冬奥滑降项目竞技能力特征与制胜规律研究
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摘要
雪车、钢架雪车和雪橇是冬季奥林匹克运动会正式比赛项目,共计10枚金牌,起源欧洲,兴盛于欧美,在我国处于起步并快速发展阶段。这3个项目在关键技术、竞赛场地、规则等方面存在较多共性,我们统称为"冬奥滑降项目"。通过文献资料、专家访谈、实地调查等研究方法,结合自身执教经历,对比分析冬奥滑降项目竞技能力,探究各项竞技能力之间的关系,力促奥运备战成果最大化,为我国2022年冬奥会全面参赛,进而在雪车、钢架雪车、雪橇项目上实现国旗国歌的"飘、升、奏"。结论:1)雪车、钢架雪车和雪橇同属于冬奥滑降项目,其竞技能力主要包括"启动速度,滑行技术,心理素质"。2)通过不同形式的力量、速度等练习提升运动员的快速启动能力;通过路线记忆、模拟驾驶、视觉训练等练习来提高滑行技术。3)"体能是基础,启动和滑行是关键,人才建设与队伍运行管理是保障"构成了冬奥滑降项目的制胜因素。
Bobsleigh,skeleton and luge are the official events for the Winter Olympic Games with a total of 10 gold medals. These three events,originated in Europe and developed in Europe and North America,are at the initial and rapid development stage in China. The key skills,competition track and rules of three events have a lot in common and therefore they are called the glissading events in general. This article,bases on the coaching experience of the authors,adopts the methods of literature review,expert interview and field investigation,compares and analyzes the competitive ability of Winter Olympic glissading events and explores the relationship among various competitive abilities. The purpose of this paper is to maximize the achievements of Winter Olympic Games preparation for participating in every events,winning medals and winning gold medals in glissading event of the 2022 Winter Olympic Games. Conclusions: 1) Bobsleigh,skeleton and luge are the glissading events of Winter Olympic. Major competitive ability includes start-up speed,sliding technique,and psychological quality. 2) Athletes' quick start ability can be improved through different forms of strength and speed practice; and sliding skills can be improved through track memorizing,simulator driving and visual training etc. 3) The factors of winning in the Winter Olympic glissading events include the physical strength as the foundation,the start-up and sliding as the key,and the talent education and team management and operation as guaranty.
Bobsleigh,skeleton and luge are the official events for the Winter Olympic Games with a total of 10 gold medals. These three events,originated in Europe and developed in Europe and North America,are at the initial and rapid development stage in China. The key skills,competition track and rules of three events have a lot in common and therefore they are called the glissading events in general. This article,bases on the coaching experience of the authors,adopts the methods of literature review,expert interview and field investigation,compares and analyzes the competitive ability of Winter Olympic glissading events and explores the relationship among various competitive abilities. The purpose of this paper is to maximize the achievements of Winter Olympic Games preparation for participating in every events,winning medals and winning gold medals in glissading event of the 2022 Winter Olympic Games. Conclusions: 1) Bobsleigh,skeleton and luge are the glissading events of Winter Olympic. Major competitive ability includes start-up speed,sliding technique,and psychological quality. 2) Athletes' quick start ability can be improved through different forms of strength and speed practice; and sliding skills can be improved through track memorizing,simulator driving and visual training etc. 3) The factors of winning in the Winter Olympic glissading events include the physical strength as the foundation,the start-up and sliding as the key,and the talent education and team management and operation as guaranty.
引文
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[13]WILKINSON,TARNOPOLSKY,et al.Consumption of fluid skim milk promotes greater muscle protein acceleration after resistance exercise than does consumption of an isonitrogenous and isoenergentic soyprotein beverage[J].Am J Cin Nutr,2007,85(4):1031-1040.
[14]MESSINA,M.et al.No Difference between the effects of supplementing with soy protein versus animal protein on gains in muscle mass and strength in response to resistance exercise[J].International Journal of Sport Nutrition&Exercise Metabolism,2018,28(6):674-685.
[15]PENNA EM,FILHO E,WANNER SP,et al.Mental fatigue impairs physical performance in young swimmers[J].Pediatric Exercise Science.2018,30(2):208-215.
