博斯腾湖流域地下水重金属污染的人体健康风险评估
|
摘要
在新疆博斯腾湖流域绿洲灌区采集67个浅层地下水样品,测定其中Cu、Mn、Cd、Cr、Ni和Zn等6种重金属元素的含量,采用Nemerow综合污染指数对地下水中重金属污染程度进行评价,借助US EPA健康风险评价模型对地下水中重金属污染的潜在健康风险进行评价。结果表明:(1)地下水中各元素平均含量大小顺序依次为:Mn>Zn>Cu>Ni> Cr>Cd,各元素平均含量均未超出国家标准的限值;(2)研究区地下水中各重金属元素单项污染指数平均值从大到小依次为:Cd(2.04)、Mn(0.69)、Ni(0.45)、Cr(0.24)、Zn(0.07)、Cu(0.03)。综合污染指数的变化范围在0.23～2.22之间,平均值为0.73,呈现轻微污染;(3)健康风险评价结果表明,地下水中6种重金属对成人的潜在非致癌健康风险HI为7.83E-01<1,表明暴露的个体不太可能有明显的不良健康影响;对儿童的潜在非致癌健康风险HI为1.05E+01>1,表明研究区地下水重金属可能对当地儿童的健康产生不利影响,有进一步研究的必要性。
A total of 67 samples of shallow groundwater were collected in Bosten Lake Basin, Xinjiang, and the concentrations of 6 heavy metal elements including Cu, Mn, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Zn of the samples were determined.The pollution levels of heavy metals in groundwater were analyzed based on the Nemerow Pollution Index and the potential human health risks of heavy metals were assessed based on the US EPA Health Risk Assessment Model.Results showed that:(1) The average concentrations of each element in groundwater were ranked as: Mn > Zn >Cu > Ni > Cr > Cd, and the average concentrations of each element were lower than the National Groundwater Quality Standard;(2) The average values of the Individual Pollution Index of heavy metal elements of groundwater in the study area ranged as: Cd(2.04), Mn(0.69), Ni(0.45), Cr(0.24), Zn(0.07) and Cu(0.03). The Comprehensive Pollution Index ranged from 0.23 to 2.22, with an average value of 0.73, at the slight pollution level;(3) Results of health risk assessment indicated that the potential non-carcinogenic health risk index(HI) of six heavy metals of groundwater, for adults, was 7.83 E-01 < 1, which explained that the individual exposure were unlikely to have significant adverse health effects. Meanwhile, the potential non-carcinogenic health risk index(HI) for children was1.05 E+01 > 1, and it explained that heavy metals of groundwater in the study area may have adverse effects on the health of local children, which needs further research.
A total of 67 samples of shallow groundwater were collected in Bosten Lake Basin, Xinjiang, and the concentrations of 6 heavy metal elements including Cu, Mn, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Zn of the samples were determined.The pollution levels of heavy metals in groundwater were analyzed based on the Nemerow Pollution Index and the potential human health risks of heavy metals were assessed based on the US EPA Health Risk Assessment Model.Results showed that:(1) The average concentrations of each element in groundwater were ranked as: Mn > Zn >Cu > Ni > Cr > Cd, and the average concentrations of each element were lower than the National Groundwater Quality Standard;(2) The average values of the Individual Pollution Index of heavy metal elements of groundwater in the study area ranged as: Cd(2.04), Mn(0.69), Ni(0.45), Cr(0.24), Zn(0.07) and Cu(0.03). The Comprehensive Pollution Index ranged from 0.23 to 2.22, with an average value of 0.73, at the slight pollution level;(3) Results of health risk assessment indicated that the potential non-carcinogenic health risk index(HI) of six heavy metals of groundwater, for adults, was 7.83 E-01 < 1, which explained that the individual exposure were unlikely to have significant adverse health effects. Meanwhile, the potential non-carcinogenic health risk index(HI) for children was1.05 E+01 > 1, and it explained that heavy metals of groundwater in the study area may have adverse effects on the health of local children, which needs further research.
