喀斯特高原峡谷区顶坛花椒与金银花林地土壤抗侵蚀特征
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摘要
喀斯特石漠化综合治理中经济型植物的选择与种植是遏制石漠化发展势头、改善石漠化地区人居环境,实现当地农民脱贫致富的有效措施。为了探讨喀斯特石漠化综合治理区不同经济型植物的水土保持功能效应,选择喀斯特高原花江峡谷地区普遍种植的乡土植物顶坛花椒纯林(以下简称花椒林)、金银花纯林(以下简称金银花林)、金银花-花椒混交林(以下简称混交林)和撂荒地(以下简称对照)4种类型作为研究对象,探讨其林下土壤的抗侵蚀特征。结果表明:(1)不同类型土壤非毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度越大,土壤入渗能力越好,而土壤容重增大会导致土壤渗透性变差。(2)不同类型土壤抗冲性系数为金银花林(2.02min·g~(-1))大于混交林(0.82min·g~(-1))大于花椒林(0.43 min·g~(-1))大于对照(0.31min·g~(-1))。(3)在土壤的抗蚀性方面混交林的土壤抗蚀性优于金银花林、花椒林和对照。(4)从土壤入渗性能、抗蚀性、抗冲性3方面进行总体评价,混交林有利于提高土壤的抗侵蚀能力。
【Objective】 Rocky desertification in karst areas is a leading problem in Guizhou Province, Southwest China, especially the Huajiang Valley, which is one of the most prominent areas suffering from the problem. In order to address this problem with comprehensive ecological measures,it is of great essence for us to recover forest vegetation so as to promote changes in structure of the ecoenvironment in karst areas. However, there are still many major issues waiting to be solved in management of the desertification, for example, what kind of ecological as well as economic plants to be selected, how to make reasonable and effective use of natural elements and people's subjective sense of motivation under harmonization between the conditions of local eco-environment and the needs for economical development;how to realize sustainable development of the ecology and economy; how to build a society where people and nature coexist harmoniously; and how to teach people to live coexistently with ecology. Therefore,the paper is aimed to address these issues in an attempt to provide some scientific basis for restoration of water reserving forests and construction of eco-environment. To that end, investigations were made in the Huajiang karst gorge area to explore effects of Zanthoxylum planispinum var dintanensis forest and Lonicera japonica forest controlling soil erosion. Four plots of forests were set up for comparison in effect on soil erosion, i.e. Plot A, a tract of pure Zanthoxylum planispinum var dintanensis forest; Plot B, a tract of pure,Lonicera japonica forest; Plot C, a tract of Lonicera japonica-Zanthoxylum planispinum var dintanensis mixed forest; and Plot D, a tract of deserted land. The trees are native in the Huajiang karst valley area.【Method】Three key indices of soil erosion resistance, i.e. soil permeability, soil scour resistance and soil erosion durability, were measured. To measure soil permeability, the cutting ring method was adopted.Based on volume of the water(mm) passing through a cutting ring per unit of time, initial-infiltration rate( mm·min~(-1)), stable-infiltration rate(mm·min~(-1)), and average-infiltration rate(mm·min~(-1)) of water were worked out, and then soil permeability was. To measure soil scout resistance, the undisturbed soil scouring trough method designed by Jiang, et al. was used. It is mainly expressed by how long it takes for water flow to scour one gram of soil at a flow velocity set in line with mean annual rainfall. And to measure soil erosion durability, soil samples collected from the four plots were sifted trough a stack of sieves(7 mm and10 mm) to get soil particles 7～10 mm in size, of which 50 were taken out for erosion test that lasted for10 min. and how many particles were collapsed was recorded every minute for calculation of percentage of the collapsed particles against the total particles tested, the index value of soil erosion durability.【Result】1) In all the soils, regardless of type, the higher the non-capillary porosity and the total porosity, the higher the soil permeability, while, the higher the bulk density, the lower the soil permeability. 2) In terms of soil scour resistance, the four plots displayed an order of Plot A(2.02 min·g~(-1)) > Plot C(0.82 min·g~(-1)) > Plot B(0.43 min·g~(-1)) > Plot D(0.31 min·g~(-1)) 3. In terms of soil erosion durability, Plot C was in the lead among the four. 【Conclusion】 After overall evaluations of soil permeability, soil scour resistance and soil erosion durability of the four plots, a conclusion comes as that mixed forest is the most conducive to improvement of soil erosion resistance.
