β-丙氨酸补充对运动能力的影响
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摘要
运动可引起体内能源物质的消耗并导致内环境的改变,合理使用营养补充剂可以维持生物体内的环境稳态,对高水平运动员竞技成绩的提高起着非常重要的作用。β-丙氨酸是目前受到国内外广泛关注的一种运动营养补剂,作为机体内合成肌肽的限速前体,补充后可增加骨骼肌内肌肽含量,从而增加肌肉对无氧酵解过程中H~+堆积的缓冲能力,延缓运动疲劳,提高人体的运动能力和运动表现。本文综述了β-丙氨酸作为运动营养补充剂在人体内的代谢过程及其对不同类型运动影响效果的研究进展,并针对β-丙氨酸的剂量应用、补充方法、不良反应等进行了总结,为该营养补剂在运动领域的应用提供一定的理论依据。
Exercise can cause the consumption of energy substrates inside the body and lead to changes in the body's internal environment. Rational use of nutritional supplements can maintain the environmental stability inside the living organism. It also plays an important role in improving the sports performance of high-level athletes. β-alanine is a kind of sports nutrition supplement that draws extensive attention at home and abroad. As a rate-limiting precursor of synthetic carnosine in the body, β-alanine can increase the content of carnosine in skeletal muscle. As a result, it increases muscle's ability of buffering H~+ accumulation during anaerobic glycolysis, delays sports fatigue, and improves athletes' sports ability and sports performance. This paper reviews the research progress of the effects of β-alanine as a sports nutrition supplement on body's metabolic process as well as specific sports. This paper also summarizes the dose application, compensation process, and untoward effect of β-alanine, providing a theoretical basis for the application of this nutritional supplement in the field of sports.
Exercise can cause the consumption of energy substrates inside the body and lead to changes in the body's internal environment. Rational use of nutritional supplements can maintain the environmental stability inside the living organism. It also plays an important role in improving the sports performance of high-level athletes. β-alanine is a kind of sports nutrition supplement that draws extensive attention at home and abroad. As a rate-limiting precursor of synthetic carnosine in the body, β-alanine can increase the content of carnosine in skeletal muscle. As a result, it increases muscle's ability of buffering H~+ accumulation during anaerobic glycolysis, delays sports fatigue, and improves athletes' sports ability and sports performance. This paper reviews the research progress of the effects of β-alanine as a sports nutrition supplement on body's metabolic process as well as specific sports. This paper also summarizes the dose application, compensation process, and untoward effect of β-alanine, providing a theoretical basis for the application of this nutritional supplement in the field of sports.
引文
[1] Peeling P., Binnie M. J., Goods P. S. R., et al. EvidenceBased Supplements for the Enhancement of Athletic Performance[J]. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 2018, 28(2):178-187.
[2] Harris R. C., Tallon M. J., Dunnett M., et al. The absorption of orally supplied(3-alanine and its effect on muscle camosine synthesis in human vastus lateralis[J].Amino Acids, 2006, 30(3):279-289.
[3] Dunnett M., Harris R. C. Influence of oral beta-alanine and L-histidine supplementation on the carnosine content of the gluteus medius.[J]. Equine Vet J Suppl, 2010, 31(S30):499-504.
[4] Blancquaert L., Everaert I., Derave W. Beta-alanine supplementation, muscle carnosine and exercise performance[J]. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 2015, 18(1):63-70.
[5] Black M. I., Jones A. M., Morgan P. T., et al. The Effects ofβ-Alanine Supplementation on Muscle pH and the Power-Duration Relationship during High-Intensity Exercise[J]. Frontiers in Physiology,2018, 9:111.
[6] Trexler E. T., Smith-Ryan A. E., Stout J. R., et al. International society of sports nutrition position stand:Beta-Alanine[J]. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition,12,1(2015-07-15),2015,12(1):30.
[7] Hoffman J. R., Varanoske A., Stout J. R. Effects of beta-Alanine Supplementation on Camosine Elevation and Physiological Performance[J]. Adv Food Nutr Res, 2018,84:183-206.
[8] Boldyrev A. A., Giancarlo A., Wim D. Physiology and pathophysiology of camosine[J]. Physiological Reviews,2013, 93(4):1803-1845.
[9] Audrey B., Harmen R., Andries P., et al. Camosine loading and washout in human skeletal muscles[J]. Journal of Applied Physiology, 2009, 106(3):837-842.
