互联网能成为中国区域创新效率提升的新动能吗
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摘要
党的十九大报告指出,创新是引领发展的第一动力,是建设现代化经济体系的战略支撑。目前,互联网已然成为推动中国社会经济创新驱动发展的强劲引擎,对区域创新效率的影响也日益引起关注,但较为系统的研究却不多见。本文首次把互联网纳入区域创新效率提升的分析框架,基于互联网普及、互联网基础设施、互联网信息资源、互联网商务应用和互联网发展环境五个维度构建了省际互联网综合发展水平指数,并利用省级面板数据就互联网这一重要的宏观新因素对区域创新效率的影响机制、效应和差异进行了稳健的实证检验。结果发现,互联网的快速发展显著推动了中国区域创新效率水平提升,完全可以成为新时代下国家提升区域创新效率的新动能,这一结论在进行一系列稳健性检验后仍然成立;互联网不仅能直接促进区域创新效率,还可通过加速人力资本积累、金融发展和产业升级间接对区域创新效率产生积极影响,但直接效应远超间接效应;互联网对区域创新效率的促进作用呈现显著的"边际效应"递增的非线性特征,表明互联网"网络效应"和"梅特卡夫法则"的"双重威力"在区域创新系统中共同显现,且在充分考虑人力资本、金融发展和产业升级的调节下,区域创新系统中互联网的动态溢出效果会进一步得到强化;中、西部区域创新系统将从互联网发展中获益更多,互联网在基础研究领域的创新溢出红利将高于应用研究。本文的研究表明,互联网发展不仅可以驱动区域创新效率,而且通过合理引导和利用,还有助于缩小地区间的创新差距以及激发和强化原始创新溢出。这为国家发挥"互联网+"战略和创新驱动发展战略的"合力效应"、打好"战略组合拳"提供了重要启示。
The report of the Nineteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out that,innovation is the first driving force of development,and the strategic support for building modern economic system.At present,the internet has become a powerful engine to promote China's social-economic innovation development,and its impact on regional innovation efficiency is increasingly noticeable,however,the relatively systematic research is rare.The paper,for the first time,incorporated the internet into the analytical framework of improving regional innovation efficiency,based on the five dimensions of internet popularization,internet infrastructure,internet information resources,internet business application and internet development environment,constructed an index of provincial internet comprehensive development level,and utilized China provincial panel data,made the robust empirical test of the internet impact on regional innovation efficiency,including the mechanisms and differences.The results reflect that,the development of the internet has significantly promoted the regional innovation efficiency,become new momentum for China accelerating the innovative country construction in the new era.This conclusion is still valid under a series of robustness tests.The internet not only can directly promote China's regional innovation efficiency,but also indirectly impact regional innovation efficiency by accelerating human capital accumulation,financial development and industrial upgrading,but the direct effect far exceeds the indirect effect;The internet impact of promoting regional innovation efficiency shows a significant non-linear characteristic of "marginal effect" increasing,which indicates the "dual power" of network effect and "Metcalfe's Law" appears in regional innovation system.Under the constraints of human capital,financial development and industrial upgrading,the dynamic spillover effect of the Internet in the regional innovation system will be further strengthened;The central and western regional innovation system could benefit more from the development of the internet,and the innovation spillover dividend of the internet in the basic research field is higher than in applied research fields.The results reflect that,the development of internet could not only drive regional innovation efficiency,but also narrow the innovation gap between regions and stimulate and strengthen the original spillover.This study provides an important inspiration for China enlarging the "strategic combination" of "Internet + " and innovation-driven development as well as the enhancement of the "combination effect".