【Objective】 Rocky desertification in karst areas is a leading problem in Guizhou Province, Southwest China, especially the Huajiang Valley, which is one of the most prominent areas suffering from the problem. In order to address this problem with comprehensive ecological measures,it is of great essence for us to recover forest vegetation so as to promote changes in structure of the ecoenvironment in karst areas. However, there are still many major issues waiting to be solved in management of the desertification, for example, what kind of ecological as well as economic plants to be selected, how to make reasonable and effective use of natural elements and people's subjective sense of motivation under harmonization between the conditions of local eco-environment and the needs for economical development;how to realize sustainable development of the ecology and economy; how to build a society where people and nature coexist harmoniously; and how to teach people to live coexistently with ecology. Therefore,the paper is aimed to address these issues in an attempt to provide some scientific basis for restoration of water reserving forests and construction of eco-environment. To that end, investigations were made in the Huajiang karst gorge area to explore effects of Zanthoxylum planispinum var dintanensis forest and Lonicera japonica forest controlling soil erosion. Four plots of forests were set up for comparison in effect on soil erosion, i.e. Plot A, a tract of pure Zanthoxylum planispinum var dintanensis forest; Plot B, a tract of pure,Lonicera japonica forest; Plot C, a tract of Lonicera japonica-Zanthoxylum planispinum var dintanensis mixed forest; and Plot D, a tract of deserted land. The trees are native in the Huajiang karst valley area.【Method】Three key indices of soil erosion resistance, i.e. soil permeability, soil scour resistance and soil erosion durability, were measured. To measure soil permeability, the cutting ring method was adopted.Based on volume of the water(mm) passing through a cutting ring per unit of time, initial-infiltration rate( mm·min~(-1)), stable-infiltration rate(mm·min~(-1)), and average-infiltration rate(mm·min~(-1)) of water were worked out, and then soil permeability was. To measure soil scout resistance, the undisturbed soil scouring trough method designed by Jiang, et al. was used. It is mainly expressed by how long it takes for water flow to scour one gram of soil at a flow velocity set in line with mean annual rainfall. And to measure soil erosion durability, soil samples collected from the four plots were sifted trough a stack of sieves(7 mm and10 mm) to get soil particles 7～10 mm in size, of which 50 were taken out for erosion test that lasted for10 min. and how many particles were collapsed was recorded every minute for calculation of percentage of the collapsed particles against the total particles tested, the index value of soil erosion durability.【Result】1) In all the soils, regardless of type, the higher the non-capillary porosity and the total porosity, the higher the soil permeability, while, the higher the bulk density, the lower the soil permeability. 2) In terms of soil scour resistance, the four plots displayed an order of Plot A(2.02 min·g~(-1)) > Plot C(0.82 min·g~(-1)) > Plot B(0.43 min·g~(-1)) > Plot D(0.31 min·g~(-1)) 3. In terms of soil erosion durability, Plot C was in the lead among the four. 【Conclusion】 After overall evaluations of soil permeability, soil scour resistance and soil erosion durability of the four plots, a conclusion comes as that mixed forest is the most conducive to improvement of soil erosion resistance.