[10] Sanne S.,Laura B.,Inge E.,et al. Meal and beta-alaninecoingestion enhances muscle carnosine loading[J]. Medicine&Science in Sports&Exercise, 2013, 45(8):1478-1485.
[11] Mannion A. F., Jakeman P. M., Dunnett M., et al. Carnosine and anserine concentrations in the quadriceps femoris muscle of healthy humans[J]. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol., 1992, 64(1):47-50.
[12] Johnson P., Hammer J. L. Histidine dipeptide levels in ageing and hypertensive rat skeletal and cardiac muscles[J]. Comp Biochem Physiol. B., 1992, 103(4):981-984.
[13] Derave W., Everaert I., Beeckman S., et al. Muscle carnosine metabolism and beta-alanine supplementation in relation to exercise and training[J]. Sports Med., 2010, 40(3):247-263.
[14] Berti Z. P., Donner A. F., Guerini De S. C. Effects of beta-alanine supplementation on performance and muscle fatigue in athletes and non-athletes of different sports:a systematic review[J]. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 2017, 57(9):1132.
[15] Hill C. A., Harris R. C., Kim H. J., et al. Influence of beta-alanine supplementation on skeletal muscle carnosine concentrations and high intensity cycling capacity[J]. Amino Acids, 2007, 32(2):225-233.
[16] Hobson R. M., Saunders B., Ball G., et al. Effects ofβ-alanine supplementation on exercise performance:a meta-analysis[J]. Amino Acids, 2012, 43(1):25-37.
[17] Saunders B., Elliott-Sale K., Artioli G. G., et al.β-alanine supplementation to improve exercise capacity and performance:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2017, 51(8):658-669.
[18] Maughan R. J., Burke L. M., Dvorak J., et al. IOC Consensus Statement:Dietary Supplements and the High-Performance Athlete[J]. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 2018, 28(2):104-125.
[19] Bellinger P. M., Minahan C. L. The effect of-alanine supplementation on cycling time trials of different length[J]. European Journal of Sport Science, 2015, 16(7):829-836.
[20] Weiliang C.,Greg S.,Anderson M. E.,et al. Effect of10 week beta-alanine supplementation on competition and training performance in elite swimmers[J]. Nutrients,2012, 4(10):1441-1453.
[21] Van T. R., Van P. K., Vanden E. B., et al. Beta-alanine improves sprint performance in endurance cycling.[J].Medicine&Science in Sports&Exercise, 2009, 41(4):898-903.
[22] Hoffman J., Ratamess N. A., Ross R., et al. Beta-alanine and the hormonal response to exercise[J]. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 2008, 29(12):952-958.
[23] Hoffman J. R., Ratamess N. A., Faigenbaum A. D., et al. Short-duration-alanine supplementation increases train-ing volume and reduces subjective feelings of fatigue in college football players[J]. Nutrition Research, 2008, 28(1):31-35.
[24] Boldyrev A. A., Stvolinsky S. L., Fedorova T. N., et al.Carnosine as a natural antioxidant and geroprotector:from molecular mechanisms to clinical trials.[J]. Rejuvenation Res, 2010, 13(2-3):156-158.
[25] Woessner M. N. The effects of 28 days of beta-alanine supplementation on the physical working capacity at heart rate threshold(PWC)[J]. Dissertations&Theses-Gradworks, 2013.
[26] Hoffman J. R., Landau G., Stout J. R., et al.β-Alanine ingestion increases muscle carnosine content and combat specific performance in soldiers[J]. Amino Acids, 2015,47(3):627-636.
[27] Hoffman J. R., Stout J. R., Harris R. C., et al.β-Alanine supplementation and military performance[J]. Amino Acids,2015,47(12):2463-2474.
[28] Prokopieva V. D., Yarygina E. G., Bokhan N. A., et al.Use of Carnosine for Oxidative Stress Reduction in Different Pathologies[J]. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2016,(4):2939087.
[29] Kohen R., Yamamoto Y., Cundy K. C., et al. Antioxidant activity of carnosine, homocarnosine, and anserine present in muscle and brain[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1988, 85(9):3175-3179.
[30]庞坤,张安世.肌肽、丙氨酸和组氨酸抗氧化性的比较研究[J].生物资源,2011,33(4):33-35.
[31] Smith-Ryan A. E., Fukuda D. H., Stout J. R., et al. The influence ofβ-alanine supplementation on markers of exercise-induced oxidative stress[J]. Appl. Physiol. Nutr.Metab., 2014, 39(1):38-46.