The report of the Nineteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out that,innovation is the first driving force of development,and the strategic support for building modern economic system.At present,the internet has become a powerful engine to promote China's social-economic innovation development,and its impact on regional innovation efficiency is increasingly noticeable,however,the relatively systematic research is rare.The paper,for the first time,incorporated the internet into the analytical framework of improving regional innovation efficiency,based on the five dimensions of internet popularization,internet infrastructure,internet information resources,internet business application and internet development environment,constructed an index of provincial internet comprehensive development level,and utilized China provincial panel data,made the robust empirical test of the internet impact on regional innovation efficiency,including the mechanisms and differences.The results reflect that,the development of the internet has significantly promoted the regional innovation efficiency,become new momentum for China accelerating the innovative country construction in the new era.This conclusion is still valid under a series of robustness tests.The internet not only can directly promote China's regional innovation efficiency,but also indirectly impact regional innovation efficiency by accelerating human capital accumulation,financial development and industrial upgrading,but the direct effect far exceeds the indirect effect;The internet impact of promoting regional innovation efficiency shows a significant non-linear characteristic of "marginal effect" increasing,which indicates the "dual power" of network effect and "Metcalfe's Law" appears in regional innovation system.Under the constraints of human capital,financial development and industrial upgrading,the dynamic spillover effect of the Internet in the regional innovation system will be further strengthened;The central and western regional innovation system could benefit more from the development of the internet,and the innovation spillover dividend of the internet in the basic research field is higher than in applied research fields.The results reflect that,the development of internet could not only drive regional innovation efficiency,but also narrow the innovation gap between regions and stimulate and strengthen the original spillover.This study provides an important inspiration for China enlarging the "strategic combination" of "Internet + " and innovation-driven development as well as the enhancement of the "combination effect".
引文
[1]白俊红,蒋伏心.协同创新、空间关联与区域创新绩效[J].经济研究,2015,(7):174-187.
[2]程立茹.互联网经济下企业价值网络创新研究[J].中国工业经济,2013,(9):82-94.
[3]陈子凤,官建成,楼旭明,谢逢洁.ICT对国家创新系统的作用机理研究[J].管理评论,2016,(7):85-92.
[4]董祺.中国企业信息化创新之路有多远?---基于电子信息企业面板数据的实证研究[J].管理世界,2013,(7):123-129.
[5]郭家堂,骆品亮.互联网对中国全要素生产率有促进作用吗[J].管理世界,2016,(10):34-49.
[6]韩先锋,惠宁,宋文飞.信息化能提高中国工业部门技术创新效率吗[J].中国工业经济,2014,(12):70-82.
[7]李海舰,田跃新,李文杰.互联网思维与传统企业再造[J].中国工业经济,2014,(10):135-146.
[8]李珊珊,徐向艺.“互联网+”是否有效促进了小微企业创新[J].山东社会科学,2019,(2):149-154.
[9]林伯强,杜之利.中国城市车辆耗能与公共交通效率研究[J].经济研究,2018,(6):142-156.
[10]邱泽奇,张樹沁,刘世定,许英康.从数字鸿沟到红利差异---互联网资本的视角[J].中国社会科学,2016,(10):93-115.
[11]施炳展.互联网与国际贸易---基于双边双向网址链接数据的经验分析[J].经济研究,2016,(5):172-187.
[12]王春燕,张玉明.开放式创新下互联网应用对小微企业创新绩效的影响[J].东北大学学报(社会科学版),2018,(1):27-35.
[13]王可,李连燕.“互联网+”对中国制造业发展影响的实证研究[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2018,(6):3-20.
[14]王莉娜,张国平.信息技术、人力资本和创业企业技术创新---基于中国微观企业的实证研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2018,(4):111-122.
[15]杨德明,刘泳文.“互联网+”为什么加出了业绩[J].中国工业经济,2018,(5):80-98.
[16]余冬筠,金祥荣.创新主体的创新效率区域比较研究[J].科研管理,2014,(3):51-57.
[17]余泳泽,刘大勇.我国区域创新效率的空间外溢效应与价值链外溢效应---创新价值链视角下的多维空间面板模型研究[J].管理世界,2013,(7):6-20.
[18]张旭亮,史晋川,李仙德.互联网对中国区域创新的作用机理与效应[J].经济地理,2017,(12):129-137.
[19]赵振.“互联网+”跨界经营:创造性破坏视角[J].中国工业经济,2015,(10):146-160.