引文
[1]马闯,杨军,雷梅,等.北京市再生水灌溉对地下水的重金属污染风险[J].地理研究, 2012, 31(12):2250-2258Ma C, Yang J, Lei M, et al. Assessing the effect of reclaimed water irrigation on groundwater pollution of heavy metals in Beijing[J]. Geographical Research, 2012,31(12):2250-2258(in Chinese)
[2]张妍,李发东,欧阳竹,等.黄河下游引黄灌区地下水重金属分布及健康风险评估[J].环境科学, 2013, 34(1):121-128Zhang Y, Li F D, Ouyang Z, et al. Distribution and health risk assessment of heavy metals of groundwaters in the ir-rigation district of the lower reaches of Yellow River[J].Environmental Science, 2013, 34(1):121-128(in Chinese)
[3]林曼利,桂和荣,彭位华,等.典型矿区深层地下水重金属含量特征及健康风险评价-以皖北矿区为例[J].地球学报, 2014, 35(5):589-598Lin M L, Gui H R, Peng W H, et al. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in deep groundwater from different aquifers of a typical coal mining area:A case study of a coal mining area in northern Anhui Province[J]. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 2014, 35(5):589-598(in Chinese)
[4] Pokkate W, Srilert C, Wattasit S, et al. Heavy metal contamination and human health risk assessment in drinking water from shallow groundwater wells in an agricultural area in Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand[J]. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2014, 36(1):169-182
[5]杨俊,吕府红,宋永伟,等.典型重金属污染地区蔬菜中重金属含量及健康风险[J].环境污染与防治, 2017,39(9):952-956Yang J, Lu F H, Song Y W, et al. Vegetable heavy metal content and health risks in the typical heavy metal contaminated area[J]. Environmental Pollution and Control,2017, 39(9):952-956(in Chinese)
[6] Rattan R K, Datta S P, Chhonkar P K, et al. Long-term impact of irrigation with sewage effluents on heavy metal content in soils, crops and groundwater:A case study[J].Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2005, 109(3-4):310-322
[7] Fryer M, Collins C D, Ferrier H, et al. Human exposure modeling for chemical risk assessment:A review of current approaches and research and policy implications[J].Environmental Science and Policy, 2006, 9(3):261-274
[8] Chotpantarat S, Wongsasuluk P, Siriwong W, et al. Noncarcinogenic hazard maps of heavy metal contamination in shallow groundwater for adult and aging populations at an agricultural area in northeastern Thailand[J]. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 2014, 20:689-703
[9]丁昊天,袁兴中,曾光明,等.基于模糊化的长株潭地区地下水重金属健康风险评价[J].环境科学研究,2009, 22(11):1323-1328Ding H T, Yuan X Z, Zeng G M, et al. Health risk assessment from heavy metals in groundwater of ChangshaZhuzhou-Xiangtan District based on fuzzy theory[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2009, 22(11):1323-1328(in Chinese)
[10] Chai L Y, Wang Z X, Wang Y Y, et al. Ingestion risks of metals in groundwater based on TIN model and dose-response assessment:A case study in the Xiangjiang watershed, central-south China[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2010, 408(16):3118-3124
[11]陈雪彬,杨平恒,蓝家程,等.降雨条件下岩溶地下水微量元素变化特征及其环境意义[J].环境科学, 2014,35(1):123-130Chen X B, Yang P H, Lan J C, et al. Variation characteristics and environmental significant of trace elements under rainfall condition in karst groundwater[J]. Environmental Science, 2014, 35(1):123-130(in Chinese)
[12] Zhang Y, Li F D, Li J, et al. Spatial distribution, potential sources, and risk assessment of trace metals of groundwater in the North China Plain[J]. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 2015, 21(3):726-743
[13]陈云增,李天奇,马建华,等.淮河流域典型癌病高发区土壤和地下水重金属积累及健康风险[J].环境科学学报, 2016, 36(12):4537-4545Chen Y Z, Li T Q, Ma J H, et al. Health risk assessment of heavy metal accumulation in soil and groundwater in a typical high cancer incidence area of Huai River Basin[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2016, 36(12):4537-4545(in Chinese)
[14]曾妍妍,周殷竹,周金龙,等.新疆南部典型地区地下水重金属空间分布特征[J].环境化学, 2015, 34(12):2310-2312Zeng Y Y, Zhou Y Z, Zhou J L, et al. Spatial distribution characteristics of heavy metals of groundwater in typical areas of southern Xinjiang[J]. Environmental Chemistry,2015, 34(12):2310-2312(in Chinese)