[16]LARMAN R,TURNOCK S,HART J.Mechanics of the bob skeleton and analysis of the variation in performance at the St Moritz world championship of2007[J].Engin Sport,2008(7):117-125.
[17]MULLALLY WJ,FOSTER C.Winter sports medicine[J].Human Kinetics,2001(19):149-159.
[18]ROBERT R.Luge participation is hard on the head[J].The Physician and Sportsmedicine,2017,14(11):185-188.
[19]BULLOCK N,HOPKINS WG,MARTIN DT,et al.Characteristics of performance in skeleton World Cup races[J].Journal of Sports Sciences,2009,27(4):367-372.
[20]BULLOCK N,MARTIN DT,ROSS A,et al.Characteristics of the start in women’s World Cup skeleton[J].Sports Biomech,2008,7(3):351-360.
[2]辞海编辑委员会.《辞海》(第六版)[M].上海:上海辞书出版社,2009.
[3]刘大庆.我国潜优势项目特点及制胜规律的研究[J].北京体育大学学报,2012,35(11):108-114.
[4]HANS-PETER PLATZER et al.Performance-determining physiological factors in the lugestart[J].Journal of Sports Sciences,2009,27(3):221-226.
[5]FRICK U,SCHMIDTBLEICHER D,STUTZ R.Muscle activation during acceleration phase of sprint running with special reference to starting posture.In:Book of Abstracts of the XVth Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics[C].Jyvaskyla,Finland:Gummerus,1995,pp.286-287.
[6]LEMBERT S,SCHACHER O,RASCHNER C.Development of a measurement and feedback training tool for the arm stroke of high-performance luge athletes[J].Journal of sports science,2011(15):1593-1601.
[7]VERONIKA.Hip and shoulder kinematics during initial sled acceleration in luging-A Case Study[J].Human Movement,2012,13(4):344-349.
[8]TIM M.Using Common methods for uncommon sports:The unusual winter sport of skeleton[J].Journal of Australian Strength and Conditioning,2016,24(3):91-107.
[9]Kivi,D.,S.Smith,et al.Kinematic analysis of the skeleton start[J].Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,2002,34(4):662-666.
[10]张力为,林岭,赵福兰.运动性心理疲劳:性质、成因、诊断及控制[J].体育科学,2006,26(11):49-56.
[11]Tang&Phillips.Maximizing muscle protein anabolism:the role of protein quality.[J]Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care,2009,12(1):66-71.
[12]MEDINA-INOJOSA J,SOMERS V,JENKINS S,et al.Validation of a White-light 3D Body Volume Scanner to Assess Body Composition[J].Obesity,Open Access,2017,3(1):2-3.
[13]WILKINSON,TARNOPOLSKY,et al.Consumption of fluid skim milk promotes greater muscle protein acceleration after resistance exercise than does consumption of an isonitrogenous and isoenergentic soyprotein beverage[J].Am J Cin Nutr,2007,85(4):1031-1040.
[14]MESSINA,M.et al.No Difference between the effects of supplementing with soy protein versus animal protein on gains in muscle mass and strength in response to resistance exercise[J].International Journal of Sport Nutrition&Exercise Metabolism,2018,28(6):674-685.
[15]PENNA EM,FILHO E,WANNER SP,et al.Mental fatigue impairs physical performance in young swimmers[J].Pediatric Exercise Science.2018,30(2):208-215.
[16]LARMAN R,TURNOCK S,HART J.Mechanics of the bob skeleton and analysis of the variation in performance at the St Moritz world championship of2007[J].Engin Sport,2008(7):117-125.
[17]MULLALLY WJ,FOSTER C.Winter sports medicine[J].Human Kinetics,2001(19):149-159.
[18]ROBERT R.Luge participation is hard on the head[J].The Physician and Sportsmedicine,2017,14(11):185-188.
[19]BULLOCK N,HOPKINS WG,MARTIN DT,et al.Characteristics of performance in skeleton World Cup races[J].Journal of Sports Sciences,2009,27(4):367-372.
[20]BULLOCK N,MARTIN DT,ROSS A,et al.Characteristics of the start in women’s World Cup skeleton[J].Sports Biomech,2008,7(3):351-360.