[32] Smith A. E., Stout J. R., Kendall K. L., et al. Exerciseinduced oxidative stress:the effects ofβ-alanine supplementation in women[J]. Amino Acids, 2012, 43(l):77-90.
[33] Tsoi B., He R. R., Yang D. H., et al. Carnosine ameliorates stress-induced glucose metabolism disorder in restrained mice[J]. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences,2011, 117(4):223-229.
[34] Lee Y. T., Hsu C. C., Lin M. H., et al. Histidine and carnosine delay diabetic deterioration in mice and protect human low density lipoprotein against oxidation and glycation[J]. European Journal of Pharmacology, 2005, 513(1):145-150.
[35] Harris R. C., Marlin D. J., Dunnett M., et al. Muscle buffering capacity and dipeptide content in the thoroughbred horse, greyhound dog and man[J]. Comparative Biochemistry&Physiology A Comparative Physiology,1990,97(2):249-251.
[36] Culbertson J. Y.,Kreider R. B.,Mike G.,et al. Effects of beta-alanine on muscle camosine and exercise performance:a review of the current literature[J]. Nutrients,2010, 2(1):75-98.
[37] Stautemas J., Everaert I., Lefevere F. B. D., et al. Pharmacokinetics ofβ-Alanine Using Different Dosing Strategies[J]. Frontiers in Nutrition, 2018, 5:70.
[38] Stellingwerff T., Egger A.,Buehler T., et al. Effect of twoβ-alanine dosing protocols on muscle carnosine synthesis and washout[J]. Amino Acids, 2012, 42(6):2461-2472.
[39] Nassis G. P., Sporer B., Stathis C. G.β-alanine efficacy for sports performance improvement:from science to practice[J]. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2016, 51(8):626-627.
[40] Trexler E. T., Smith-Ryan A. E., Stout J. R., et al. International society of sports nutrition position stand:Beta-Alanine[J]. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2015, 12(1):30.
[41] Jacques D., Maurice B., Jacques V., et al. Effect of slowreleaseβ-alanine tablets on absorption kinetics and paresthesia[J]. Amino Acids, 2013, 45(4):1015.
[42] Decombaz J., Beaumont M., Vuichoud J., et al. Effect of slow-releaseβ-alanine tablets on absorption kinetics and paresthesia[J]. Amino Acids, 2012,43(1):67-76.
[43] Horvath D. M., Murphy R. M., Mollica J. P., et al. The effect of taurine andβ-alanine supplementation on taurine transporter protein and fatigue resistance in skeletal muscle from mdx mice[J]. Amino Acids, 2016, 48(11):2635-2645.
[44] Kim H. J. Comparison of the carnosine and taurine contents of vastus lateralis of elderly Korean males, with impaired glucose tolerance, and young elite Korean swimmers[J]. Amino Acids, 2009,36(2):359-363.
[45] Cuisinier C., Welle J. M. D., Verbeeck R. K., et al. Role of taurine in osmoregulation during endurance exercise[J]. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2002, 87(6):489-495.
[46] Giannini A. G., Gualano B., Smith A., et al. The Role ofβ-alanine Supplementation on Muscle Carnosine and Exercise Performance[J]. Medicine&Science in Sports&Exercise, 2010:1162-1173.
[47] Parildar-Karpuzoglu H., Dogru-Abbasoglu S., Balkan J.,et al. Decreases in taurine levels induced byβ-alanine treatment did not affect the susceptibility of tissues to lipid peroxidation[J]. Amino Acids, 2007, 32(1):115-119.
[2] Harris R. C., Tallon M. J., Dunnett M., et al. The absorption of orally supplied(3-alanine and its effect on muscle camosine synthesis in human vastus lateralis[J].Amino Acids, 2006, 30(3):279-289.
[3] Dunnett M., Harris R. C. Influence of oral beta-alanine and L-histidine supplementation on the carnosine content of the gluteus medius.[J]. Equine Vet J Suppl, 2010, 31(S30):499-504.
[4] Blancquaert L., Everaert I., Derave W. Beta-alanine supplementation, muscle carnosine and exercise performance[J]. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 2015, 18(1):63-70.
[5] Black M. I., Jones A. M., Morgan P. T., et al. The Effects ofβ-Alanine Supplementation on Muscle pH and the Power-Duration Relationship during High-Intensity Exercise[J]. Frontiers in Physiology,2018, 9:111.