引文
[1]黄昌勇.土壤学.北京:中国农业出版社,2000Huang C Y. Agrology(In Chinese). Beijing:China Agriculture Press. 2000
[2]周玮,周运超.北盘江喀斯特峡谷区不同植被类型的土壤酶活性.林业科学,2010, 46(1):136-141Zhou W, Zhou Y C. Soil enzyme activities under different vegetation types in Beipan River Karst Gorge District(In Chinese). Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2010, 46(1):136-141
[3]何腾兵,刘元生,李天智,等.贵州喀斯特峡谷水保经济植物花椒土壤特性研究.水土保持学报,2000,14(2):55-59He T B, Liu Y S, Li T Z, et al. Soil characteristicsof Zanthoxylum bungeanum with soil and water conservation benefits in Karst Valley of Guizhou Province(In Chinese). Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2000, 14(2):55-59
[4]彭旭东,戴全厚,杨智,等.喀斯特山地石漠化过程中地表地下侵蚀产沙特征.土壤学报,2016, 53(5):1237-1248Peng X D, Dai Q H, Yang Z, et al. Sediment yield of surface and underground erosion in the process of rocky desertifi cation of Karst Area(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2016, 53(5):1237-1248
[5]黄义瑞.我国几类主要地面物质抗侵蚀性能初步研究.中国水土保持,1980(1):43-45Huang Y R. Preliminary study on the resistance of several major ground materials in China(In Chinese). Soil and Water Conservation in China,1980(1):43-45
[6]李红云,李焕平,杨吉华,等.4种灌木林地土壤物理性状及抗侵蚀性能的研究.水土保持学报,2006, 20(3):13-16Li H Y, Li H P, Yang J H, et al. Study on soil physical properties and anti-erosion capability under four kinds of shrubbery(In Chinese). Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2006, 20(3):13-16
[7]杨贤均,邓云叶,段林东.三种不同林分的保护水土功能分析.水土保持研究,2016, 23(2):177-182Yang X J,Deng Y Y, Duan L D. Analysis on soil and water protection functions of three types of stands(In Chinese). Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2016, 23(2):177-182
[8]李超,周正朝,朱冰冰,等.黄土丘陵区不同撂荒年限土壤人渗及抗冲性研究.水土保持学报,2017, 31(2):61-66Li C, Zhou Z Z, Zhu B B, et al. Research on soil infiltration capacity and soil anti-scouribility on different abandoned land in the Loess Hilly Region(In Chinese). Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2017, 31(2):61-66
[9]王丹丹,张建军,丁杨,等.晋西黄土区退耕林地土壤抗冲性研究.水土保持学报,2014, 28(3):14-18Wang D D,Zhang J J, Ding Y,et al. Research on soil anti-erosion of grain for green mixed forest in Loess Plateau of Western Shanxi Province(In Chinese). Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014, 28(3):14-18
[10]卢喜平,史东梅,蒋光毅,等.两种果草模式根系提高土壤抗蚀性的研究.水土保持学报,2004,18(5):64-67, 124Lu X P, Shi D M, Jiang G Y, et al. Study on root system of intereropping orchard-pasturage model improving soil anti-erodibility(In Chinese). Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2004, 18(5):64-67, 124
[11]何丹,马东豪,张锡洲,等.土壤人渗特性的空间变异规律及其变异源.水科学进展,2013, 24(3):340-348He D, Ma D H, Zhang X Z, et al. Regularity of spatial variability of soil infiltration and its variation sources(In Chinese). Advances in Water Science,2013, 24(3):340-348
[12]汪三树,刘德忠,史东梅,等.紫色丘陵区坡耕地生物埂的蓄水保土效应.中国农业科学,2013, 46(19):4091-4100Wang S S, Liu D Z, Shi D M, et al. Analysis on the soil and water conservation benefits of four bunds at edges of sloping land in purple hilly area(In Chinese). Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2013,46(19):4091-4100
[13]蒋定生.黄土高原水土流失与治理模式.北京:中国水利水电出版社,1997Jiang D S. Soil erosion and its control model on the Loess Plateau(In Chinese). Beijing:China Water&Power Press,1997
[14]赵洋毅.滇中水源区典型林地土壤结构分形特征及其对土壤抗蚀、抗冲性的影响.水土保持学报,2014,28(5):6-11Zhao Y Y. Soil structure fractal features of typical forest land and its effect on soil anti-erodibility and soil anti-scourability in Yizhe Watershed, water source area at middle area of Yunnan Province(In Chinese).Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2014,28(5):6-11
[15]王计磊,吴发启.不同生长期大豆坡耕地土壤抗侵蚀能力特征.土壤学报,2016,53(6):1389-1398Wang J L, Wu F Q. Soil erosion resistance of sloping farmland under soybean cultivation relative to growth stage(In Chinese). Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2016,53(6):1389-1398
[16]宋林松,汪京,王棋,等.喀斯特石漠化区顶坛花椒林地土壤水分物理性质变化.贵州科学,2016,34(2):19-25Song L S, Wang J, Wang Q, et al. The change of soil water physical properties of Zanthoxyhum bungeanum var. dintanensis in Karst Rocky Desertification Area(In Chinese). Guizhou Science, 2016, 34(2):19-25
[17]孙梅,黄运湘,孙楠,等.农田土壤孔隙及其影响因素研究进展.土壤通报,2015, 46(1):233-238Sun M, Huang Y X, Sun N, et al. Advance in soil pore and its influencing factors(In Chinese). Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2015, 46(1):233-238
[18]田育新,吴建平.林地土壤抗冲性研究.湖南林业科技,2002,29(3):21-23Tian Y X,Wu J P. Study on soil anti impact of forest land(In Chinese). Hunan Forestry Science&Technology, 2002, 29(3):21-23
[19]高维森,王佑民.土壤抗蚀抗冲性研究综述.水土保持通报,1992,12(5):60-63,58Gao W S, Wang Y M. Review of research on soil resistance to corrosion(In Chinese). Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 1992, 12(5):60-63,58
[20]方学敏,万兆惠.土壤抗蚀性研究现状综述.泥沙研究,1997(2):87-91Fang X M, Wan Z H. Review of soil anti erosion and impact resistance review of soil anti erodibility research(In Chinese). Journal of Sediment Research, 1997(2):87-91
[21]高维森.土壤抗蚀性指标及其适用性初步研究.水土保持学报,1991,5(2):60-65Gao W S. Preliminary study on soil anti erodibility indexes and their applicability(In Chinese). Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 1991, 5(2):60-65
[22]沈慧,姜凤岐,杜晓军,等.水土保持林土壤抗蚀性能评价研究.应用生态学报,2000,11(3):345-348Shen H, Jiang F Q, Du X J,et al. Evaluation on soil anti-erodibility of soil and water conservation forest(In Chinese). Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2000, 11(3):345-348
[23]黎建强,张洪江,陈奇伯,等.长江上游不同植物篱系统土壤抗冲、抗蚀特征.生态环境学报,2012, 21(7):1223-1228Li J Q,Zhang H J, Chen Q B,et al. Antiscourability and anti-erodibility of soil under different hedgerow systems in upper reaches of Yangtze River(In Chinese). Ecology and Environmnet, 2012,21(7):1223-1228
[2]周玮,周运超.北盘江喀斯特峡谷区不同植被类型的土壤酶活性.林业科学,2010, 46(1):136-141Zhou W, Zhou Y C. Soil enzyme activities under different vegetation types in Beipan River Karst Gorge District(In Chinese). Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2010, 46(1):136-141
[3]何腾兵,刘元生,李天智,等.贵州喀斯特峡谷水保经济植物花椒土壤特性研究.水土保持学报,2000,14(2):55-59He T B, Liu Y S, Li T Z, et al. Soil characteristicsof Zanthoxylum bungeanum with soil and water conservation benefits in Karst Valley of Guizhou Province(In Chinese). Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2000, 14(2):55-59
[4]彭旭东,戴全厚,杨智,等.喀斯特山地石漠化过程中地表地下侵蚀产沙特征.土壤学报,2016, 53(5):1237-1248Peng X D, Dai Q H, Yang Z, et al. Sediment yield of surface and underground erosion in the process of rocky desertifi cation of Karst Area(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2016, 53(5):1237-1248
[5]黄义瑞.我国几类主要地面物质抗侵蚀性能初步研究.中国水土保持,1980(1):43-45Huang Y R. Preliminary study on the resistance of several major ground materials in China(In Chinese). Soil and Water Conservation in China,1980(1):43-45
[6]李红云,李焕平,杨吉华,等.4种灌木林地土壤物理性状及抗侵蚀性能的研究.水土保持学报,2006, 20(3):13-16Li H Y, Li H P, Yang J H, et al. Study on soil physical properties and anti-erosion capability under four kinds of shrubbery(In Chinese). Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2006, 20(3):13-16
[7]杨贤均,邓云叶,段林东.三种不同林分的保护水土功能分析.水土保持研究,2016, 23(2):177-182Yang X J,Deng Y Y, Duan L D. Analysis on soil and water protection functions of three types of stands(In Chinese). Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2016, 23(2):177-182
[8]李超,周正朝,朱冰冰,等.黄土丘陵区不同撂荒年限土壤人渗及抗冲性研究.水土保持学报,2017, 31(2):61-66Li C, Zhou Z Z, Zhu B B, et al. Research on soil infiltration capacity and soil anti-scouribility on different abandoned land in the Loess Hilly Region(In Chinese). Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2017, 31(2):61-66
