高校服务乡村振兴的知识溢出实现路径与政策建议
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摘要
乡村振兴战略亟需农村人才、科学技术、社会服务等方面的深化改革,其中人才是知识的载体,"知识"是农村建设和发展的核心要素;高校作为知识的生产者和创新者,服务于农村建设和发展是时代赋予的光荣使命。基于三螺旋理论和乡村振兴战略背景,从知识溢出视角出发,以江苏省农村经济组织和基层政府为研究对象,分析高校在服务乡村振兴战略过程中的知识溢出,探讨知识溢出的主体、动机、过程和实现路径。结果表明,高校服务乡村振兴的知识溢出是动态循环的过程,包含了显性知识和隐性知识两种方式,知识的需求与匹配程度决定了三螺旋演化路径;高校服务乡村振兴的知识溢出绩效受知识源因素、农村行政组织和农村经济组织的吸收能力以及高校与农村之间溢出途径等相关因素的影响。研究表明,加强面向乡村振兴的高校人力资本流动、助力乡村振兴的官产学合作、促进高校与农村组织的知识交流和人才共享等三条路径可以保障高校服务乡村振兴的知识溢出效率,优化当前政策机制。因此,建议在知识源层面,注重提高知识的供需匹配度;在知识接收方层面,努力培养高素质的新型职业农民;在溢出环境方面,构建合作平台与制度环境。
Rural revitalization strategy needs further reforms of rural talents, science and technology, and social services urgently. Among these, talents are the carrier of knowledge, while knowledge is the core factor of rural revitalization. As the producer and innovator of knowledge, colleges serve the rural construction and development is the glorious mission entrusted by the times. Based on the triple helix theory and the background of rural revitalization strategy, this paper takes Jiangsu rural economic organizations and grass-roots governments as the research object, and analyzes the knowledge spillover in the process of serving rural revitalization strategy in colleges, explores the subject,motivation, process and realization path of knowledge spillover from the perspective of knowledge spillover. The results show that knowledge spillover from colleges to rural revitalization is a dynamic process, which includes explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge, the demand and matching degree of knowledge determine the three-helix evolution path. The knowledge spillover performance of colleges in serving rural revitalization was influenced by factors such as knowledge sources, absorptive capacity of rural administrative organizations and rural economic organizations, and spillover channels between colleges and rural areas. The research shows that the three paths of promoting the flow of human capital in colleges facing rural revitalization, the cooperation of Government-Industry-College, the knowledge exchange between colleges and rural organizations and the sharing of talents can guarantee the knowledge spillover efficiency of colleges serving rural revitalization and optimize the current policy mechanism. Therefore, it is suggested that at the level of knowledge sources, attention should be paid to improving the matching degree between supply and demand of knowledge; at the level of knowledge receivers, efforts should be made to train high-quality new-type professional farmers; and at the aspect of spillover environment, cooperative platforms and institutional environment should be constructed.
Rural revitalization strategy needs further reforms of rural talents, science and technology, and social services urgently. Among these, talents are the carrier of knowledge, while knowledge is the core factor of rural revitalization. As the producer and innovator of knowledge, colleges serve the rural construction and development is the glorious mission entrusted by the times. Based on the triple helix theory and the background of rural revitalization strategy, this paper takes Jiangsu rural economic organizations and grass-roots governments as the research object, and analyzes the knowledge spillover in the process of serving rural revitalization strategy in colleges, explores the subject,motivation, process and realization path of knowledge spillover from the perspective of knowledge spillover. The results show that knowledge spillover from colleges to rural revitalization is a dynamic process, which includes explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge, the demand and matching degree of knowledge determine the three-helix evolution path. The knowledge spillover performance of colleges in serving rural revitalization was influenced by factors such as knowledge sources, absorptive capacity of rural administrative organizations and rural economic organizations, and spillover channels between colleges and rural areas. The research shows that the three paths of promoting the flow of human capital in colleges facing rural revitalization, the cooperation of Government-Industry-College, the knowledge exchange between colleges and rural organizations and the sharing of talents can guarantee the knowledge spillover efficiency of colleges serving rural revitalization and optimize the current policy mechanism. Therefore, it is suggested that at the level of knowledge sources, attention should be paid to improving the matching degree between supply and demand of knowledge; at the level of knowledge receivers, efforts should be made to train high-quality new-type professional farmers; and at the aspect of spillover environment, cooperative platforms and institutional environment should be constructed.
