面变化,各土层土壤含水量低值区均位于裂缝区的裂缝发育带,高值区位于非裂缝区的植被覆盖区。以上结果说明采煤塌陷区裂缝在一定程度上破坏土体结构,造成土壤含水量减少,影响土壤水空间分布,造成土壤水分流失,导致生态退化。
[Background] Shenfu-Dongsheng coalfield is an important coal base in China. The occurrence of a large area collapse and a large number of ground cracks reduced soil and water conservation,resulting in soil and water loss. Studying the effect of cracks on soil moisture content in subsidence area of coal mining may provide basic support for controlling soil and water loss and protecting ecological environment. [Methods] Taking coal mining subsidence area in Shigetai Coal Mine as the research target,the 52 sampling sites were set up in the 100 m × 100 m test area of subsidence area.Then the 7 soil layers,such as 0,10,20,30,40,50,and 60 cm depth in each sampling site,were sampled respectively. mathematical statistics were used to analyze the soil moisture content in the cracks( 8,4,3,2,and 1 cm),and in the unfractured areas. The spatial variability of soil moisture content in coal mining subsidence area was analyzed by geostatistics and Surfer 11. 0. [Results]1) In the same depth soil layer,the soil moisture content in the crack area was obviously less than that in the non-crack area. With the increase of crack width the decrease amplitude of soil moisture content was increasing. 2)In vertical distribution,the soil moisture content increased with the increase of soil depth when the crack width ≤3 cm. It indicated the moisture content at the relatively deep soil layer was less affected by the narrow crack. The soilmoisture content under the ground 30 cm to 60 cm was obviously less than when the crack width > 3 cm,indicating the crack with large width had greater influence on the moisture content at relatively deep soil layer. 3) In horizontal variation of soil moisture content,the low soil moisture content of each soil layer was in the crack development zone. The high soil moisture content of each soil layer was in vegetation covering zone of non-crack area. 4) In vertical variation of soil moisture content,the variation intensity in the soil layers of 0 cm and 40-60 cm in crack zone was greater than that in noncrack zone. The variation intensity in the soil layers of 10-30 cm in crack zone was less than that in noncrack zone. [Conclusions]This study proved that the crack in the coal mining subsidence area destroyed soil structure,resulted in the decrease of soil moisture content,affected the spatial distribution of soil moisture,caused soil water loss,and consequently led to ecological degradation.
[Background] Shenfu-Dongsheng coalfield is an important coal base in China. The occurrence of a large area collapse and a large number of ground cracks reduced soil and water conservation,resulting in soil and water loss. Studying the effect of cracks on soil moisture content in subsidence area of coal mining may provide basic support for controlling soil and water loss and protecting ecological environment. [Methods] Taking coal mining subsidence area in Shigetai Coal Mine as the research target,the 52 sampling sites were set up in the 100 m × 100 m test area of subsidence area.Then the 7 soil layers,such as 0,10,20,30,40,50,and 60 cm depth in each sampling site,were sampled respectively. mathematical statistics were used to analyze the soil moisture content in the cracks( 8,4,3,2,and 1 cm),and in the unfractured areas. The spatial variability of soil moisture content in coal mining subsidence area was analyzed by geostatistics and Surfer 11. 0. [Results]1) In the same depth soil layer,the soil moisture content in the crack area was obviously less than that in the non-crack area. With the increase of crack width the decrease amplitude of soil moisture content was increasing. 2)In vertical distribution,the soil moisture content increased with the increase of soil depth when the crack width ≤3 cm. It indicated the moisture content at the relatively deep soil layer was less affected by the narrow crack. The soilmoisture content under the ground 30 cm to 60 cm was obviously less than when the crack width > 3 cm,indicating the crack with large width had greater influence on the moisture content at relatively deep soil layer. 3) In horizontal variation of soil moisture content,the low soil moisture content of each soil layer was in the crack development zone. The high soil moisture content of each soil layer was in vegetation covering zone of non-crack area. 4) In vertical variation of soil moisture content,the variation intensity in the soil layers of 0 cm and 40-60 cm in crack zone was greater than that in noncrack zone. The variation intensity in the soil layers of 10-30 cm in crack zone was less than that in noncrack zone. [Conclusions]This study proved that the crack in the coal mining subsidence area destroyed soil structure,resulted in the decrease of soil moisture content,affected the spatial distribution of soil moisture,caused soil water loss,and consequently led to ecological degradation.
引文
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[11]中国大型现代化煤矿建设:全国大型煤矿建设现场会暨推进煤炭生产规模化现代化发展论坛资料汇编[C]. 2009:333.China's large scale modern coal mine construction:Thenational large-scale coal mine construction site meetingand the promotion of coal production scale modernizationdevelopment forum[C]. 2009:333.