[15]阿吉古丽·马木提,麦麦提吐尔逊·艾则孜,买托合提·阿那依提,等.基于地理信息系统技术的新疆焉耆绿洲农田土壤重金属污染评价和潜在生态风险预警[J].环境污染与防治, 2017, 39(6):658-663Ajigul M, Mamattursun E, Mattohti A, et al. GIS technology based research on the heavy metal pollution evaluation and ecological risk warning assessment of farmland soils in Karashahar Oasis, Xinjiang[J]. Environmental Pollution and Control, 2017, 39(6):658-663(in Chinese)
[16]麦麦提吐尔逊·艾则孜,阿吉古丽·马木提,艾尼瓦尔·买买提,等.博斯腾湖流域绿洲农田土壤重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价[J].地理学报, 2017, 72(9):1680-1694Mamattursun E, Ajigul M, Anwar M, et al. Assessment of heavy metal pollution and its potential ecological risks of farmland soils of oasis in Bosten Lake Basin[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(9):1680-1694(in Chinese)
[17] Smith C J, Hopmans P, Cook F J. Accumulation of Cr,Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn and Cd in soil following irrigation with treated urban effluent in Australia[J]. Environmental Pollution, 1996, 94(3):317-323
[18] Rai P K. Heavy metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems and its phytoremediation using wetland plants:An eco-sustainable approach[J]. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2008, 10(2):133-160
[19]中华人民共和国卫生部,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T 5750.6—2006生活饮用水标准检验方法金属指标[S].北京:中国标准出版社, 2006Ministry of Health of the P.R. China, Standardization Administration of the P. R. China. GB/T 5750. 6—2006Standard Examination Methods for Drinking Water Metal Parameters[S]. Beijing:China Standard Press, 2006(in Chinese)
[20] Nemerow N L. Stream, Lake, Estuary, and Ocean Pollution[M]. New York:Van Nostrand Reinhold Publishing Co., 1985
[21]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会. GB/T 14848—2017地下水质量标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社, 2017General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the P.R. China, Standardization Administration of the P.R. China. GB/T14848—2017 Standard for Groundwater Quality[S]. Beijing:China Standard Press, 2017(in Chinese)
[22] United States Environmental Protection Agency(US EPA). Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund. Human Health Evaluation Manual Part A, vol.1(EPA/540/1-89/002)[R]. Washington DC:Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, 1989:1-100
[23] United States Environmental Protection Agency(US EPA). Understanding the Safe Drinking Water Act. EPA816-F-04-030[R]. Washington DC:US EPA, 2004:1-2
[24] United States Environmental Protection Agency(US EPA). Exposure Factors Handbook. EPA/600/P-95/002[R]. Washington DC:Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, 1997:104-126
[25] Li Y Y, Tao H J, Xu J, et al. QTL analysis for cooking traits of super rice with a high-density SNP genetic map and fine mapping of a novel boiled grain length locus[J].Plant Breeding, 2015, 134:535-541
[26] United States Environmental Protection Agency(US EPA). Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40-Protection of Environment, Part 423d Steam Electric Power Generating Point Source Category. Appendix A to Part 423e 126, Priority Pollutants[R]. Washington DC:US EPA, 2013
[27]段小丽.中国人群暴露参数手册(成人卷)概要[M].北京:环境科学出版社, 2016:21-62Duan X L. Highlights of the Chinese Exposure Factors Handbook(Adults)[M]. Beijing:China Environmental Press, 2016:21-62(in Chinese)
[28]段小丽.中国人群暴露参数手册(儿童卷)概要[M].北京:环境科学出版社, 2016:170-202Duan X L. Highlights of the Chinese Exposure Factors Handbook(Children)[M]. Beijing:China Environmental Press, 2016:170-202(in Chinese)
[29] Ma H W, Hung M L, Chen P C. A systemic health risk assessment for the chromium cycle in Taiwan[J]. Environment International, 2007, 33(2):206-218
[30]张敏,高东东,何成江,等.基于模糊数学的德阳市平原地下水环境质量评价[J].环境工程, 2016, 34(4):151-155Zhang M, Gao D D, He C J, et al. Environmental quality evaluation of Deyang Plain groundwater based on fuzzy mathematics[J]. Environmental Engineering, 2016, 34(4):151-155(in Chinese)
[31]麦麦提吐尔逊·艾则孜,艾尼瓦尔·买买提,阿吉古丽·马木提,等.新疆焉耆盆地农田土壤重金属污染及健康风险评价[J].生态毒理学报, 2018, 13(2):171-181Mamattursun E, Anwar M, Ajigul M, et al. Assessment of heavy metals pollution and its health risk of farmland soils of Yanqi Basin in Xinjiang[J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2018, 13(2):171-181(in Chinese)