引文
[1]马义华,曾洪萍.推进乡村振兴的科学内涵和战略重点[J].农村经济,2018(6):17-22.Ma Y H,Zeng H P.Scientific connotation and strategic key points of promoting rural revitalization[J].Rural Economy,2018(6):17-22.
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[3]郑万军,王文彬.基于人力资本视角的农村人口空心化治理[J].农村经济,2015(12):100-104.Zheng W J,Wang W B.Governance of rural population hollowing-out based on human capital perspective[J].Rural Economy,2015(12):100-104.
[4]王轶,熊文.返乡创业:实施乡村振兴战略的重要抓手[J].中国高校社会科学,2018(6):39-47,156-157.Wang Y,Xiong W.Returning home business:An important starting point for implementing the rural vitalization strategy[J].Social Sciences in Chinese Higher Education Institutions,2018(6):39-47,156-157.
[5]孙运宏,宋林飞.新型农业经营主体发展与乡村治理创新[J].南京社会科学,2016(12):65-70.Sun Y H,Song L F.The innovation of rural governance under the development of the new agricultural management main body[J].Nanjing Journal of Social Sciences,2016(12):65-70.
[6]张燕,卢东宁.乡村振兴视域下新型职业农民培育方向与路径研究[J].农业现代化研究,2018,39(4):52-58.Zhang Y,Lu D N.The direction and path of cultivating newtype professional farmers in rural revitalization[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,2018,39(4):52-58.
[7]陈秧分,王国刚,孙炜琳.乡村振兴战略中的农业地位与农业发展[J].农业经济问题,2018(1):20-25.Chen Y F,Wang G G,Sun W L.Agricultural status and agricultural development in the rural revitalization strategy[J].Issues in Agricultural Economy,2018(1):20-25.
[8]王燕,刘晗,赵连明.乡村振兴战略下西部地区农业科技协同创新模式选择与实现路径[J].管理世界,2018(6):12-15.Wang Y,Liu H,Zhao L M.Selection and realization path of agricultural science and technology collaborative innovation mode in western region under rural revitalization strategy[J].Management World,2018(6):12-15.
[9]郝华勇.特色产业引领农村一二三产业融合发展--以湖北恩施州硒产业为例[J].江淮论坛,2018(4):21-26.Hao H Y.Characteristic industries lead integration development of rural one,two and three industries-A case study of Selenium industry in Enshi,Hubei Province[J].Jianghuai Tribune,2018(4):21-26.
[10]陈相云.社会工作与乡村振兴:实践困境、价值亲和与专业突围[J].理论月刊,2018(4):12-16.Chen X Y.Social work and rural revitalization:Practical dilemma,value affinity and professional breakthrough[J].Theory Monthly,2018(4):12-16.
[11]Atchoarena D,Holmes K.The role of agricultural colleges and universities in rural development and lifelong learning in Asia[J].Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development,2005,2(2):15-24.
[12]Bonan J,Pagani L.Junior Farmer Field Schools,Agricultural Knowledge and Spillover Effects:Quasi-experimental Evidence from Northern Uganda[M].Social Science Electronic Publishing,2016.
[13]解涛.高校对农村知识溢出机理及溢出绩效研究[D].江苏大学,2016.Xie T.Research on the Mechanism and Performance of Knowledge Spillover from Colleges and Universities to Rural Areas[D].Jiangsu University,2016.
[14]刘满凤,唐厚兴.组织间知识溢出吸收模型与仿真研究[J].科研管理,2011,32(9):74-82.Liu M F,Tang H X.The model and simulation for absorption of knowledge spillovers among organizations[J].Science Research Management,2011,32(9):74-82.
[15]曹勇,蒋振宇,孙合林.创新开放度对新兴企业知识溢出效应的影响研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2015,36(1):151-160.Cao Y,Jiang Z Y,Sun H L.Study on the impact mechanism of innovation openness on knowledge spillovers in emerging enterprises[J].Science of Science and Management of S.&T.,2015,36(1):151-160.
[16]Silajdzic S,Mehic E.Knowledge spillovers,absorptive capacities and the impact of FDI on economic growth:Empirical evidence from transition economies[J].Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,2015,195(3):614-623.