[20]Arthub,W.B.The Structure of Invention[J].Research Policy,2007,36(2):274-287.
[21]Audretsch,D.B.,D.Heger,and T.Veith.Infrastructure and Entrepreneurship[J].Small Business Economics,2015,44(2):219-230.
[22]Cui,T.,H.J.Ye,H.Teo,and J.Z.Li.Information Technology and Open Innovation[J].Information&Management,2015,52(3):348-358.
[23]Czernich,N.,T.Falck,and L.Woessmann.Broadband Infrastructure and Economic Growth[J].Economic Journal,2011,121(552):505-532.
[24]Forés,B.,and C.Camisón.Does Incremental and Radical Innovation Performance Depend on Different Types of Knowledge Accumulation Capabilities and Organizational Size[J].Journal of Business Research,2016,(2):831-848.
[25]Glavas,C.,and S.Mathews.How International Entrepreneurship Characteristics Influence Internet Capabilities for the International Business Processes of the Firm[J].International Business Review,2014,23(1):228-245.
[26]Guire,T.M.,J.Manyika,and M.Chui.Why Big Data is the New Competitive Advantage[J].Ivey Business Journal,2012,(7-8):1-13.
[27]Hansen,B.E.Threshold Effect in Non-Dynamic Panels:Estimation,Testing,and Inference[J].Journal of Econometrics,1999,93(2):345-368.
[28]Hsu,P.,X.Tian,and Y.Xu.Financial Development and Innovation:Cross-Country Evidence[J].Journal of Financial Economics,2014,112(1):16-135.
[29]Kafouros,M.The Impact of the Internet on R&D Efficiency:Theory and Evidence[J].Technovation,2006,26(7):827-835.
[30]Lin,F.Estimating the Effect of the Internet on International Trade[J].Journal of International Trade&Economic Development,2014,62(3):171-189.
[31]Lucchetti,R.,and G.Palomba.Nonlinear Adjustment in US Bond Yields:An Empirical Model with Conditional Heteroscedasticity[J].Economic Modelling,2009,26(3):659-667.
[32]Lyytinen,K.,Y.Yoo,and R.J.Boland.Digital Product Innovation within Four Classes of Innovation Networks[J].Information Systems Journal,2016,26(1):47-75.
[33]Mallick,H.Role of Technological Infrastructures in Exports:Evidence from a Cross-Country Analysis[J].International Review of Applied Economics,2014,28(5):669-694.
[34]Paunova,C.,and V.Rollob.Has the Internet Fostered Inclusive Innovation in the Developing World[J].World Development,2016,(78):587-609.
[35]Seyoum,M.,R.Wu,and L.Yang.Technology Spillovers from Chinese Outward Direct Investment:The Case of Ethiopia[J].China Economic Review,2015,(33):35-49.
[36]Varian,H.R.Computer Mediated Transactions[J].American Economic Review,2010,100(2):1-10.
(1)参见中华人民共和国国家互联网信息办公室网站(http://www.cac.gov.cn/2017-12/02/c_1122046169.htm)。
(2)据官方统计,中国2014年的网民规模已超美国、日本、意大利、德国、英国、法国等的总和。
(1)计算机网络先驱梅特卡夫指出,网络的价值与节点数的平方相等,表现出网络溢出的边际效应递增特征。
(1)细分指标的选择依据及测算结果分析见《中国工业经济》网站(http://www.ciejournal.org)附件。
(2)具体将居民受教育程度分为小学教育、初中教育、高中教育、大专及以上教育,分别用不同受教育程度人数占6岁以上人口的比重乘以对应的平均累计受教育年限(权重分别为6、9、12、16),再求和即可。
(3)较高的城市化水平为区域创新系统提供了合理的人力资本禀赋结构,提升了创新活动的交易效率,也更容易形成专业化和多样化的创新网络,进而驱动了知识和技术在区域内的扩散溢出。
(4)在中国这样的采用市场与政府双轨制资源配置模式的国家,区域创新系统运行离不开政府支持。
(5)传统知识产权理论认为,加强知识产权保护,有利于维护市场公平和促进技术竞争,从而提升创新效率。
(1)各变量描述性统计结果见《中国工业经济》网站(http://www.ciejournal.org)附件。
(1)控制变量的估计结果及分析见《中国工业经济》网站(http://www.ciejournal.org)附件。
(2)本文通过重叠模拟似然比检验统计量300次进行检验。
(3)门槛检验结果见《中国工业经济》网站(http://www.ciejournal.org)附件。
(1)具体结果见《中国工业经济》网站(http://www.ciejournal.org)附件。
(1)具体结果见《中国工业经济》网站(http://www.ciejournal.org)附件。
[2]程立茹.互联网经济下企业价值网络创新研究[J].中国工业经济,2013,(9):82-94.