[2]张妍,李发东,欧阳竹,等.黄河下游引黄灌区地下水重金属分布及健康风险评估[J].环境科学, 2013, 34(1):121-128Zhang Y, Li F D, Ouyang Z, et al. Distribution and health risk assessment of heavy metals of groundwaters in the ir-rigation district of the lower reaches of Yellow River[J].Environmental Science, 2013, 34(1):121-128(in Chinese)
[3]林曼利,桂和荣,彭位华,等.典型矿区深层地下水重金属含量特征及健康风险评价-以皖北矿区为例[J].地球学报, 2014, 35(5):589-598Lin M L, Gui H R, Peng W H, et al. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in deep groundwater from different aquifers of a typical coal mining area:A case study of a coal mining area in northern Anhui Province[J]. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 2014, 35(5):589-598(in Chinese)
[4] Pokkate W, Srilert C, Wattasit S, et al. Heavy metal contamination and human health risk assessment in drinking water from shallow groundwater wells in an agricultural area in Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand[J]. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2014, 36(1):169-182
[5]杨俊,吕府红,宋永伟,等.典型重金属污染地区蔬菜中重金属含量及健康风险[J].环境污染与防治, 2017,39(9):952-956Yang J, Lu F H, Song Y W, et al. Vegetable heavy metal content and health risks in the typical heavy metal contaminated area[J]. Environmental Pollution and Control,2017, 39(9):952-956(in Chinese)
[6] Rattan R K, Datta S P, Chhonkar P K, et al. Long-term impact of irrigation with sewage effluents on heavy metal content in soils, crops and groundwater:A case study[J].Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2005, 109(3-4):310-322
[7] Fryer M, Collins C D, Ferrier H, et al. Human exposure modeling for chemical risk assessment:A review of current approaches and research and policy implications[J].Environmental Science and Policy, 2006, 9(3):261-274
[8] Chotpantarat S, Wongsasuluk P, Siriwong W, et al. Noncarcinogenic hazard maps of heavy metal contamination in shallow groundwater for adult and aging populations at an agricultural area in northeastern Thailand[J]. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 2014, 20:689-703
[9]丁昊天,袁兴中,曾光明,等.基于模糊化的长株潭地区地下水重金属健康风险评价[J].环境科学研究,2009, 22(11):1323-1328Ding H T, Yuan X Z, Zeng G M, et al. Health risk assessment from heavy metals in groundwater of ChangshaZhuzhou-Xiangtan District based on fuzzy theory[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2009, 22(11):1323-1328(in Chinese)
[10] Chai L Y, Wang Z X, Wang Y Y, et al. Ingestion risks of metals in groundwater based on TIN model and dose-response assessment:A case study in the Xiangjiang watershed, central-south China[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2010, 408(16):3118-3124
[11]陈雪彬,杨平恒,蓝家程,等.降雨条件下岩溶地下水微量元素变化特征及其环境意义[J].环境科学, 2014,35(1):123-130Chen X B, Yang P H, Lan J C, et al. Variation characteristics and environmental significant of trace elements under rainfall condition in karst groundwater[J]. Environmental Science, 2014, 35(1):123-130(in Chinese)
[12] Zhang Y, Li F D, Li J, et al. Spatial distribution, potential sources, and risk assessment of trace metals of groundwater in the North China Plain[J]. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 2015, 21(3):726-743
[13]陈云增,李天奇,马建华,等.淮河流域典型癌病高发区土壤和地下水重金属积累及健康风险[J].环境科学学报, 2016, 36(12):4537-4545Chen Y Z, Li T Q, Ma J H, et al. Health risk assessment of heavy metal accumulation in soil and groundwater in a typical high cancer incidence area of Huai River Basin[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2016, 36(12):4537-4545(in Chinese)
[14]曾妍妍,周殷竹,周金龙,等.新疆南部典型地区地下水重金属空间分布特征[J].环境化学, 2015, 34(12):2310-2312Zeng Y Y, Zhou Y Z, Zhou J L, et al. Spatial distribution characteristics of heavy metals of groundwater in typical areas of southern Xinjiang[J]. Environmental Chemistry,2015, 34(12):2310-2312(in Chinese)
[15]阿吉古丽·马木提,麦麦提吐尔逊·艾则孜,买托合提·阿那依提,等.基于地理信息系统技术的新疆焉耆绿洲农田土壤重金属污染评价和潜在生态风险预警[J].环境污染与防治, 2017, 39(6):658-663Ajigul M, Mamattursun E, Mattohti A, et al. GIS technology based research on the heavy metal pollution evaluation and ecological risk warning assessment of farmland soils in Karashahar Oasis, Xinjiang[J]. Environmental Pollution and Control, 2017, 39(6):658-663(in Chinese)