[17]傅利平,涂俊.技术转移视角下大学对企业技术创新的空间知识溢出效应研究[J].研究与发展管理,2015,27(2):56-64.Fu L P,Tu J.Spatial spillover effect of university knowledge on enterprise technology innovation from the technology transfer perspective[J].Research and Development Management,2015,27(2):56-64.
[18]罗瑾琏,门成昊,钟竞,等.高校知识溢出对周边企业创新绩效的影响机制研究--基于地理邻近性的调节作用[J].科技进步与对策,2014,31(10):138-142.Luo J L,Men C H,Zhong J,et al.Research on the influence mechanism of knowledge spillover on innovation performance of surrounding enterprises-Based on geographical proximity[J].Science&Technology Progress and Policy,2014,31(10):138-142.
[19]解涛,肖璐.高校知识溢出与农村知识化:基于扎根理论的分析框架[J].科技进步与对策,2015(14):127-131.Xie T,Xiao L.Knowledge spillover mechanisms during the course of universities serving the new rural construction based on grounded theory[J].Science&Technology Progress and Policy,2015(14):127-131.
[20]陈宇,肖璐.距离对“高校-农村”知识溢出效应的影响研究[J].科学学研究,2017,35(5):763-770.Chen Y,Xiao L.Research on the influences of distance to“university-countryside”knowledge spillover effects[J].Studies in Science of Science,2017,35(5):763-770.
[21]孙科,郭明顺,张艳,等.农业高校服务农村一二三产业融合发展的路径研究[J].高等农业教育,2017(6):16-19.Sun K,Guo M S,Zhang Y,et al.Study on the path of amalgamated development of primary and secondary industries in agricultural colleges and universities serving rural areas[J].Higher Agricultural Education,2017(6):16-19.
[22]Etzkowitz H,Leydesdorff L.The triple helix:UniversityIndustry-Government relations:A laboratory for knowledge based economic development[J].Easst Review,1995,14(1):11-19.
[23]Etzkowitz H,Leydesdorff L.Introduction to special issue on science policy dimensions of the triple helix of universityindustry-government relations[J].Science&Public Policy,1997,24(2):2-5.
[24]Leydesdorff L.The scientometrics of a triple helix of UniversityIndustry-Government relations[J].Scientometrics,2007,70(2):207-222.
[25]庄涛,吴洪.基于专利数据的我国官产学研三螺旋测度研究--兼论政府在产学研合作中的作用[J].管理世界,2013(8):175-176.Zhuang T,Wu H.Research on the triple helix measurement of Government-Industry-University-Research in China based on patent data-The role of government in Industry-UniversityResearch cooperation[J].Management World,2013(8):175-176.
[26]吴卫红,陈高翔,张爱美.“政产学研用资”多元主体协同创新三螺旋模式及机理[J].中国科技论坛,2018,265(5):7-16.Wu W H,Chen G X,Zhang A M.Three triple helix model and mechanism of Government-Industry-University-ResearchUser-Capital synergetic innovation[J].Forum on Science and Technology in China,2018,265(5):7-16.
[27]高鹏斌,任之光,吴伟伟.国家自然科学基金对创新领域的资助项目统计与热点分析[J].中国科学基金,2017(2):82-90.Gao P B,Ren Z G,Wu W W.Statistics on the projects of national natural science foundation in innovation field and analysis on the research hotspots[J].Bulletin of National Natural Science Foundation of China,2017(2):82-90.
[28]周立群,曹利群.农村经济组织形态的演变与创新--山东省莱阳市农业产业化调查报告[J].经济研究,2001(1):69-75.Zhou L Q,Cao L Q.The evolution of the formation of rural economic organization and its innovation:A survey report on agricultural industrialization in Laiyang,Shandong Province[J].Economic Research Journal,2001(1):69-75.
[29]刘伟江,丁一,杨雪.少数民族地区农村劳动力流动及其影响因素研究[J].人口学刊,2015,37(2):102-112.Liu W J,Ding Y,Yang X.The determinants of rural labor migration in minority regions[J].Population Journal,2015,37(2):102-112.
[30]赖德胜,陈建伟.人力资本与乡村振兴[J].中国高校社会科学,2018(6):23-30,156.Lai D S,Chen J W.Human capital and rural revitalization[J].Social Sciences in Chinese Higher Education Institutions,2018(6):23-30,156.
[2]曾福生,蔡保忠.以产业兴旺促湖南乡村振兴战略的实现[J].农业现代化研究,2018,39(2):179-184.Zeng F S,Cai B Z.Realizing the rural vitalization strategy of Hunan by promoting rural industrialization[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,2018,39(2):179-184.
[3]郑万军,王文彬.基于人力资本视角的农村人口空心化治理[J].农村经济,2015(12):100-104.Zheng W J,Wang W B.Governance of rural population hollowing-out based on human capital perspective[J].Rural Economy,2015(12):100-104.
[4]王轶,熊文.返乡创业:实施乡村振兴战略的重要抓手[J].中国高校社会科学,2018(6):39-47,156-157.Wang Y,Xiong W.Returning home business:An important starting point for implementing the rural vitalization strategy[J].Social Sciences in Chinese Higher Education Institutions,2018(6):39-47,156-157.
[5]孙运宏,宋林飞.新型农业经营主体发展与乡村治理创新[J].南京社会科学,2016(12):65-70.Sun Y H,Song L F.The innovation of rural governance under the development of the new agricultural management main body[J].Nanjing Journal of Social Sciences,2016(12):65-70.
[6]张燕,卢东宁.乡村振兴视域下新型职业农民培育方向与路径研究[J].农业现代化研究,2018,39(4):52-58.Zhang Y,Lu D N.The direction and path of cultivating newtype professional farmers in rural revitalization[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,2018,39(4):52-58.
[7]陈秧分,王国刚,孙炜琳.乡村振兴战略中的农业地位与农业发展[J].农业经济问题,2018(1):20-25.Chen Y F,Wang G G,Sun W L.Agricultural status and agricultural development in the rural revitalization strategy[J].Issues in Agricultural Economy,2018(1):20-25.
[8]王燕,刘晗,赵连明.乡村振兴战略下西部地区农业科技协同创新模式选择与实现路径[J].管理世界,2018(6):12-15.Wang Y,Liu H,Zhao L M.Selection and realization path of agricultural science and technology collaborative innovation mode in western region under rural revitalization strategy[J].Management World,2018(6):12-15.
[9]郝华勇.特色产业引领农村一二三产业融合发展--以湖北恩施州硒产业为例[J].江淮论坛,2018(4):21-26.Hao H Y.Characteristic industries lead integration development of rural one,two and three industries-A case study of Selenium industry in Enshi,Hubei Province[J].Jianghuai Tribune,2018(4):21-26.
[10]陈相云.社会工作与乡村振兴:实践困境、价值亲和与专业突围[J].理论月刊,2018(4):12-16.Chen X Y.Social work and rural revitalization:Practical dilemma,value affinity and professional breakthrough[J].Theory Monthly,2018(4):12-16.
[11]Atchoarena D,Holmes K.The role of agricultural colleges and universities in rural development and lifelong learning in Asia[J].Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development,2005,2(2):15-24.
[12]Bonan J,Pagani L.Junior Farmer Field Schools,Agricultural Knowledge and Spillover Effects:Quasi-experimental Evidence from Northern Uganda[M].Social Science Electronic Publishing,2016.
[13]解涛.高校对农村知识溢出机理及溢出绩效研究[D].江苏大学,2016.Xie T.Research on the Mechanism and Performance of Knowledge Spillover from Colleges and Universities to Rural Areas[D].Jiangsu University,2016.
[14]刘满凤,唐厚兴.组织间知识溢出吸收模型与仿真研究[J].科研管理,2011,32(9):74-82.Liu M F,Tang H X.The model and simulation for absorption of knowledge spillovers among organizations[J].Science Research Management,2011,32(9):74-82.
[15]曹勇,蒋振宇,孙合林.创新开放度对新兴企业知识溢出效应的影响研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2015,36(1):151-160.Cao Y,Jiang Z Y,Sun H L.Study on the impact mechanism of innovation openness on knowledge spillovers in emerging enterprises[J].Science of Science and Management of S.&T.,2015,36(1):151-160.
[16]Silajdzic S,Mehic E.Knowledge spillovers,absorptive capacities and the impact of FDI on economic growth:Empirical evidence from transition economies[J].Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,2015,195(3):614-623.
[17]傅利平,涂俊.技术转移视角下大学对企业技术创新的空间知识溢出效应研究[J].研究与发展管理,2015,27(2):56-64.Fu L P,Tu J.Spatial spillover effect of university knowledge on enterprise technology innovation from the technology transfer perspective[J].Research and Development Management,2015,27(2):56-64.
[18]罗瑾琏,门成昊,钟竞,等.高校知识溢出对周边企业创新绩效的影响机制研究--基于地理邻近性的调节作用[J].科技进步与对策,2014,31(10):138-142.Luo J L,Men C H,Zhong J,et al.Research on the influence mechanism of knowledge spillover on innovation performance of surrounding enterprises-Based on geographical proximity[J].Science&Technology Progress and Policy,2014,31(10):138-142.
[19]解涛,肖璐.高校知识溢出与农村知识化:基于扎根理论的分析框架[J].科技进步与对策,2015(14):127-131.Xie T,Xiao L.Knowledge spillover mechanisms during the course of universities serving the new rural construction based on grounded theory[J].Science&Technology Progress and Policy,2015(14):127-131.
[20]陈宇,肖璐.距离对“高校-农村”知识溢出效应的影响研究[J].科学学研究,2017,35(5):763-770.Chen Y,Xiao L.Research on the influences of distance to“university-countryside”knowledge spillover effects[J].Studies in Science of Science,2017,35(5):763-770.
[21]孙科,郭明顺,张艳,等.农业高校服务农村一二三产业融合发展的路径研究[J].高等农业教育,2017(6):16-19.Sun K,Guo M S,Zhang Y,et al.Study on the path of amalgamated development of primary and secondary industries in agricultural colleges and universities serving rural areas[J].Higher Agricultural Education,2017(6):16-19.
[22]Etzkowitz H,Leydesdorff L.The triple helix:UniversityIndustry-Government relations:A laboratory for knowledge based economic development[J].Easst Review,1995,14(1):11-19.
[23]Etzkowitz H,Leydesdorff L.Introduction to special issue on science policy dimensions of the triple helix of universityindustry-government relations[J].Science&Public Policy,1997,24(2):2-5.
[24]Leydesdorff L.The scientometrics of a triple helix of UniversityIndustry-Government relations[J].Scientometrics,2007,70(2):207-222.
[25]庄涛,吴洪.基于专利数据的我国官产学研三螺旋测度研究--兼论政府在产学研合作中的作用[J].管理世界,2013(8):175-176.Zhuang T,Wu H.Research on the triple helix measurement of Government-Industry-University-Research in China based on patent data-The role of government in Industry-UniversityResearch cooperation[J].Management World,2013(8):175-176.
[26]吴卫红,陈高翔,张爱美.“政产学研用资”多元主体协同创新三螺旋模式及机理[J].中国科技论坛,2018,265(5):7-16.Wu W H,Chen G X,Zhang A M.Three triple helix model and mechanism of Government-Industry-University-ResearchUser-Capital synergetic innovation[J].Forum on Science and Technology in China,2018,265(5):7-16.
[27]高鹏斌,任之光,吴伟伟.国家自然科学基金对创新领域的资助项目统计与热点分析[J].中国科学基金,2017(2):82-90.Gao P B,Ren Z G,Wu W W.Statistics on the projects of national natural science foundation in innovation field and analysis on the research hotspots[J].Bulletin of National Natural Science Foundation of China,2017(2):82-90.
[28]周立群,曹利群.农村经济组织形态的演变与创新--山东省莱阳市农业产业化调查报告[J].经济研究,2001(1):69-75.Zhou L Q,Cao L Q.The evolution of the formation of rural economic organization and its innovation:A survey report on agricultural industrialization in Laiyang,Shandong Province[J].Economic Research Journal,2001(1):69-75.
[29]刘伟江,丁一,杨雪.少数民族地区农村劳动力流动及其影响因素研究[J].人口学刊,2015,37(2):102-112.Liu W J,Ding Y,Yang X.The determinants of rural labor migration in minority regions[J].Population Journal,2015,37(2):102-112.
[30]赖德胜,陈建伟.人力资本与乡村振兴[J].中国高校社会科学,2018(6):23-30,156.Lai D S,Chen J W.Human capital and rural revitalization[J].Social Sciences in Chinese Higher Education Institutions,2018(6):23-30,156.
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