[3]陈子凤,官建成,楼旭明,谢逢洁.ICT对国家创新系统的作用机理研究[J].管理评论,2016,(7):85-92.
[4]董祺.中国企业信息化创新之路有多远?---基于电子信息企业面板数据的实证研究[J].管理世界,2013,(7):123-129.
[5]郭家堂,骆品亮.互联网对中国全要素生产率有促进作用吗[J].管理世界,2016,(10):34-49.
[6]韩先锋,惠宁,宋文飞.信息化能提高中国工业部门技术创新效率吗[J].中国工业经济,2014,(12):70-82.
[7]李海舰,田跃新,李文杰.互联网思维与传统企业再造[J].中国工业经济,2014,(10):135-146.
[8]李珊珊,徐向艺.“互联网+”是否有效促进了小微企业创新[J].山东社会科学,2019,(2):149-154.
[9]林伯强,杜之利.中国城市车辆耗能与公共交通效率研究[J].经济研究,2018,(6):142-156.
[10]邱泽奇,张樹沁,刘世定,许英康.从数字鸿沟到红利差异---互联网资本的视角[J].中国社会科学,2016,(10):93-115.
[11]施炳展.互联网与国际贸易---基于双边双向网址链接数据的经验分析[J].经济研究,2016,(5):172-187.
[12]王春燕,张玉明.开放式创新下互联网应用对小微企业创新绩效的影响[J].东北大学学报(社会科学版),2018,(1):27-35.
[13]王可,李连燕.“互联网+”对中国制造业发展影响的实证研究[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2018,(6):3-20.
[14]王莉娜,张国平.信息技术、人力资本和创业企业技术创新---基于中国微观企业的实证研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2018,(4):111-122.
[15]杨德明,刘泳文.“互联网+”为什么加出了业绩[J].中国工业经济,2018,(5):80-98.
[16]余冬筠,金祥荣.创新主体的创新效率区域比较研究[J].科研管理,2014,(3):51-57.
[17]余泳泽,刘大勇.我国区域创新效率的空间外溢效应与价值链外溢效应---创新价值链视角下的多维空间面板模型研究[J].管理世界,2013,(7):6-20.
[18]张旭亮,史晋川,李仙德.互联网对中国区域创新的作用机理与效应[J].经济地理,2017,(12):129-137.
[19]赵振.“互联网+”跨界经营:创造性破坏视角[J].中国工业经济,2015,(10):146-160.
[20]Arthub,W.B.The Structure of Invention[J].Research Policy,2007,36(2):274-287.
[21]Audretsch,D.B.,D.Heger,and T.Veith.Infrastructure and Entrepreneurship[J].Small Business Economics,2015,44(2):219-230.
[22]Cui,T.,H.J.Ye,H.Teo,and J.Z.Li.Information Technology and Open Innovation[J].Information&Management,2015,52(3):348-358.
[23]Czernich,N.,T.Falck,and L.Woessmann.Broadband Infrastructure and Economic Growth[J].Economic Journal,2011,121(552):505-532.