[9]王丹丹,张建军,丁杨,等.晋西黄土区退耕林地土壤抗冲性研究.水土保持学报,2014, 28(3):14-18Wang D D,Zhang J J, Ding Y,et al. Research on soil anti-erosion of grain for green mixed forest in Loess Plateau of Western Shanxi Province(In Chinese). Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014, 28(3):14-18
[10]卢喜平,史东梅,蒋光毅,等.两种果草模式根系提高土壤抗蚀性的研究.水土保持学报,2004,18(5):64-67, 124Lu X P, Shi D M, Jiang G Y, et al. Study on root system of intereropping orchard-pasturage model improving soil anti-erodibility(In Chinese). Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2004, 18(5):64-67, 124
[11]何丹,马东豪,张锡洲,等.土壤人渗特性的空间变异规律及其变异源.水科学进展,2013, 24(3):340-348He D, Ma D H, Zhang X Z, et al. Regularity of spatial variability of soil infiltration and its variation sources(In Chinese). Advances in Water Science,2013, 24(3):340-348
[12]汪三树,刘德忠,史东梅,等.紫色丘陵区坡耕地生物埂的蓄水保土效应.中国农业科学,2013, 46(19):4091-4100Wang S S, Liu D Z, Shi D M, et al. Analysis on the soil and water conservation benefits of four bunds at edges of sloping land in purple hilly area(In Chinese). Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2013,46(19):4091-4100
[13]蒋定生.黄土高原水土流失与治理模式.北京:中国水利水电出版社,1997Jiang D S. Soil erosion and its control model on the Loess Plateau(In Chinese). Beijing:China Water&Power Press,1997
[14]赵洋毅.滇中水源区典型林地土壤结构分形特征及其对土壤抗蚀、抗冲性的影响.水土保持学报,2014,28(5):6-11Zhao Y Y. Soil structure fractal features of typical forest land and its effect on soil anti-erodibility and soil anti-scourability in Yizhe Watershed, water source area at middle area of Yunnan Province(In Chinese).Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2014,28(5):6-11
[15]王计磊,吴发启.不同生长期大豆坡耕地土壤抗侵蚀能力特征.土壤学报,2016,53(6):1389-1398Wang J L, Wu F Q. Soil erosion resistance of sloping farmland under soybean cultivation relative to growth stage(In Chinese). Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2016,53(6):1389-1398
[16]宋林松,汪京,王棋,等.喀斯特石漠化区顶坛花椒林地土壤水分物理性质变化.贵州科学,2016,34(2):19-25Song L S, Wang J, Wang Q, et al. The change of soil water physical properties of Zanthoxyhum bungeanum var. dintanensis in Karst Rocky Desertification Area(In Chinese). Guizhou Science, 2016, 34(2):19-25
[17]孙梅,黄运湘,孙楠,等.农田土壤孔隙及其影响因素研究进展.土壤通报,2015, 46(1):233-238Sun M, Huang Y X, Sun N, et al. Advance in soil pore and its influencing factors(In Chinese). Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2015, 46(1):233-238
[18]田育新,吴建平.林地土壤抗冲性研究.湖南林业科技,2002,29(3):21-23Tian Y X,Wu J P. Study on soil anti impact of forest land(In Chinese). Hunan Forestry Science&Technology, 2002, 29(3):21-23
[19]高维森,王佑民.土壤抗蚀抗冲性研究综述.水土保持通报,1992,12(5):60-63,58Gao W S, Wang Y M. Review of research on soil resistance to corrosion(In Chinese). Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 1992, 12(5):60-63,58
[20]方学敏,万兆惠.土壤抗蚀性研究现状综述.泥沙研究,1997(2):87-91Fang X M, Wan Z H. Review of soil anti erosion and impact resistance review of soil anti erodibility research(In Chinese). Journal of Sediment Research, 1997(2):87-91
[21]高维森.土壤抗蚀性指标及其适用性初步研究.水土保持学报,1991,5(2):60-65Gao W S. Preliminary study on soil anti erodibility indexes and their applicability(In Chinese). Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 1991, 5(2):60-65
[22]沈慧,姜凤岐,杜晓军,等.水土保持林土壤抗蚀性能评价研究.应用生态学报,2000,11(3):345-348Shen H, Jiang F Q, Du X J,et al. Evaluation on soil anti-erodibility of soil and water conservation forest(In Chinese). Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2000, 11(3):345-348
[23]黎建强,张洪江,陈奇伯,等.长江上游不同植物篱系统土壤抗冲、抗蚀特征.生态环境学报,2012, 21(7):1223-1228Li J Q,Zhang H J, Chen Q B,et al. Antiscourability and anti-erodibility of soil under different hedgerow systems in upper reaches of Yangtze River(In Chinese). Ecology and Environmnet, 2012,21(7):1223-1228
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