[6] Trexler E. T., Smith-Ryan A. E., Stout J. R., et al. International society of sports nutrition position stand:Beta-Alanine[J]. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition,12,1(2015-07-15),2015,12(1):30.
[7] Hoffman J. R., Varanoske A., Stout J. R. Effects of beta-Alanine Supplementation on Camosine Elevation and Physiological Performance[J]. Adv Food Nutr Res, 2018,84:183-206.
[8] Boldyrev A. A., Giancarlo A., Wim D. Physiology and pathophysiology of camosine[J]. Physiological Reviews,2013, 93(4):1803-1845.
[9] Audrey B., Harmen R., Andries P., et al. Camosine loading and washout in human skeletal muscles[J]. Journal of Applied Physiology, 2009, 106(3):837-842.
[10] Sanne S.,Laura B.,Inge E.,et al. Meal and beta-alaninecoingestion enhances muscle carnosine loading[J]. Medicine&Science in Sports&Exercise, 2013, 45(8):1478-1485.
[11] Mannion A. F., Jakeman P. M., Dunnett M., et al. Carnosine and anserine concentrations in the quadriceps femoris muscle of healthy humans[J]. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol., 1992, 64(1):47-50.
[12] Johnson P., Hammer J. L. Histidine dipeptide levels in ageing and hypertensive rat skeletal and cardiac muscles[J]. Comp Biochem Physiol. B., 1992, 103(4):981-984.
[13] Derave W., Everaert I., Beeckman S., et al. Muscle carnosine metabolism and beta-alanine supplementation in relation to exercise and training[J]. Sports Med., 2010, 40(3):247-263.
[14] Berti Z. P., Donner A. F., Guerini De S. C. Effects of beta-alanine supplementation on performance and muscle fatigue in athletes and non-athletes of different sports:a systematic review[J]. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 2017, 57(9):1132.
[15] Hill C. A., Harris R. C., Kim H. J., et al. Influence of beta-alanine supplementation on skeletal muscle carnosine concentrations and high intensity cycling capacity[J]. Amino Acids, 2007, 32(2):225-233.
[16] Hobson R. M., Saunders B., Ball G., et al. Effects ofβ-alanine supplementation on exercise performance:a meta-analysis[J]. Amino Acids, 2012, 43(1):25-37.
[17] Saunders B., Elliott-Sale K., Artioli G. G., et al.β-alanine supplementation to improve exercise capacity and performance:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2017, 51(8):658-669.
[18] Maughan R. J., Burke L. M., Dvorak J., et al. IOC Consensus Statement:Dietary Supplements and the High-Performance Athlete[J]. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 2018, 28(2):104-125.
[19] Bellinger P. M., Minahan C. L. The effect of-alanine supplementation on cycling time trials of different length[J]. European Journal of Sport Science, 2015, 16(7):829-836.
[20] Weiliang C.,Greg S.,Anderson M. E.,et al. Effect of10 week beta-alanine supplementation on competition and training performance in elite swimmers[J]. Nutrients,2012, 4(10):1441-1453.
[21] Van T. R., Van P. K., Vanden E. B., et al. Beta-alanine improves sprint performance in endurance cycling.[J].Medicine&Science in Sports&Exercise, 2009, 41(4):898-903.
[22] Hoffman J., Ratamess N. A., Ross R., et al. Beta-alanine and the hormonal response to exercise[J]. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 2008, 29(12):952-958.
[23] Hoffman J. R., Ratamess N. A., Faigenbaum A. D., et al. Short-duration-alanine supplementation increases train-ing volume and reduces subjective feelings of fatigue in college football players[J]. Nutrition Research, 2008, 28(1):31-35.
[24] Boldyrev A. A., Stvolinsky S. L., Fedorova T. N., et al.Carnosine as a natural antioxidant and geroprotector:from molecular mechanisms to clinical trials.[J]. Rejuvenation Res, 2010, 13(2-3):156-158.
[25] Woessner M. N. The effects of 28 days of beta-alanine supplementation on the physical working capacity at heart rate threshold(PWC)[J]. Dissertations&Theses-Gradworks, 2013.
[26] Hoffman J. R., Landau G., Stout J. R., et al.β-Alanine ingestion increases muscle carnosine content and combat specific performance in soldiers[J]. Amino Acids, 2015,47(3):627-636.