[12]侯庆春,汪有科,杨光.神府-东胜煤田开发区建设对植被影响的调查[J].水土保持研究,1994,1(4):127.HOU Qingchun,WANG Youke,YANG Guang. Investi-gation on soil and water conservation effect of Shenfucoalfield[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,1994,1(4):127.
[13]赵红梅,张发旺,宋亚新,等.神府东胜矿区不同塌陷阶段土壤水分变化特征[J].南水北调与水利科技,2008,6(3):92.ZHAO Hongmei,ZHANG Fawang,SONG Yaxin,et al.Characteristics of soil moisture change in different sub-sidence stages of Shenfu Dongsheng mining area[J].South to North Water Transfer and Water ConservancyScience and Technology,2008,6(3):92.
[14]郝建秀.张掖绿洲及绿洲荒漠过渡带土壤水盐空间异质性研究[D].兰州:西北师范大学,2005.HAO Jianxiu. Study on spatial heterogeneity of soil wa-ter and salt in Zhangye Oasis and oasis desert transitionzone[D]. Lanzhou:Northwest Normal University,2005.
[15]武东,费鹤良,汤银才. P-P图及其在可靠性中的应用[J].上海师范大学学报(自然科学版),2004,33(2):13.WU Dong,FEI Heliang,TANG Yincai. P-P diagram andits application in reliability[J]. Journal of ShanghaiNormal University(Natural Science Edition),2004,33(2):13.
[16]张志坚,刘亮英,刘苑秋,等.退化红壤区植被恢复过程夏季土壤水分时空变异格局动态[J].西南林业大学学报,2017(3):88.ZHANG Zhijian,LIU Liangying,LIU Yuanqiu,et al.Spatial and temporal variation pattern of soil moisture indegraded red soil in summer[J]. Journal of SouthwestForestry University,2017(3):88.
[17]台晓丽,胡振琪,陈超.风沙区采煤沉陷裂缝对表层土壤含水量的影响?[J].中国煤炭,2016,42(8):113.TAI Xiaoli,HU Zhenqi,CHEN Chao. Influence of coalmining subsidence cracks on surface soil water content inwindy sand area[J]. China Coal,2016,42(8):113.
[18]侯琼,魏学占.两种土壤水分测定资料的对比分析[J].内蒙古气象,2001(2):28.HOU Qiong,WEI Xuezhan. Comparison and analysis oftwo soil moisture measurement data[J]. Inner MongoliaMeteorology,2001(2):28.
[19]钱静,陈曦,吕建海,等.基于GIS的绿洲土壤含水量空间变异性研究[J].干旱区研究,2004,21(1):49.QIAN Jing,CHEN Xi,LJianhai,et al. Study on spatialvariability of water content in Oasis soil based on GIS[J]. Arid Region Study,2004,21(1):49.
[20]汤国安. Arc GIS地理信息系统空间分析实验教程[M]. 2版.北京:科学出版社,2012.TANG Guo'an. Arc GIS geographic information systemspatial analysis experiment course[M]. 2nd ed. Bei-jing:Science Press,2012.
[2]马迎宾,黄雅茹,王淮亮,等.采煤塌陷裂隙对降雨后坡面土壤水分的影响[J].土壤学报,2014,51(3):497.MA Yingbin,HUANG Yanru,WANG Huailiang,et al.Effect of coal mining collapse cracks on soil moisture afterrainfall[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2014,51(3):497.
[3]张发旺,赵红梅,宋亚新,等.神府东胜矿区采煤塌陷对水环境影响效应研究[J].地球学报,2007,28(6):521.ZHANG Fawang,ZHAO Hongmei,SONG Yaxin,et al.Study on effect of coal mining subsidence on water envi-ronment in Shenfu Dongsheng mining area[J]. ActaGeoscientica Sinica,2007,28(6):521.
[4]陈孝杨,王芳,王长垒,等.砂姜黑土区采煤塌陷坡耕地水蚀输沙过程研究[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(1):32.CHEN Xiaoyang,WANG Fang,WANG Changlei,et al.Soil erosion and sediment transport process of subsidenceslope farmland for coal mining from Shajiang black soil ar-eas[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,29(1):32.
[5]莫爱,周耀治,杨建军,等.山地煤矿开采对土壤理化性质的影响[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(1):86.MO AI,ZHOU Yaozhi,YANG Jianjun,et al. Effect ofmining on the physical and chemical properties of soil inmountain coal mine[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Con-servation,2015,29(1):86.
[6]韩振英,郭巧玲,苏宁.采煤塌陷对砂土区土壤物理性质的影响[J].人民珠江,2016,37(12):16.HAN Zhenying,GUO Qiaoling,SU Ning. Effect of coalmining subsidence on soil physical properties in sandy soilarea[J]. Pearl River,2016,37(12):16.
[7]赵红梅,张发旺,宋亚新,等.大柳塔采煤塌陷区土壤含水量的空间变异特征分析[J].地球信息科学学报,2010,12(6):753.ZHAO Hongmei,ZHANG Fawang,SONG Yaxin,et al.Spatial variation characteristics of soil water content in thecoal mining subsidence area of Daliuta.[J]. Journal ofEarth Information Science,2010,12(6):753.
[8]马迎宾,高永,张燕,等.黄土丘陵区采煤塌陷裂缝对坡面土壤水分的影响[J].中国水土保持,2013(11):54.MA Yingbin,GAO Yong,ZHANG Yan,et al. Influenceof coal mining collapse cracks on soil moisture in the Lo-ess Hilly Area[J]. Soil and Water Conservation in Chi-na,2013(11:54.
[9]魏江生,贺晓,胡春元,等.干旱半干旱地区采煤塌陷对沙质土壤水分特性的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2006,20(5):84.WEI Jiangsheng,HE Xiao,HU Chunyuan,et al. The in-fluence of coal mining subsidence on sandy soil watercharacteristics in arid and semi-arid areas[J]. Resourcesand Environment in Arid Area,2006,20(5):84.
[10]毕银丽,邹慧,彭超,等.采煤沉陷对沙地土壤水分运移的影响[J].煤炭学报,2014,39(S2):490.BIYinli,ZOU Hui,PENG Chao,et al. Influence of coalmining subsidence on soil water movement in sandy land[J]. Journal of Coal,2014,39(S2):490.
[11]中国大型现代化煤矿建设:全国大型煤矿建设现场会暨推进煤炭生产规模化现代化发展论坛资料汇编[C]. 2009:333.China's large scale modern coal mine construction:Thenational large-scale coal mine construction site meetingand the promotion of coal production scale modernizationdevelopment forum[C]. 2009:333.
[12]侯庆春,汪有科,杨光.神府-东胜煤田开发区建设对植被影响的调查[J].水土保持研究,1994,1(4):127.HOU Qingchun,WANG Youke,YANG Guang. Investi-gation on soil and water conservation effect of Shenfucoalfield[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,1994,1(4):127.
[13]赵红梅,张发旺,宋亚新,等.神府东胜矿区不同塌陷阶段土壤水分变化特征[J].南水北调与水利科技,2008,6(3):92.ZHAO Hongmei,ZHANG Fawang,SONG Yaxin,et al.Characteristics of soil moisture change in different sub-sidence stages of Shenfu Dongsheng mining area[J].South to North Water Transfer and Water ConservancyScience and Technology,2008,6(3):92.
[14]郝建秀.张掖绿洲及绿洲荒漠过渡带土壤水盐空间异质性研究[D].兰州:西北师范大学,2005.HAO Jianxiu. Study on spatial heterogeneity of soil wa-ter and salt in Zhangye Oasis and oasis desert transitionzone[D]. Lanzhou:Northwest Normal University,2005.
[15]武东,费鹤良,汤银才. P-P图及其在可靠性中的应用[J].上海师范大学学报(自然科学版),2004,33(2):13.WU Dong,FEI Heliang,TANG Yincai. P-P diagram andits application in reliability[J]. Journal of ShanghaiNormal University(Natural Science Edition),2004,33(2):13.
[16]张志坚,刘亮英,刘苑秋,等.退化红壤区植被恢复过程夏季土壤水分时空变异格局动态[J].西南林业大学学报,2017(3):88.ZHANG Zhijian,LIU Liangying,LIU Yuanqiu,et al.Spatial and temporal variation pattern of soil moisture indegraded red soil in summer[J]. Journal of SouthwestForestry University,2017(3):88.
[17]台晓丽,胡振琪,陈超.风沙区采煤沉陷裂缝对表层土壤含水量的影响?[J].中国煤炭,2016,42(8):113.TAI Xiaoli,HU Zhenqi,CHEN Chao. Influence of coalmining subsidence cracks on surface soil water content inwindy sand area[J]. China Coal,2016,42(8):113.
[18]侯琼,魏学占.两种土壤水分测定资料的对比分析[J].内蒙古气象,2001(2):28.HOU Qiong,WEI Xuezhan. Comparison and analysis oftwo soil moisture measurement data[J]. Inner MongoliaMeteorology,2001(2):28.
[19]钱静,陈曦,吕建海,等.基于GIS的绿洲土壤含水量空间变异性研究[J].干旱区研究,2004,21(1):49.QIAN Jing,CHEN Xi,LJianhai,et al. Study on spatialvariability of water content in Oasis soil based on GIS[J]. Arid Region Study,2004,21(1):49.
[20]汤国安. Arc GIS地理信息系统空间分析实验教程[M]. 2版.北京:科学出版社,2012.TANG Guo'an. Arc GIS geographic information systemspatial analysis experiment course[M]. 2nd ed. Bei-jing:Science Press,2012.
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