[24]Forés,B.,and C.Camisón.Does Incremental and Radical Innovation Performance Depend on Different Types of Knowledge Accumulation Capabilities and Organizational Size[J].Journal of Business Research,2016,(2):831-848.
[25]Glavas,C.,and S.Mathews.How International Entrepreneurship Characteristics Influence Internet Capabilities for the International Business Processes of the Firm[J].International Business Review,2014,23(1):228-245.
[26]Guire,T.M.,J.Manyika,and M.Chui.Why Big Data is the New Competitive Advantage[J].Ivey Business Journal,2012,(7-8):1-13.
[27]Hansen,B.E.Threshold Effect in Non-Dynamic Panels:Estimation,Testing,and Inference[J].Journal of Econometrics,1999,93(2):345-368.
[28]Hsu,P.,X.Tian,and Y.Xu.Financial Development and Innovation:Cross-Country Evidence[J].Journal of Financial Economics,2014,112(1):16-135.
[29]Kafouros,M.The Impact of the Internet on R&D Efficiency:Theory and Evidence[J].Technovation,2006,26(7):827-835.
[30]Lin,F.Estimating the Effect of the Internet on International Trade[J].Journal of International Trade&Economic Development,2014,62(3):171-189.
[31]Lucchetti,R.,and G.Palomba.Nonlinear Adjustment in US Bond Yields:An Empirical Model with Conditional Heteroscedasticity[J].Economic Modelling,2009,26(3):659-667.
[32]Lyytinen,K.,Y.Yoo,and R.J.Boland.Digital Product Innovation within Four Classes of Innovation Networks[J].Information Systems Journal,2016,26(1):47-75.
[33]Mallick,H.Role of Technological Infrastructures in Exports:Evidence from a Cross-Country Analysis[J].International Review of Applied Economics,2014,28(5):669-694.
[34]Paunova,C.,and V.Rollob.Has the Internet Fostered Inclusive Innovation in the Developing World[J].World Development,2016,(78):587-609.
[35]Seyoum,M.,R.Wu,and L.Yang.Technology Spillovers from Chinese Outward Direct Investment:The Case of Ethiopia[J].China Economic Review,2015,(33):35-49.
[36]Varian,H.R.Computer Mediated Transactions[J].American Economic Review,2010,100(2):1-10.
(1)参见中华人民共和国国家互联网信息办公室网站(http://www.cac.gov.cn/2017-12/02/c_1122046169.htm)。
(2)据官方统计,中国2014年的网民规模已超美国、日本、意大利、德国、英国、法国等的总和。
(1)计算机网络先驱梅特卡夫指出,网络的价值与节点数的平方相等,表现出网络溢出的边际效应递增特征。
(1)细分指标的选择依据及测算结果分析见《中国工业经济》网站(http://www.ciejournal.org)附件。
(2)具体将居民受教育程度分为小学教育、初中教育、高中教育、大专及以上教育,分别用不同受教育程度人数占6岁以上人口的比重乘以对应的平均累计受教育年限(权重分别为6、9、12、16),再求和即可。
(3)较高的城市化水平为区域创新系统提供了合理的人力资本禀赋结构,提升了创新活动的交易效率,也更容易形成专业化和多样化的创新网络,进而驱动了知识和技术在区域内的扩散溢出。
(4)在中国这样的采用市场与政府双轨制资源配置模式的国家,区域创新系统运行离不开政府支持。
(5)传统知识产权理论认为,加强知识产权保护,有利于维护市场公平和促进技术竞争,从而提升创新效率。
(1)各变量描述性统计结果见《中国工业经济》网站(http://www.ciejournal.org)附件。
(1)控制变量的估计结果及分析见《中国工业经济》网站(http://www.ciejournal.org)附件。
(2)本文通过重叠模拟似然比检验统计量300次进行检验。
(3)门槛检验结果见《中国工业经济》网站(http://www.ciejournal.org)附件。
(1)具体结果见《中国工业经济》网站(http://www.ciejournal.org)附件。
(1)具体结果见《中国工业经济》网站(http://www.ciejournal.org)附件。