[27] Hoffman J. R., Stout J. R., Harris R. C., et al.β-Alanine supplementation and military performance[J]. Amino Acids,2015,47(12):2463-2474.
[28] Prokopieva V. D., Yarygina E. G., Bokhan N. A., et al.Use of Carnosine for Oxidative Stress Reduction in Different Pathologies[J]. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2016,(4):2939087.
[29] Kohen R., Yamamoto Y., Cundy K. C., et al. Antioxidant activity of carnosine, homocarnosine, and anserine present in muscle and brain[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1988, 85(9):3175-3179.
[30]庞坤,张安世.肌肽、丙氨酸和组氨酸抗氧化性的比较研究[J].生物资源,2011,33(4):33-35.
[31] Smith-Ryan A. E., Fukuda D. H., Stout J. R., et al. The influence ofβ-alanine supplementation on markers of exercise-induced oxidative stress[J]. Appl. Physiol. Nutr.Metab., 2014, 39(1):38-46.
[32] Smith A. E., Stout J. R., Kendall K. L., et al. Exerciseinduced oxidative stress:the effects ofβ-alanine supplementation in women[J]. Amino Acids, 2012, 43(l):77-90.
[33] Tsoi B., He R. R., Yang D. H., et al. Carnosine ameliorates stress-induced glucose metabolism disorder in restrained mice[J]. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences,2011, 117(4):223-229.
[34] Lee Y. T., Hsu C. C., Lin M. H., et al. Histidine and carnosine delay diabetic deterioration in mice and protect human low density lipoprotein against oxidation and glycation[J]. European Journal of Pharmacology, 2005, 513(1):145-150.
[35] Harris R. C., Marlin D. J., Dunnett M., et al. Muscle buffering capacity and dipeptide content in the thoroughbred horse, greyhound dog and man[J]. Comparative Biochemistry&Physiology A Comparative Physiology,1990,97(2):249-251.
[36] Culbertson J. Y.,Kreider R. B.,Mike G.,et al. Effects of beta-alanine on muscle camosine and exercise performance:a review of the current literature[J]. Nutrients,2010, 2(1):75-98.
[37] Stautemas J., Everaert I., Lefevere F. B. D., et al. Pharmacokinetics ofβ-Alanine Using Different Dosing Strategies[J]. Frontiers in Nutrition, 2018, 5:70.
[38] Stellingwerff T., Egger A.,Buehler T., et al. Effect of twoβ-alanine dosing protocols on muscle carnosine synthesis and washout[J]. Amino Acids, 2012, 42(6):2461-2472.
[39] Nassis G. P., Sporer B., Stathis C. G.β-alanine efficacy for sports performance improvement:from science to practice[J]. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2016, 51(8):626-627.
[40] Trexler E. T., Smith-Ryan A. E., Stout J. R., et al. International society of sports nutrition position stand:Beta-Alanine[J]. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2015, 12(1):30.
[41] Jacques D., Maurice B., Jacques V., et al. Effect of slowreleaseβ-alanine tablets on absorption kinetics and paresthesia[J]. Amino Acids, 2013, 45(4):1015.
[42] Decombaz J., Beaumont M., Vuichoud J., et al. Effect of slow-releaseβ-alanine tablets on absorption kinetics and paresthesia[J]. Amino Acids, 2012,43(1):67-76.
[43] Horvath D. M., Murphy R. M., Mollica J. P., et al. The effect of taurine andβ-alanine supplementation on taurine transporter protein and fatigue resistance in skeletal muscle from mdx mice[J]. Amino Acids, 2016, 48(11):2635-2645.
[44] Kim H. J. Comparison of the carnosine and taurine contents of vastus lateralis of elderly Korean males, with impaired glucose tolerance, and young elite Korean swimmers[J]. Amino Acids, 2009,36(2):359-363.
[45] Cuisinier C., Welle J. M. D., Verbeeck R. K., et al. Role of taurine in osmoregulation during endurance exercise[J]. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2002, 87(6):489-495.
[46] Giannini A. G., Gualano B., Smith A., et al. The Role ofβ-alanine Supplementation on Muscle Carnosine and Exercise Performance[J]. Medicine&Science in Sports&Exercise, 2010:1162-1173.
[47] Parildar-Karpuzoglu H., Dogru-Abbasoglu S., Balkan J.,et al. Decreases in taurine levels induced byβ-alanine treatment did not affect the susceptibility of tissues to lipid peroxidation[J]. Amino Acids, 2007, 32(1):115-119.