[16]麦麦提吐尔逊·艾则孜,阿吉古丽·马木提,艾尼瓦尔·买买提,等.博斯腾湖流域绿洲农田土壤重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价[J].地理学报, 2017, 72(9):1680-1694Mamattursun E, Ajigul M, Anwar M, et al. Assessment of heavy metal pollution and its potential ecological risks of farmland soils of oasis in Bosten Lake Basin[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(9):1680-1694(in Chinese)
[17] Smith C J, Hopmans P, Cook F J. Accumulation of Cr,Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn and Cd in soil following irrigation with treated urban effluent in Australia[J]. Environmental Pollution, 1996, 94(3):317-323
[18] Rai P K. Heavy metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems and its phytoremediation using wetland plants:An eco-sustainable approach[J]. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2008, 10(2):133-160
[19]中华人民共和国卫生部,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T 5750.6—2006生活饮用水标准检验方法金属指标[S].北京:中国标准出版社, 2006Ministry of Health of the P.R. China, Standardization Administration of the P. R. China. GB/T 5750. 6—2006Standard Examination Methods for Drinking Water Metal Parameters[S]. Beijing:China Standard Press, 2006(in Chinese)
[20] Nemerow N L. Stream, Lake, Estuary, and Ocean Pollution[M]. New York:Van Nostrand Reinhold Publishing Co., 1985
[21]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会. GB/T 14848—2017地下水质量标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社, 2017General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the P.R. China, Standardization Administration of the P.R. China. GB/T14848—2017 Standard for Groundwater Quality[S]. Beijing:China Standard Press, 2017(in Chinese)
[22] United States Environmental Protection Agency(US EPA). Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund. Human Health Evaluation Manual Part A, vol.1(EPA/540/1-89/002)[R]. Washington DC:Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, 1989:1-100
[23] United States Environmental Protection Agency(US EPA). Understanding the Safe Drinking Water Act. EPA816-F-04-030[R]. Washington DC:US EPA, 2004:1-2
[24] United States Environmental Protection Agency(US EPA). Exposure Factors Handbook. EPA/600/P-95/002[R]. Washington DC:Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, 1997:104-126
[25] Li Y Y, Tao H J, Xu J, et al. QTL analysis for cooking traits of super rice with a high-density SNP genetic map and fine mapping of a novel boiled grain length locus[J].Plant Breeding, 2015, 134:535-541
[26] United States Environmental Protection Agency(US EPA). Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40-Protection of Environment, Part 423d Steam Electric Power Generating Point Source Category. Appendix A to Part 423e 126, Priority Pollutants[R]. Washington DC:US EPA, 2013
[27]段小丽.中国人群暴露参数手册(成人卷)概要[M].北京:环境科学出版社, 2016:21-62Duan X L. Highlights of the Chinese Exposure Factors Handbook(Adults)[M]. Beijing:China Environmental Press, 2016:21-62(in Chinese)
[28]段小丽.中国人群暴露参数手册(儿童卷)概要[M].北京:环境科学出版社, 2016:170-202Duan X L. Highlights of the Chinese Exposure Factors Handbook(Children)[M]. Beijing:China Environmental Press, 2016:170-202(in Chinese)
[29] Ma H W, Hung M L, Chen P C. A systemic health risk assessment for the chromium cycle in Taiwan[J]. Environment International, 2007, 33(2):206-218
[30]张敏,高东东,何成江,等.基于模糊数学的德阳市平原地下水环境质量评价[J].环境工程, 2016, 34(4):151-155Zhang M, Gao D D, He C J, et al. Environmental quality evaluation of Deyang Plain groundwater based on fuzzy mathematics[J]. Environmental Engineering, 2016, 34(4):151-155(in Chinese)
[31]麦麦提吐尔逊·艾则孜,艾尼瓦尔·买买提,阿吉古丽·马木提,等.新疆焉耆盆地农田土壤重金属污染及健康风险评价[J].生态毒理学报, 2018, 13(2):171-181Mamattursun E, Anwar M, Ajigul M, et al. Assessment of heavy metals pollution and its health risk of farmland soils of Yanqi Basin in Xinjiang[J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2018, 13(2):171-181(in Chinese)
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |