莎士比亚诗歌翻译中的文化取向——屠岸和辜正坤比较研究
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摘要
译者主体性决定译者文化取向,进而影响译者的翻译策略、译作的语言表达。我们研读莎士比亚十四行诗第12首及屠岸和辜正坤的汉译本(含修订本),受益颇多。研究发现,译者所处时代影响翻译策略选择,译者文化背景影响译作语言使用,文化能力增强推动重译质量提升。文化取向影响了翻译心理和翻译过程。文化又因翻译而得到交流与传播、传承和创新。
Translators' subjectivity determines their cultural orientations and influences the strategies and expressions. We have learned a lot from the study of Shakespeare's Sonnet 12 and Tu An's and Gu Zhengkun's Chinese translations(including revised editions). The findings show that historical and political environment influences translation strategies, translator's cultural background has an impact on translators' use of language in translation. Improvement of translator's cultural competence leads to better retranslations. Cultural orientation influences translator's mind and process. At the same time, the culture is also inherited, innovated, exchanged,and developed due to translation.
Translators' subjectivity determines their cultural orientations and influences the strategies and expressions. We have learned a lot from the study of Shakespeare's Sonnet 12 and Tu An's and Gu Zhengkun's Chinese translations(including revised editions). The findings show that historical and political environment influences translation strategies, translator's cultural background has an impact on translators' use of language in translation. Improvement of translator's cultural competence leads to better retranslations. Cultural orientation influences translator's mind and process. At the same time, the culture is also inherited, innovated, exchanged,and developed due to translation.
引文
丁振琴:英诗汉译的原则、策略及其他 —— 诗人翻译家屠岸访谈录。《中国翻译》3(2017):57-59。[Ding, Zhenqin. “Principles, Strategies and Others of Translating English Poetry into Chinese: An interview with Mr. Tu An a poet and translator.” Chinese Translators Journal 3 (2017): 57-59.]
辜正坤:《中西诗比较鉴赏与翻译理论(第二版)》。北京:清华大学出版社,2010。[Gu, Zhengkun. China and West: Comparative Poetics and Translatology (2nd Edition). Beijing: Tsinghua UP, 2010.]
李正栓:忠实对等:汉诗英译的一条重要原则。《外语与外语教学》8(2004):39。[Li, Zhengshuan. “Faithful Equivalence: an Important Principle on Translation of Chinese Poems into English.” Foreign Languages and Their Teaching 8 (2004): 39.]
刘昊:辜正坤教授访谈录。《北京大学研究生学志》2-3(2003):4。[Liu, Hao. “An Interview with Professor Gu Zhengkun.” Graduate Students’ Journal of Peking University 2-3 (2003): 4.]
马萧:文学翻译的接受美学观。《中国翻译》2(2000):47。[Ma, Xiao. “On Literary Translation from the Perspective of Reception Aesthetics.” Chinese Translators Journal 2 (2000): 47.]
孟凡君:中西学术汇通背景下的翻译理论研究 —— 辜正坤先生译学研究理路略论。《外语与外语教学》10(2005):49。[Meng, Fanjun. “A Study of Translation Theory on the Basis of Integration of Chinese and Western Academics: A Brief Discussion on Gu Zhengkun’s Theory of Translation Studies.” Foreign Languages and Their Teaching 10 (2005): 49.]
莎士比亚:《莎士比亚十四行诗集》。屠岸译。上海:文化工作社,1950。[Shakespeare. Shakespeare’s Sonnets. Trans. Tu An. Shanghai: The Culture Work Press, 1950.]
——:《十四行诗集》。屠岸译。上海:上海译文出版社,1981。[---. The Sonnets. Trans. Tu An. Shanghai: Shanghai Translation Publishing House, 1981.]
——:《莎士比亚十四行诗集》。辜正坤译。北京:北京大学出版社,1998。[---. Shakespeare’s Sonnets. Trans. Gu Zhengkun. Beijing: Peking UP, 1998.]
——:《莎士比亚十四行诗:英汉对照》。辜正坤译。北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2007。[---. Shakespeare’s Sonnets (In English and Chinese). Trans. Gu Zhengkun. Beijing: China Translation and Publishing Corporation, 2007.]
——:《莎士比亚十四行诗:英汉对照》。屠岸译。北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2012。[---. The Sonnets of William Shakespeare. Trans. Tu An. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2012.]
威廉 · 莎士比亚:《莎士比亚十四行诗:中英对照本》。辜正坤译。北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2017。[Shakespeare, William. Shakespeare’s Sonnets (in English and Chinese). Trans. Gu Zhengkun. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2017.]
申玉革:莎士比亚十四行诗在中国的译介史研究。《外国语文》4(2018):122。[Shen, Yuge. “Academic History of Translation and Introduction of Shakespeare’s Sonnets in China.” Foreign Language and Literature 4 (2018): 122.]
屠岸:我译《莎士比亚十四行诗集》的缘起及方法。《中国翻译》5(1989):7。[Tu, An. “The Reasons for and Methods of My Translation of Shakespeare’s Sonnets.” Chinese Translators Journal 5 (1989): 7.]
——:《深秋有如初春:屠岸诗选》。北京:人民文学出版社,2003。[---. Late Autumn Is Like Early Spring: Selected Poems by Tu An. Beijing: People’s Literature Publishing House, 2003.]
Venuti, L. “Strategies of translation.” In Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. Eds. Baker M. andMlmkj?r. London and New York: Routledge, 2001: 240.
王宁:翻译与文化的重新定位。《中国翻译》2(2013):5。[Wang, Ning. “Translation and the Relocation of Cultures.” Chinese Translators Journal 2 (2013): 5.]
谢桂霞:莎士比亚十四行诗全集重译研究 —— 重译主体、方法、频率。《东方翻译》3(2018):27。[Xie, Guixia. “On the Retranslation of Shakespeare’s Sonnets: Translators, Methods and Frequency.” East Journal of Translation 3 (2018): 27.]
许渊冲:谈重译 —— 兼评许钧。《外语与外语教学》(大连外国语学院学报)6(1996):56。[Xu, Yuanchong. “On Retranslation—Concurrently a Comment on Xu Jun.” Foreign Languages and Their Teaching 6 (1996): 56.]
辜正坤:《中西诗比较鉴赏与翻译理论(第二版)》。北京:清华大学出版社,2010。[Gu, Zhengkun. China and West: Comparative Poetics and Translatology (2nd Edition). Beijing: Tsinghua UP, 2010.]
李正栓:忠实对等:汉诗英译的一条重要原则。《外语与外语教学》8(2004):39。[Li, Zhengshuan. “Faithful Equivalence: an Important Principle on Translation of Chinese Poems into English.” Foreign Languages and Their Teaching 8 (2004): 39.]
刘昊:辜正坤教授访谈录。《北京大学研究生学志》2-3(2003):4。[Liu, Hao. “An Interview with Professor Gu Zhengkun.” Graduate Students’ Journal of Peking University 2-3 (2003): 4.]
马萧:文学翻译的接受美学观。《中国翻译》2(2000):47。[Ma, Xiao. “On Literary Translation from the Perspective of Reception Aesthetics.” Chinese Translators Journal 2 (2000): 47.]
孟凡君:中西学术汇通背景下的翻译理论研究 —— 辜正坤先生译学研究理路略论。《外语与外语教学》10(2005):49。[Meng, Fanjun. “A Study of Translation Theory on the Basis of Integration of Chinese and Western Academics: A Brief Discussion on Gu Zhengkun’s Theory of Translation Studies.” Foreign Languages and Their Teaching 10 (2005): 49.]
莎士比亚:《莎士比亚十四行诗集》。屠岸译。上海:文化工作社,1950。[Shakespeare. Shakespeare’s Sonnets. Trans. Tu An. Shanghai: The Culture Work Press, 1950.]
——:《十四行诗集》。屠岸译。上海:上海译文出版社,1981。[---. The Sonnets. Trans. Tu An. Shanghai: Shanghai Translation Publishing House, 1981.]
——:《莎士比亚十四行诗集》。辜正坤译。北京:北京大学出版社,1998。[---. Shakespeare’s Sonnets. Trans. Gu Zhengkun. Beijing: Peking UP, 1998.]
——:《莎士比亚十四行诗:英汉对照》。辜正坤译。北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2007。[---. Shakespeare’s Sonnets (In English and Chinese). Trans. Gu Zhengkun. Beijing: China Translation and Publishing Corporation, 2007.]
——:《莎士比亚十四行诗:英汉对照》。屠岸译。北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2012。[---. The Sonnets of William Shakespeare. Trans. Tu An. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2012.]
威廉 · 莎士比亚:《莎士比亚十四行诗:中英对照本》。辜正坤译。北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2017。[Shakespeare, William. Shakespeare’s Sonnets (in English and Chinese). Trans. Gu Zhengkun. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2017.]
申玉革:莎士比亚十四行诗在中国的译介史研究。《外国语文》4(2018):122。[Shen, Yuge. “Academic History of Translation and Introduction of Shakespeare’s Sonnets in China.” Foreign Language and Literature 4 (2018): 122.]
屠岸:我译《莎士比亚十四行诗集》的缘起及方法。《中国翻译》5(1989):7。[Tu, An. “The Reasons for and Methods of My Translation of Shakespeare’s Sonnets.” Chinese Translators Journal 5 (1989): 7.]
——:《深秋有如初春:屠岸诗选》。北京:人民文学出版社,2003。[---. Late Autumn Is Like Early Spring: Selected Poems by Tu An. Beijing: People’s Literature Publishing House, 2003.]
Venuti, L. “Strategies of translation.” In Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. Eds. Baker M. andMlmkj?r. London and New York: Routledge, 2001: 240.
王宁:翻译与文化的重新定位。《中国翻译》2(2013):5。[Wang, Ning. “Translation and the Relocation of Cultures.” Chinese Translators Journal 2 (2013): 5.]
谢桂霞:莎士比亚十四行诗全集重译研究 —— 重译主体、方法、频率。《东方翻译》3(2018):27。[Xie, Guixia. “On the Retranslation of Shakespeare’s Sonnets: Translators, Methods and Frequency.” East Journal of Translation 3 (2018): 27.]
许渊冲:谈重译 —— 兼评许钧。《外语与外语教学》(大连外国语学院学报)6(1996):56。[Xu, Yuanchong. “On Retranslation—Concurrently a Comment on Xu Jun.” Foreign Languages and Their Teaching 6 (1996): 56.]